3D Zinc Research Articles

Catalytic Growth of 1D ZnO Nanoneedles on Glass Substrates Through Vapor Transport

In this study, one-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles are successfully fabricated on a Ag catalyst-coated glass substrate through simple physical vapor deposition via thermal evaporation of zinc (Zn) powder in the presence of oxygen (O2) gas at a low growth temperature of 450°C. The growth rate and diameter of ZnO nanoneedles increase as a function of varying silver (Ag) film thicknesses and argon (Ar) flow rates. Detailed structural investigations confirm that the synthesized nanoneedles have high crystallinity with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and they preferentially grow along the c-axis orientation. This approach provides a simple and cost-effective method for the synthesis and controlled growth of 1D nanostructures, which can be useful in solid-state devices and various optoelectronic applications.

Synthesis of a novel 2D zinc(ii) metal-organic framework for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in water.

A novel 2D zinc(ii) metal-organic framework, formulated as [Zn(L)(H2O)]·H2O (1) (H2L = 4-(pyridine-4-yl) phthalic acid), has been successfully obtained under solvothermal conditions. This metal-organic framework (MOF) material exhibits efficient photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of organic dyes in the absence of any photosensitizer or cocatalyst. Its catalytic performance for rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) degradation was superior to most reported MOFs with a degradation efficiency of 98.5% for RhB and 83.8% for MO within 120 min in the absence of H2O2, which could be attributed to its high efficiency in generating ·O2- (an effective oxidant for the degradation of dyes). The possible mechanism of the reaction was discussed in detail. In addition, 1 shows stable catalytic efficiency after five reaction cycles, which indicates that 1 exhibits efficient catalytic activity and good reusability toward the degradation of organic dyes, enabling it to be a potential candidate for environmental governance.

Synthesis and crystal structures of a copper(ii) dinuclear complex and zinc(ii) coordination polymers as materials for efficient oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene

Dinuclear copper(ii) complex [Cu2(BAc)4(QX)2], and 2D zinc(ii) coordination polymer, [Zn(TDPA)2(TMPy)2]n, presented high oxidation and adsorption thermodynamics for dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (DBTO).

Facile Synthesis of 1D and 2D Zinc Sulfide Nanostructures on Multi-Layered Graphene

ZnS nanostructures have been fabricated over multi-layered graphene substrate via chemical vapor deposition technique. A controllable morphology of grown ZnS nanostructures, including (1D) nanowires, (2D) discs and nano-flakes were achieved by direct carbo-thermal evaporation of (1:1) ZnS and graphite powders mixture. The substrate location and therefore its temperature was found as a crucial growth parameter, which controls the morphology of the grown ZnS Nanostructures. The average diameter of the ZnS 1-D nanowires, at T= 400 °C, 2-D planar filling nano-discs, at T=300 °C, are 0.418 ± 0.007 μm, 0.600 ± 0. 020 μm respectively. At lower substrate temperature, <300 °C, a periodic round shaped features or flakes with some nanowire at their edges were formed due to nanodiscs amalgamation. This is because at a lower temperature, higher liquid instability leads to more nucleation sites and high conversion rate from liquid to solid state and therefore small nano-discs will merge to form larger flake structure. All products are cubic sphalerite ZnS in structure and with preferentially intense (111) planes. The lattice parameter for (220) planes was 5.72 A with 5.92% strain % clearly indicate that they are in tensile stress region. Raman was utilized to define the existence of graphene layers and the ZnS nanostructures (Magnified range100-700 cm-1) on top of multigraphene layers before and after growth process. In addition, ZnS nanostructures PL emissions of violet and cyan-blue centered at 3.23ev and (2.41-2.53ev) respectively were detected and attributed to defects such as Zn2+ vacancies, S2− interstitials, and dislocations. Graphene-based inorganic hybrid nanostructures deliver several potential applications in optoelectronics and nanoscale electronics such as photodetectors, photovoltaic and optical devices.

An ultra-high energy density flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on hierarchical fabric decorated with 2D bimetallic oxide nanosheets and MOF-derived porous carbon polyhedra

A 2D zinc cobaltite nanosheet is rationally designed and directly utilized as a binder-free electrode for SC with extraordinary high energy density.

A unique (4,4,5)-connected 3D zinc (II) metal-organic framework for highly efficient photodegradation of Rhodamine B under UV light

A new zinc (II) metal-organic framework, [Zn3(L)2(nbta)2]n (1) (L = 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)-2-butene, H3nbta = 5-nitro-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid) was hydrothermally synthesized and structural characterized. 1 possesses a unique 3D (4,4,5)-connected network with a Schläfla symbol of {42.63.8}2{44.62}{47.63}2. Furthermore, the photocatalytic property of 1 for degradation of the Rhodamine B (RhB) was examined under UV irradiation.

Solution growth of 1D zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) nanowires; design, morphology, and electrochemical sensor fabrication for selective detection of chloramphenicol.

Development of 1D nanostructures with novel morphology is a recent scientific attraction, so to say yielding unusual materials for advanced applications. In this work, we have prepared solution grown, single-pot 1D ZnWO4 nanowires (NWs) and the morphology is assessed for label-free but selective detection of chloramphenicol. This is the first report where, such structures are being investigated for this purpose. Transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of strands of ZnWO4 of about 20 nm in diameter. The formed NWs were highly dispersed in nature with uniform size and shape. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed high purity of the designed NWs despite solution synthesis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed surface valence state of ZnWO4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed for the ascription of functional groups, whereas, optical properties were investigated using photoluminescence. NWs were employed for the detection of a model antibiotic, chloramphenicol. The developed sensor exhibited excellent limit of detection, 0.32 μM and 100% specificity as compared to its structural and functional analogues such as thiamphenicol and clindamycin. This work can broaden new opportunities for the researchers to explore unconventional nanomaterials bearing unique morphologies and quantum phenomenon for the label-free detection of other bioanalytes.

One-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Decorated Cobalt Oxide Nanospheres for Enhanced Gas-Sensing Properties

In this study, one-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide was loaded on the surface of cobalt oxide microspheres, which were assembled by single-crystalline porous nanosheets, via a simple heteroepitaxial growth process. This elaborate structure possessed an excellent transducer function from the single-crystalline feature of Co3O4 nanosheets and the receptor function from the zinc oxide nanorods. The structure of the as-prepared hybrid was confirmed via a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Gas-sensing tests showed that the gas-sensing properties of the as-designed hybrid were largely improved. The response was about 161 (Ra/Rg) to 100 ppm ethanol, which is 110 and 10 times higher than that of Co3O4 (Rg/Ra = 1.47) and ZnO (Ra/Rg = 15), respectively. And the as-designed ZnO/Co3O4 hybrid also showed a high selectivity to ethanol. The superior gas-sensing properties were mainly attributed to the as-designed nanostructures that contained a super transducer function and a super receptor function. The design strategy for gas-sensing materials in this work shed a new light on the exploration of high-performance gas sensors.

Two 2D Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers and Their Orange IV Composites: Preparation, Structures, and Photocurrent Responses

Reactions of Zn(OAc)2·2H2O with N1,N4-bis(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)succinamide (bfps) and 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,2,3-H3BTC) or 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,3,5-H3BTC) under hydrothermal conditions produce two Zn(II)-based coordination polymers (CPs), {[Zn3(bfps)(1,2,3-BTC)2(H2O)6]·4H2O}n (1·4H2O) and {[Zn(bfps)(1,3,5-HBTC)]·H2O}n (2·H2O). Both compounds show two-dimensional layer structures derived from interconnecting dinuclear [Zn2(1,2,3-BTC)2(H2O)2] units through the bfps bridges and the [Zn(H2O)4] species (1·4H2O) or interlinking dinuclear [Zn2(1,3,5-HBTC)2] units via pairs of bfps bridges and pairs of 1,3,5-HBTC dianions (2·H2O). They display high absorptive capacities toward Orange IV (OIV) in water, i.e., 718 mg·g–1 (1·4H2O) and 794 mg·g–1 (2·H2O), respectively. The resulting CP-OIV composites with the chemical formulas of 1·2.0OIV (3) and 2·1.1OIV·2.5H2O (4) exhibit enhanced photocurrent responses in relation to those of the two precursors.

Nanostructuring of silver nanoparticles anchored 1D zinc antimonate electrode material by ultrasonication assisted chemical reduction approach for supercapacitors

Abstract In this work, Ag anchored ZnSb2O6 nanostructured electrode materials have been prepared by facile ultrasonication assisted chemical reduction approach. The diverse properties of Ag anchored ZnSb2O6 electrode materials were characterized through XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, UV visible spectroscopy, PL, XPS and BET analysis. The results suggest that Ag nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on ZnSb2O6 nanorods. While evaluating as a supercapacitor electrode material, Ag anchored ZnSb2O6 electrode exhibits pseudocapacitance with fast faradaic reactions with the maximum specific capacitance of 165.9 F g−1 at a charge/discharge current density of 1.0 A g−1 with 98.0% initial capacitance retained after 2000 cycles. The superior pseudocapacitive properties of Ag anchored ZnSb2O6 are attributed to its unique structure, large surface area to volume for easy access of electrolyte ions and Ag anchored on ZnSb2O6 nanorod has improved the electrical conductivity of the as-prepared electrode and also provided fast electron transfer kinetics for better electrochemical reactions. The results confirm that Ag anchored ZnSb2O6 are advantageous as potential electrochemical energy storage materials in supercapacitors.

3D Macroporous Zinc Compound/Silicone Hybrid Foams for Amperometric Sensing of Glucose Oxidase.

A 3D porous matrix makes an intriguing sensing platform, which can integrate functional guest molecules. Here, the first demonstration of a zinc compound/silicone hybrid foam is reported for amperometric sensing of glucose oxidase. The silicone foam is fabricated by a self‐developed solid‐filling‐melting method. Two zinc‐based polymers, Zn‐Compound‐1 and Zn‐Compound‐2, are synthesized. Zn‐Compound‐1 and Zn‐Compound‐2 are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray absorption nearedge structure spectroscopy of carbon K‐edge, oxygen K‐edge, and zinc L‐edge. Effective amperometric sensing of glucose oxidase is achieved by introducing Zn‐Compound‐1 or Zn‐Compound‐2 into the silicone foam, i.e., an increase of the concentration of the glucose oxidase led to an increase of detected current. This phenomenon can be explained by a possible mechanism of the formation of electron extra bands.

Structure and Photocatalytic Properties of a 3D Zinc(II) Triazolate Coordination Polymer Combining Hydroxyl and Formate Anions as the Auxiliary Coligands

A new 3D zinc coordination polymer, namely {[Zn4(dmtz)3(OH)3(HCOO)](NO3)}n (1, Hdmtz = 3,5- dimethyl-1,2,4-triazole), is hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complex features a (3,4,5)- connected 3D cation framework constructed by μ3-bridging dmtz with hydroxyl and formate anions as the auxiliary ligands. Moreover, the photocatalytic properties of 1 are also investigated.

Two new inorganic–organic hybrid zinc phosphate frameworks and their application in fluorescence sensor and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Two new inorganic-organic hybrid zinc phosphate frameworks constructed by 1D zinc phosphate chain and linear bis(imidazole) ligands, namely, [Zn2(bip)(HPO4)2]·2H2O (1) and [Zn2(bmimb)(HPO4)2]·2H2O (2) (bip = 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene, bmimb = 1,2-bis((2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene) have been successfully synthesized and characterized. 1 includes a new two-dimensional (2D) coordination layer with 3,4-connected 3,4L83 topology, which is further connected by strong inter-molecular hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular structure. 2 features a different 2D coordination layer with 3,4-connected 3,4L92 topology, which are linked by tetra-nuclear water clusters between layers to generate an unprecedented 3D 5-nodal 3,3,3,4,4-connected network. In addition, thermostability, fluorescence sensors and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performances of the two compounds have also been investigated.

A High Performance and Consolidated Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Based on 1D/2D Hybrid Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

AbstractPiezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have manifested their ability over the last decade to deliver sustainable electric power to nano and micro‐electromechanical systems or to make a wireless system network self‐powered by harvesting ambient tiny mechanical energy. Most of the advanced PENGs are based on 1D zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (e.g., nanowires and nanorods) due to their high electromechanical coupling behavior. However, 2D ZnO nanosheets due to their buckling behavior and formation of a self‐formed anionic nanoclay layer contribute to generate direct current type piezoelectric output. Herein, a PENG based on the integration of 1D and 2D ZnO nanostructures on the same substrate is demonstrated for the first time, which is synthesized using a simple, low‐temperature, and low‐cost hydrothermal method. This device has potential to be integrated into the aircraft structural health monitoring (SHM) system to provide required small amount of electrical power to the array of sensors within the system, hence making the SHM system fully wireless.

The degree of supersaturation dependent ZnO nano/micro rod arrays thin films growth using chemical bath deposition and hydrothermal methods

The growth of one-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nano/micro rod arrays (N/MRAs) thin films by using a facile, reproducible and cost effective method could be triggering nano/micro morphological structure based devices in the semiconductor technology. Therefore, in this work, the chemical bath deposition (CBD) and hydrothermal (HTM) methods have been used for growing 1D ZnO N/MRAs thin films on ZnO seeded glass substrates. Subsequently, we have studied their fundamental physicochemical properties for determining and distinguishing the growth characteristic of deposition methods. The formation of hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure in the CBD and HTM grown 1D ZnO N/MRAs films has been confirmed by XRD and μ-Raman studies. The intensity of the preferentially oriented diffraction peaks and electron microscopic images depict that the crystallinity, number density and aspect ratio of the 1D ZnO N/MRAs are strongly dependent on level of degree of supersaturation and its changes under deposition method is highlighted here. Further, the size, shape and single crystalline nature of the N/MRAs are strongly confirmed by TEM images and SAED patterns respectively. The photons absorption in the UV region ratify the wide bandgap characteristic of ZnO. Eventually, the presence of localized electron trapping and/or relaxing states in ZnO nuclei layer and in 1D ZnO N/MRAs films are determined from photoluminescence spectra.

A luminescent 2D zinc(II) metal–organic framework for selective sensing of Fe(III) ions and adsorption of organic dyes

A 2D porous multifunctional Zn(II) metal–organic framework (MOF) [ZnL(H2O)3]·3H2O·DMF (BIPT-1·3H2O·DMF) has been successfully synthesized by using bis-(3-carboxy-phenyl)furan-2,5-dicarboxamide (H2L) as organic linkers under solvothermal conditions and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction spectra (PXRD). The participation of long chain flexible organic ligands (H2L) not only offered BIPT-1·3H2O·DMF larger pore size and stronger fluorescence emission as expect, but also introduced more functional groups and active sites into the MOF structure which is conducive to its further applications. The luminescence analysis indicated that BIPT-1·3H2O·DMF exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity fluorescence quenching toward to Fe3+ ions in water medium, which can be observed by naked eyes under UV light. This remarkable quenching effect can be explained by the competitive absorption of excited energy mechanism and the impediment of energy transfer mechanism. Meanwhile, BIPT-1·3H2O·DMF exhibited a rare capability of neutral MOF, i.e., to selectively adsorb cationic dyes, especially for methylene blue.

Synthesis and Characterization of 2D and 3D Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers with High Photocatalytic Activities for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye

Two zinc(II) coordination polymers (CPs) {[Zn2(L)(MIPA)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Zn(L)(H2FA)]·2H2O}n (2) were synthesized via hydrothermal reaction by employment the 5‐methylisophthalic acid (H2MIPA) or 4,4‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic acid (H4FA) and the flexible ligand 1,6‐bis(2‐methylbenzimidazol‐1‐yl)hexane (L). The CPs were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. CP 1 possesses a rare 3D threefold interpenetration framework with coe topology, CP 2 displays a 2D corrugated network with a sql network with point symbol of (44·62). Both CPs exhibited high activities for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in water. The photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated.

Crystal growth of nanostructured zinc oxide nanorods from the seed layer

Abstract One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (nanorods) were synthesized on a glass slide and fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2/F or FTO) coated glass (FTO/glass) by a wet chemical method. The structural, morphological and optical analyses of the as-deposited ZnO nanostructures were performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD results showed that the nanostructures as-deposited on the glass and the FTO/glass substrates were of ZnO wurtzite crystal structure, and the crystallite sizes estimated from the (0 0 2) planes were 60.832 nm and 64.876 nm, respectively. The SEM images showed the growth of densely oriented ZnO nanorods with a hexagonal-faceted morphology. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum revealed high absorbance properties in the ultraviolet range and low absorbance properties in the visible range. The optical energy band gap of the ZnO nanostructure was estimated to be 3.87 eV by the absorption spectrum fitting (ASF) method.

Multi-responsive luminescent sensor based on Zn (II) metal-organic framework for selective sensing of Cr(III), Cr(VI) ions and p-nitrotolune

A three-dimensional (3D) zinc metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Zn2(μ3-OH)(cpta)(4,4′-bipy)]·H2O}n (1) (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) was solvothermally synthesized base on a semirigid V-shaped multicarboxylate ligand 2–4(-carboxyphenoxy)terephthalic acid (H3cpta). 1 has a complicated 3D structure in which the tetramer [Zn4(μ3-O)2O10N4] second building units (SBUs) are interconnected by the V-shaped cpta3− and 4,4′-bipy ligands. 1 shows good selective and sensitive fluorescence sensing effect for detecting Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions and p-nitrotolune (p-NP). The detection limits of Cr3+, Cr2O72−, and p-NP can reach 5.55 × 10−6, 6.91 × 10−6 and 4.01 × 10−6 M, respectively. Moreover, 1 can be recycled at least four times for sensing Cr3+ and Cr2O72− ions. In addition, the luminescence intensity of 1 is strongly correlated with the pH value in a pH range from 2 to 12.

A 2D Zinc Coordination Polymer Built from the Mono‐deprotonated 4,4′‐Azobis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole) Ligand

4,4′‐Azobis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole) (H2azbpz) in its mono‐deprotonated form as a pyrazole‐pyrazolate ligand was assembled together with zinc(II) into the two‐dimensional coordination polymer [Zn(Hazbpz)NO3]·1.25DMF with sql‐a topology, constituted by the dinuclear {Zn2(μ‐pz)2(Hpz)2}2+ secondary building unit. The μ3‐ bridging mode of the ligand is in analogy to bridging modes observed for 4‐(4‐pyridyl)pyrazolates ligands. After the removal of the DMF solvent molecules, ethanol can be adsorbed up to a maximum uptake of 276 mg·g–1 at p/p0 = 0.9 in an S‐shaped adsorption isotherm, corresponding to two ethanol molecules per [Zn(Hazbpz)NO3] formula unit. The desorption isotherm reveals that only one EtOH is desorbed until p/p0 = 0.4 and the other one remains hydrogen‐bonded in the framework until very low pressures.