Point Bending Test Research Articles

Durability of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixture with Wasted Tire Powder and Epoxy Resin under Tropical Climate Curing Conditions.

The quality of pavements in tropical climates is negatively affected by the frequent wet and dry cycles during the rainy season, as well as by issues related to overloading from heavy trucks and traffic congestion. Contributing to this deterioration are factors such as acid rainwater, heavy traffic oils, and municipal debris. In light of these challenges, this study aims to assess the viability of a polymer-modified asphalt concrete mixture. This study investigates the feasibility of a polymer-modified asphalt concrete mixture with the addition of 6% crumb rubber powder from waste car tires and 3% epoxy resin to counter the harsh conditions of tropical climate weather. The study involved subjecting test specimens to five to 10 cycles of contaminated water (100% rainwater + 10% used oil from trucks), curing for 12 h, and air drying in a chamber of 50 °C for 12 h to simulate critical curing conditions. The specimens underwent fundamental laboratory performance tests such as the indirect tensile strength test, dynamic modulus test, four points bending test, and Cantabro test, as well as the double load condition in the Hamburg wheel tracking test to determine the effectiveness of the proposed polymer-modified material in actual conditions. The test results confirmed that the simulated curing cycles had a critical impact on the durability of the specimens, with the greater curing cycles leading to a significant drop in the strength of the material. For example, the TSR ratio of the control mixture dropped from 90% to 83% and 76% after five and 10 curing cycles, respectively. Meanwhile, the modified mixture showed a decrease from 93% to 88% and 85% under the same conditions. The test results revealed that the effectiveness of the modified mixture outperformed the conventional condition in all tests, with a more prominent impact observed under overload conditions. Under double conditions in the Hamburg wheel tracking test and a curing condition of 10 cycles, the maximum deformation of the control mixture sharply increased from 6.91 to 22.7 mm, whereas the modified mixture increased from 5.21 to 12.4 mm. Overall, the test results confirm the durability of the polymer-modified asphalt concrete mixture under harsh tropical climate conditions, promoting its application for sustainable pavements, especially in Southeast Asian countries.

Novel concept of bolt-microtubular geometry for solid oxide fuel cells

This study introduces a proof of concept for a novel solid oxide fuel cell geometry called bolt-microtubular. Bolt-microtubular anode supports are formed by winding tape cast anode support strip on a threaded rod followed by isostatic pressing. Bolt-microtubular cells are built by dip coating other cell layers on these supports. Conventional microtubular anode supports and cells are also fabricated similarly for comparison and, microstructural, mechanical and electrochemical investigations are carried out. Different anode current collection strategies are also examined. The results indicate that with the proposed methods thread patterns can be successfully created on the anode supports and bolt-microtubular anode supports without any structural damages can be obtained after sintering. Although three point bending tests show ∼27% decrease in the fracture strength of the anode supports with bolt-microtubular design for the wall thickness studied, bolt-microtubular cells outperform microtubular ones due to enhanced electrolyte-electrode interfaces and effective current collection. The highest peak electrochemical performance of 0.293 Wcm−2 at 800 °C is obtained from the bolt-microtubular cell with external current collection, whereas the maximum power density of classical microtubular cell under the same operating conditions is 0.227 Wcm−2. The overall results reveal that bolt-microtubular design is promising and deserves further investigations.

The Effects of Cross-Linking Agents on the Mechanical Properties of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Resin.

Cross-linking agents are incorporated into denture base materials to improve their mechanical properties. This study investigated the effects of various cross-linking agents, with different cross-linking chain lengths and flexibilities, on the flexural strength, impact strength, and surface hardness of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The cross-linking agents used were ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA), and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). These agents were added to the methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer component in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume and 10% by molecular weight. A total of 630 specimens, comprising 21 groups, were fabricated. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were assessed using a 3-point bending test, impact strength was measured via the Charpy type test, and surface Vickers hardness was determined. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney U Test, and ANOVA with post hoc Tamhane test (p ≤ 0.05). No significant increase in flexural strength, elastic modulus, or impact strength was observed in the cross-linking groups compared to conventional PMMA. However, surface hardness values notably decreased with the addition of 5% to 20% PEGDMA. The incorporation of cross-linking agents in concentrations ranging from 5% to 15% led to an improvement in the mechanical properties of PMMA.

An MCL internal brace can withstand cyclic fatigue loading and produce a valgus load to failure similar to that of intact knees.

The purpose of this study is to report on the biomechanical durability and strength of an MCL internal brace construct. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference between this construct and the intact MCL in terms of deflection during fatigue testing and the ultimate failure load. Eight cadaver knees were used. A grade 3 equivalent MCL tear was created with both the superficial and deep femoral MCL severed. An internal brace was created by placing a cortical button and loop through the center of the femoral MCL origin and secured on the lateral cortex of the distal femur. A FiberTape (Arthrex, Naples, FL) was looped through the cortical button loop and was secured in the center of the tibial insertion of the MCL. After pre-cycling, the specimens underwent 1000 cycles of compressive load between 100 and 300N, using four point bending testing into direct valgus. Pre and post testing deflection was measured using three dimensional motion data from two sets of reflective markers. A load-to-failure test was then conducted with failure defined as the first significant decrease in the load-displacement curve. The mean increase in deflection between pre- and post-testing was 0.6° (SD ± 0.3°). The mean failure bending moment was 122.4 Nm (SD ± 29 Nm). The internal brace construct employed in this study was able to withstand cyclic fatigue loading and recorded a valgus load to failure similar to that of intact knees. It is important for clinicians who are considering using this commercially available technique to be aware of how the construct performs under cyclic loading compared to the intact MCL.

Physical and mechanical properties of Ayous wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon) from Cameroon

The present study deals with Ayous wood from the East Cameroon forest reserve in the locality of Abong-Mbang. The water absorption rate of Ayous wood and the absorption kinetics were evaluated. Ayous wood reached its absorption saturation around 28 days. The primary diffusion coefficient was found to be 1.51 x 10-11 m2/s with a standard deviation of 0.23x10-11 m2/s while the saturation absorption rate is 144% with a standard deviation of 16.3%. About the modeling of kinetic absorption, many models were tested, and (Sikame, 2014) was the best model for our experiments. In order to determine the mechanical properties, four point bending and compression test were done through the three orthotropic directions. It is found that the modulus of elasticity value is 8792.75 MPa with a standard deviation of 527 MPa and the fracture stress (σl) value is 53.6 MPa with a standard deviation of 8 MPa. Longitudinal, radial and tangential compressive stress are 31.51 MPa, 29.15 MPa and 31.4 MPa respectively, with standard deviations of 4.34MPa, 4.52 MPa and 4.23 MPa.

Evaluation of the mechanical properties of chopped carbon fibre reinforced polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide 6, and polyamide 12 composites

In this study, a comparative assessment of the mechanical properties of chopped carbon fibre (CF) reinforced polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyamide 6 (PA6), and polyamide 12 (PA12) composites was performed. A variation in the composites was obtained by changing the fibre volume fraction of the composite elements under the same manufacturing method and conditions. After blending reinforcement and matrix materials using the extrusion method, the composite materials were manufactured in the shape of plates with thermoforming. The composites’ tensile and 3-point bending tests were carried out, and the surface morphology of the fractured surfaces was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As the fibre content in all matrices increased, the efficiency of the fibre in the composites decreased. Finally, ANOVA analysis and mathematical model development by the least square optimization method were performed to analyse and fit experimental data. As a result of the ANOVA analysis, it was seen that the matrix type was more effective on the composite than the fibre type. The error of the modelling performed is less than 20% for the tensile and three-point bending tests.

Mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced composite structure

The increase in drastic impact on the environment led to the search for natural composites to replace the conventional ones. Also, the properties of natural fibers such as thermal insulation, low density, mechanical and acoustic properties made researchers curious to use them in various industrial applications to get overall better efficiency in respective fields. The characteristics of natural fiber composites are durable, low cost, low weight, high specific strength, non-abrasive, equitably good mechanical properties, eco-friendly and biodegradable.In this investigation, the mechanical properties of the composite of kenaf, hemp fiber and epoxy polymer were measured to know about the specific strength of the resulting natural composite. This was achieved by fabricating the composite and then testing it under various conditions using a Universal testing machine and a 3-point Bending Test. The fractured surfaces were then observed by SEM.

Experimental study on flexural strength of stitched foam composites

Sandwich composites and laminate composites are considered as major classes of lightweight structures in a wide range of engineering applications. Lightweight potential of fabric has demonstrated the specific mechanical properties of sandwich composites with or without core material. Many studies have shown that tension, compression, flexure, stress is improved or degraded up to 20% by a stitched process. The present paper focuses on the study of structural improvements of stitched foam composite and also to compare it with unstitched composite of the same glass fiber material. The use of vacuum bagging process to make the stitched foam composite structure and a simple hand lay-up technique for unstitched composite. These composites are made by using E Glass fiber 180GSM, aradur hy 951 hardener, Araldite ly 556 epoxy resin and glass fiber yarn. For stitched foam composite, laminates are stitched in transverse direction i.e., through thickness direction with high strength yarn. 3-point bending test is done to find flexural strength of both composites and compare their results stitched sample showed higher value of flexural strength and flexural rigidity after three-point bending test the strength of stitched composite is 40% more than unstitched composite material.

Modelling of corroded RC members subjected to four point bending test: A numerical study

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) buildings are confronted with a wide range of environmental variables and consequences during their service life. Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the most common deteriorating process of Reinforced Concrete (RC) members. It is often regarded as one of the negative factors contributing to the deterioration of serviceability and durability. In general, numerous computations, mathematical simulations, and finite element models are used to determine the effects of reinforcement corrosion on the structural behaviour of RC members. Despite abundant experimental methods, accelerated corrosion tests are often adopted to save the resources and time necessary for conducting corrosion. In this paper, the modelling of corrosion in reinforced concrete members is performed using finite element (FE) software ATENA -GiD. The predominant aim is to analyze the strength reduction of corroded RC slabs subjected to a four-point bend test. The results obtained from the FE model prepared are compared with the experimental results obtained from the accelerated corrosion test and analytical results from the literature. Numerical ultimate load capacity and theoretical ultimate load capacity values are approximately 95 to 98 per cent accurate. It was concluded that the prepared FE model can be utilized to understand the behaviour of corroded RC slabs under four-point bending. The model can be utilized for different types and grades of concrete as well as reinforcement.

Hot tear prediction in large sized high alloyed turbine steel parts - experimental based calibration of mechanical data and model validation

The main defects in heavy steel castings are related to hot tear formation during solidification. Depending on the steel grade, design, and local solidification conditions, it is possible to predict regions with higher risk of hot tear formation during the casting process. However, steels containing Boron show more complex crack and defect patterns compared to common steel casting alloys. The mechanisms behind the Boron induced hot tearing is investigated in this work to understand the influence of Boron enrichment during solidification and the influence on hot tearing. The experimental work includes the investigation of phase diagrams and the corresponding fractions of the solid and liquid phases depending on temperature using thermal analysis e.g. DSC and HT-LSCM. The hot tearing sensitivity and mechanical properties during solidification are obtained in the Submerged Split Chill Test, SSCT. In addition IMC-B 3-point bending tests are performed to determine high-temperature material properties in the solid state. The work is part of a research project where the final goal is to improve the hot tear predictions based on experimental work and carry out a benchmark simulation of a real sized casting and use it to show the agreement between the numerical results and extensive non-destructive testing from industrial observations.

Evaluation of physicomechanical properties of milled versus 3D-printed denture base resins: A comparative in vitro study

Statement of problemStudies comparing the physicomechanical characteristics of denture base resins manufactured by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milling and 3-dimensional (3D) printing are sparse, resulting in challenges when choosing a fabrication method for complete dentures. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the impact strength, flexural strength, and the surface roughness of denture base resins manufactured by CAD-CAM milling and 3D printing before and after thermocycling and polishing. Material and methodsEvaluation of the physicomechanical properties (n=35) was completed before and after 500 thermocycles. Impact strength (n=14) was measured with a Charpy impact tester and flexural strength (n=14) with the 3-point bend test. Surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated (n=7) with a profilometer before and after thermocycling and polishing and by viewing the surface topography before and after polishing using a scanning electron microscope at ×2000. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon sign rank test were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). ResultsMilled specimens showed statistically significantly higher impact strength before thermocycling and statistically significantly higher flexural strength before and after thermocycling (P=.004) compared with 3D-printed specimens. The Ra values for the milled group were significantly lower than for the 3D-printed group both before and after thermocycling (P=.006) and after polishing (P=.027). Thermocycling resulted in a statistically significant difference in flexural strength (P=.018) in both groups and in surface roughness in the milled group (P=.048); but no significant effect was found on impact strength (P>.05). Ra values for the 3D-printed group decreased after polishing (P=.048). ConclusionsMilled specimens had higher flexural and impact strength and lower surface roughness values than 3D-printed specimens. Polishing significantly reduced the surface roughness in 3D-printed specimens but had no significant effect on milled specimens.

Analysis of a Vacuum-Infused Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Beam under 3-Point Bending

In this paper, a hollow square cross-section carbon fiber/epoxy composite beam was designed and manufactured. Evaluation of the beam behavior considered orientation and stacking sequence, aiming to reduce the number of layers and weight. Finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the performance of the composite beam under 3-point bending and using three failure criteria, Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu and maximum stress. In order to identify the input parameters for the model, flat composites were tested under tension and compression. It was concluded that a minimum of 12 layers of unidirectional carbon fiber were required to reach the required load (44.5 kN). The prototype was successfully fabricated by vacuum-infusion process and subjected to 3-point bending test. The experimental failure load was within the predicted range by the Tsai-Hill failure criteria and maximum stress.

Failure analysis and engineering mechanics modeling methods of a stitched ceramic sandwich structure

Stitched ceramic sandwich structures attract much attention in the aerospace field due to their advantage of heat insulation/load-bearing integration. In this study, the industrial camera and strain gauges were applied to perform out-of-plane tensile, compressive, interlaminar shear and 4-point bending tests of a stitched sandwich structure. Different specimens were fixed on the corresponding fixtures of a universal testing machine, and the loading rates referred to related standards. The images were captured at 1 Hz and analyzed by digital image correlation method. Based on macroscopic properties and microscopic damage mechanisms, progressive damage analysis was conducted to simulate mechanical behaviors of the structure. The representative volume element model was established for tensile, compressive and shear simulations, and several full models were proposed for bending simulations based on different degrees of simplification. The experimental results indicate that: The stitched sandwich structure shows approximately linear macroscopic mechanical behaviors under out-of-plane tensile and interlaminar shear loads, but exhibits bilinear behaviors under out-of-plane compression and 4-point bending loads. Core-related damage typically occurs first under external load, including interface debonding between the core and panel, shear delamination, collapse of holes, and densification of matrix; the sutures is the main load-bearing constituent. The precise model can describe nonlinear and bilinear behaviors, and characterize the damage evolution of the sandwich structure. The simplified model without considering the sutures is able to simulate 4-point bending behavior efficiently and accurately. The research demonstrates that, sutures can be ignored when simulating 4-point bending behavior, while they (especially out of plane) are necessary for vibration analysis. The mechanical effect of constituents during loading should be fully considered in the finite element model simplification.

High bending strength at 1800 °C exceeding 1 GPa in TiB2-B4C composite

High density (99.5%) ceramic composite composed of titanium boride and boron carbide (70/30 vol%) was obtained by spark plasma sintering and was tested by 3-point bending test in Ar atmosphere at 1800 °C. Bending strength was high, around 1.1 GPa. The strength–strain curve presents a peculiar shape composed of three regions where elastic and plastic deformations are active with a different weight. Based on transmission electron microscopy observations we propose a process of mechanical energy absorption driven by shear stress in the boron carbide crystals: stacking faults with (1-11) and (011) stacking planes and twins with (1-11) twinning plane rearrange into nano-twins with (10-1) twinning planes, orthogonal but equivalent to the initial ones. This rearrangement mechanism provides in the first instance a plastic signature, but further contributes strengthening.

Strut effectiveness factor and maximum shear strength of Infra Lightweight Concrete (ILC)

Infra Lightweight Concrete (ILC) is a versatile construction material that is characterized by its substantial lightweight (dry density ≤ 800 kg/m3), an excellent heat insulation and a sufficient bearing strength. Given these properties, ILC has been presented as a promising approach for modern building envelops, offering a viable alternative to conventional building façades. This implies that composite exterior walls combining a bearing element and several insulating layers can be efficiently replaced by a single ILC layer. This replacement offers several advantages related to building sustainability and allows architectural innovation. The first realistic mix and the first ILC building date back to less than two decades. Since that time, ILC has built a solid reputation among ecologically aware designers. Therefore, many successful mixes were developed, resulting in a significant improvement of its mechanical properties. Also, several studies have been conducted to understand its structural behaviour, including studies on its bond, compressive, flexural and, most recently, shear behaviour. One of the key challenges revealed by these studies is the ILC high brittleness and moderate strength, both hindering in most cases the full development of reinforcement strength, thereby, limiting the capacity of reinforced ILC sections. This work experimentally handles the shear strength limit of ILC beams with web stirrups. This limitation was frequently set to preclude the compressive failure of inclined struts prior to the development of web stirrups capacity. Five ILC beams made of five ILC mixes were tested in a 4-point bending test, with beams configuration and test setups were adapted to push the failure to the crushing of inclined struts by excessive compression. The equalization of experimental to theoretical strength of inclined strut assisted in obtaining the ILC’ strut effectiveness factor (βs = 0.83). The maximum shear strength was, then, linked to the strut capacity that is directly related to the ILC strength and the estimated βs.

Damage prediction in thermoplastics under impact loading using a strain rate-dependent GISSMO

With the increasing use of polymers in structural parts in areas ranging from automotive and aviation to electronic and common household goods a clear understanding of their mechanical behavior under dynamic conditions has become important. While the study of damage and fracture in metals has a long history, the prediction of damage in polymers is still in its fledging stages, not least due to the very complex microstructure. Owing to similarities in their behavior from a continuum mechanics perspective, applying models originally developed for metals is expedient but needs justification and validation. Further, rate-dependence must be accounted for. In this study, the damage and fracture behavior of two thermoplastic is investigated. The focus lies on the high strain and high strain rate regions. The GISSMO (generalized incremental stress-strain damage model) is applied to model the damage-induced softening of the material. Rate-dependence is accounted for by expanding the triaxiality failure diagram (TFD) to the strain rate dimension. Elastoplastic and damage parameters are obtained from tensile tests with different specimen geometries. Viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior is neglected. The material model is validated by comparing the responses from FE simulation with experimental data from 3-point bending and ball drop tests with notched specimens and actual parts. It is found that this relatively simple model with straightforward parameter evaluation is capable of predicting damage and fracture under various conditions to some good accuracy.

Ultrashort Echo Time (UTE) MRI porosity index (PI) and suppression ratio (SR) correlate with the cortical bone microstructural and mechanical properties: Ex vivo study.

Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can image and consequently enable quantitative assessment of cortical bone. UTE-MRI-based evaluation of bone is largely underutilized due to the high cost and time demands of MRI in general. The signal ratio in dual-echo UTE imaging, known as porosity index (PI), as well as the signal ratio between UTE and inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE) imaging, known as the suppression ratio (SR), are two rapid UTE-based bone evaluation techniques (∼ 5mins scan time each), which can potentially reduce the time demand and cost in future clinical studies. This study aimed to investigate the correlations of PI and SR measures with cortical bone microstructural and mechanical properties. Cortical bone strips (n=135) from tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61±24years old) were scanned using a dual-echo 3D Cones UTE sequence and a 3D Cones IR-UTE sequence for PI and SR calculations, respectively. Average bone mineral density, porosity, and pore size were measured using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Bone mechanical properties were measured using 4-point bending tests. The μCT measures showed significant correlations with PI (moderate to strong, R=0.68-0.71) and SR (moderate, R=0.58-0.68). Young's modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress demonstrated significant moderate correlations with PI and SR (R=0.52-0.62) while significant strong correlations with μCT measures (R>0.7). PI and SR can potentially serve as fast and noninvasive (non-ionizing radiation) biomarkers for evaluating cortical bone in various bone diseases.

Characterization of fracture development in geometrical similar ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams using acoustic emission (AE) technique

The acoustic emission (AE) technique is a common method for evaluating the fracture and damage properties of materials. This study utilized the AE technique to analyze the fracture behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams. Experiments were conducted on three differently sized beam specimens that were geometrically similar. The center point bending tests were carried out under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control to study the fracture properties of the UHPC beams. Based on the experimental study, the fracture properties such as crack propagation, parametric-based properties, and fracture process zone (FPZ) length and width were predicted in the present work. The AE waves generated during the cracking can readily differentiate between the concrete matrix failure and fiber bridging following the post-peak response in the UHPC beam. In this work, the AE parameters were used to detect the source location, fracture mode, the position of the crack, and strain localization near the crack tip. The presence of steel fibers in concrete provides complexity in identifying the source localization, and wave dispersion results in attenuation and distortion of the AEs. The occurrence of AE events was observed to increase in the post-peak part compared to pre-peak possibly due to fiber bridging, demonstrating the energy absorption capacity. Based on AE results, the length and width of the fracture process zone were found to increase with the specimen size.

Mechanical and surface properties of a 3D-printed dental resin reinforced with graphene

Objectives: Commercial photocurable polymers used in dental additive manufacturing still have mechanical limitations. The incorporation of graphene may provide interesting advantages in this field. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effect of adding graphene nanoparticles to a 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate dental resin in terms of surface roughness, flexural properties, and hardness. Methods: A 3D-printed dental resin (Dental Sand, Harz Lab) was loaded with four different graphene nanoplatelet (Graphenest) concentrations: 0.01wt%, 0.1wt%, 0.25wt%, and 0.5wt%. The neat resin was used as the control group. The surface roughness was measured with a contact profilometer using bar-shaped specimens (50x10x4mm). The flexural strength of specimens (80x10x4mm) from each group was calculated using the 3-point bending test in a Universal Test Machine. Hardness shore D was measured using a manual durometer on round-shaped specimens (12x6mm). Data were evaluated using the Kruskall-Wallis test followed by post-hoc Bonferroni corrected pairwise inter-group comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Graphene improved 3D-printed PMMA resin hardness with statistical significance at a concentration of 0.01wt% (p=0.043). Surface roughness increased with graphene concentrations above 0.01wt%, with statistically significant differences at 0.25wt% (p=0.006) and 0.5wt% (p=0.005) concentrations. Flexural properties worsened with increased graphene concentrations, and these differences were significant in the concentrations of 0.25wt% (p=0.028) and 0.5wt% (p=0.006). Conclusions: The use of graphene as a mechanical reinforcement nanomaterial seems to be viable at low concentrations without prejudice to the surface roughness of a 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate resin.

Design and Fabrication of Composite Monocoque Chassis for Formula Student Racing Car

This study uses a combination of analytical, simulation, and experimental methods in the design process of a sandwich-structured composite monocoque chassis. The analytical method, which determines the stiffness value of the composite, depends on the number of layers and the orientation of the fiber angle. The simulation method, which is based on the finite-element method, is used to validate the stiffness value. The experimental method involves a 3-point bending test used to verify the effectiveness of the design produced by analytical and simulation methods. After all model designs were validated through simulation and experimental methods, the next stage is fabrication. The stiffness and strength are achieved with variations, which have combined layup orientation angles of 0° and 45°. This can be applied to all panels, regardless of the number of layers. Based on the design results, the processes involved in fabricating the monocoque chassis begin with the manufacture of molds and the lay-up of carbon fiber. The process is continued by inserting the prototype into the oven, after which the final product then undergoes finishing to prepare it for use. The fabricated monocoque chassis has been used in 2 events in Japan’s annual Formula SAE student racing car competition.