3D Static Model Research Articles

Modeling of Petrophysical Properties and Reserve Estimation of Mishrif Formation-Garraf Oil Field

In this study a build-up a 3D geologic model both depend on the information of field and subsurface is a usual task in geologic studies including resource evaluation and hazard assessment. During this study a 3D geologic model for Mishrif Formation in Garraf oil field has been set-up by using petrel 2015 software system. Mishrif Formation represents the foremost important reservoir in Garraf oil field. Four vertical oil wells and one directional well were chosen in Garraf Oil Field so as to set-up structural and petrophysical models delineated by a 3D static geologic model in 3 dimensions. The structural closure is shifted from GA-3 well to GA-A1P well. Mishrif Formation was divided into 10 zones. Sequential Gaussian Simulation algorithm was used to build-up Petrophysical model (NTG, permeability, water saturation and porosity) for Mishrif Formation keeping with information analyses and also the results from modeling the units (M1.2, L1 and L1.2) are thought-about as prime quality reservoir units because of the high PHIE and low water saturation. Units (L2, L2.2, L2.3 and L2.4) are thought-about as poor reservoirs because of low PHIE and high water saturation, and non-reservoir units include (Top Mishrif, M1 and M2) thus, they represent cap units. Cross sections of petrophysical model were conducted to Illustrate the vertical and horizontal distribution of porosity, permeability, Net to gross and water saturation between wells within the field. This study calculated the reserves of the Mishrif formation of Garraf oilfield by petrel, that alter the issue that the reserves parameters are difficult to properly acquire when estimate complex reservoir’s reserves in terms of ancient volume technique.

Towards a Realistic Representation of Lithological Heterogeneity at the South West Hub Through High-Resolution 3d Static Modelling

Towards a Realistic Representation of Lithological Heterogeneity at the South West Hub Through High-Resolution 3d Static Modelling

Application of 3D static modeling for optimal reservoir characterization

Robi-1 field, located in the Central Swamp-I depositional belt of the Niger Delta, is largely typified by uncertainties due to complexity of reservoirs features, which resulted in difficulty in imaging and capturing all structural possibilities. These in turn affect the effectiveness of further exploration, appraisal, and development. This study was, therefore, undertaken to produce 3D structural and property models to better characterize, image and capture the reservoirs by integrating 3D seismic, logs and petrophysical parameters from the Robi-1 well. Two main reservoirs (A1 and A2) which contain bulk of the hydrocarbon in the Robi-1 field were identified, analyzed and evaluated. Attribute constrained reservoir models that capture possible structural and petrophysical uncertainties away from the well were generated to estimate hydrocarbon reserves as well as to determine optimal well placement. Reservoir structural models indicate that non-crossing East-West striking faults control the structural architecture, sealing the hydrocarbon fluids to the northern and southwestern part of the reservoir. Petrophysical results also show that both reservoirs have the comparable mean porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. Moreover, attribute analysis suggests that the northwestern region near reservoir A1 has a good hydrocarbon saturation and high porosity. The resulting models have assisted in proposing a deviated well to target the oil rim at A1 and the unknown hydrocarbon at A2.

Geostatistical 3D geological model construction to estimate the capacity of commercial scale injection and storage of CO2 in Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field, West Virginia, USA

As concerns around global warming increase, carbon capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS) is a promising way to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. Sequestering the CO2 into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs with associated enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the most achievable approach under current economic constraints since it increases recovery of existing oil reserves, and bridges the gap between regional-scale CO2 capture and geologic sequestration. However, one of the challenges is the paucity of modern subsurface data required for adequate reservoir characterization and storage estimates. The Upper Devonian fluvial sandstone reservoirs in the Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field in West Virginia, which have produced over 22 million barrels of oil since 1895, are ideal candidates for CO2 sequestration coupled with EOR. Reservoir storage capacity and oil recovery factors are keys for the evaluation of coupled CO2 storage and CO2-EOR process. Regression relationships between wireline logs and core measured data for porosity, permeability are constructed by artificial neural network and support vector machine in core-scale; then extended from core-scale to well-scale, where wells do not have porosity and permeability wireline logs; finally a 3D static geological model is generated based on the Random Gaussian Function simulation method and well-established variogram models generated by detailed data analysis. A static 3D reservoir model, which integrates detailed geological knowledge and existing legacy geological data from Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field, is constructed to estimate theoretical CO2 storage capacity. Depending on the proposed 3D geological model, the best regions for coupled CCUS-EOR are located in southern portions of the field, and the estimated CO2 theoretical storage capacity for Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field varies from 24 to 383 million metric tons. The estimated results of CO2 sequestration indicate that the Jacksonburg-Stringtown oilfield has significant potential for CO2 storage and value-added EOR.

Response Control of a High-Rise Television Tower under Seismic Excitations by Friction Dampers

High-rise television towers are prone to external wind and earthquake-induced oscillations in severe environments. To avoid excessive vibration under strong earthquakes, a large television tower requires certain measures to abate its dynamic responses. Friction dampers are simple and low-cost solutions for realizing the response control of television towers. In this study, response mitigation and performance assessment are conducted on a large-scale television tower with friction dampers under strong earthquakes. A 3D finite element static model of the high-rise television tower is first established, and then a 2D lumped mass dynamic model is developed. The mechanical model for the friction dampers is presented with the axial stiffness considered. The equations of motion of the damper–tower system under seismic excitations are then determined. The control force transformation, displacement increment transformation, and numerical integration of the coupled damper–tower system’s equations of motion are defined on the basis of the two aforementioned models. Finally, the seismic responses of a high-rise television tower system constructed in China are taken as an example to investigate the validity of the proposed control approach using the friction dampers. The results demonstrate that the implementation of friction dampers with optimal parameters in a large truss tower can substantially suppress the structural seismic responses in terms of peak responses and vibrant energy.

Dislocation evolution at a crack-tip in a hexagonal close packed metal under plane-stress conditions

Understanding the stress state and microstructural features at a growing crack-tip is critical to understanding the failure mechanisms of engineering structures. To investigate the strain and dislocation evolution at a crack-tip, electron backscatter diffraction and geometrically necessary dislocation analysis were performed on fully annealed zirconium foils at room temperature. Different levels of macroscopic plastic strain were applied: 0.0%, 0.22%, 0.84%, 1.2%. Based on their different Burgers vectors and line vectors, prismatic <a>, basal <a>, screw <a>, screw <c+a> and pyramidal <c+a> geometrically necessary dislocation densities were estimated during crack blunting and subsequent propagation. Most of the plastic deformation was accommodated by screw <a> and pyramidal <c+a> dislocations. Screw <a> dislocations were found to be dominant over the <c+a> as might be expected. Instead of twinning, pyramidal slip accommodated the strain along the c-axis caused by contraction at the crack-tip. Dislocation densities at the crack-tip were plotted according to the angle relative to the applied tension direction and the distance from the tip, and were compared with plastic strains simulated from a 3D static finite element model. Crack-tip singularity was observed and total geometrically necessary dislocation densities were in qualitatively good agreement with the equivalent plastic strain distribution predicted by the finite element method (FEM).

Material Balance Applied to Dynamic Reservoir-Surveillance Patterns

Summary Determining the remaining spatial oil-saturation distribution or current reservoir-pressure distribution for a mature (water, solvent, CO2) flood is a cornerstone of reservoir management for improving sweep and selecting infill-well locations. Decisions of these types are typically supported by reservoir flow simulation models that have been calibrated to historical injection/production data. In this paper, we present a novel-pattern material-balance (PatMB) approach to estimating remaining fluids in place as an alternative to flow simulation. First, we use the historical injection/production volumes to solve for streamlines and streamline-derived pattern metrics such as well-allocation factors and injector/producer-pair reservoir pore volumes (PVs). Then, we apply material balance on these volumes over time to estimate the remaining oil in place (ROIP) and pressures at the end of history. Resembling reservoir simulation, the method considers changing well patterns through time, requires a 3D static geological model, and yields 3D saturation distributions of oil, water, and gas. However, unlike reservoir simulation, because historical injected and produced voidage terms are honored, calibration is only possible through the 3D distribution of PV and fluids initially in place. We present results for the Berrymoor-pattern waterflood and show that the ROIP distribution is a strong function of the original-oil-in-place (OOIP) distribution, well locations, and historical oil, gas, and water production/injection volumes. For this case, the ROIP distribution is almost insensitive to interwell permeability distributions, suggesting that the primary focus when estimating ROIP with the PatMB approach is to ensure a good estimate of OOIP, major flow units, and the correct injection/production data. We also compare our method to reservoir flow simulation for a large water/hydrocarbon miscible flood (HCMF), and we observed that the ROIP maps compare well, with both methods highlighting similar areas for potential infill locations. However, the remaining-gas-in-place maps differed with PatMB, showing a more diffused distribution than flow simulation of the gas. We attribute the difference to the fact that PatMB does not account for transport effects such as separation of the phases caused by density differences.

Characterizing the Role of Monocytes in T Cell Cancer Immunotherapy Using a 3D Microfluidic Model.

In the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma tumor microenvironment (TME), monocytes reportedly impede natural T cell functions via PD-L1/PD-1 signaling. However, it remains unclear if T cell receptor-redirected T cells (TCR T cells) are similarly inhibited. Hence, we developed a 3D intrahepatic TME microfluidic model to investigate the immunosuppressive potential of monocytes toward HBV-specific TCR T cells and the role of PD-L1/PD-1 signaling. Interestingly, in our 3D static microfluidic model, we observed that monocytes suppressed only retrovirally transduced (Tdx) TCR T cell cytotoxicity toward cancer cells via PD-L1/PD-1, while mRNA electroporated (EP) TCR T cell cytotoxicity was not affected by the presence of monocytes. Importantly, when co-cultured in 2D, both Tdx and EP TCR T cell cytotoxicity toward cancer cells were not suppressed by monocytes, suggesting our 3D model as a superior tool compared to standard 2D assays for predicting TCR T cell efficacy in a preclinical setting, which can thus be used to improve current immunotherapy strategies.

Biomechanical Evaluations of Bed-to-Wheelchair Transfer: Gait Belt Versus Walking Belt.

Nursing personnel, particularly caregivers who frequently perform manual patient transfer tasks, are at risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of this study was to perform biomechanical evaluations of bed-to-wheelchair transfer using two low-cost assistive devices: walking belt and gait belt. Twenty-eight college students, serving as caregivers, transferred 14 students, serving as patients. "Caregiver" spinal loading and strength requirements at major joints were measured using a 3D Static Strength Prediction Model. "Caregiver"-perceived stresses were assessed using the Borg CR-10 Scale. "Patient" safety and comfort ratings were determined using Likert-type scales. The findings indicated that transferring "patients" using walking belts with a pulling technique produced significantly lower biomechanical stress than using gait belts. "Patients" also felt more comfortable and safer during walking belt transfers. It is recommended that health care facilities should consider use of walking belts in place of gait belts to transfer partially weight-bearing patients.

Aplicación de una metodología para la predicción de vibraciones ferroviarias en túneles en modelos numéricos 2D: un caso real en Madrid (España)

This paper presents a methodology for predicting vibrations produced by underground railways through 2D FEM numerical models formulated in the time domain. The numerical approach is based on the application of train loads as dynamic displacements on the rail pad and the application of load correction coefficients in 2D numerical models. This load reduction coefficient is calculated by comparing 2D and 3D static numerical models, assuming that vertical displacements are equal in both cases. This methodology has been applied in a real case in Madrid, Spain, where a reasonable fit between numerical and experimental results was found. Therefore, it could be a useful tool in early stages of design and for studying mitigation measures.

Static reservoir modeling of the Bahariya reservoirs for the oilfields development in South Umbarka area, Western Desert, Egypt

3D static reservoir modeling of the Bahariya reservoirs using seismic and wells data can be a relevant part of an overall strategy for the oilfields development in South Umbarka area (Western Desert, Egypt). The seismic data is used to build the 3D grid, including fault sticks for the fault modeling, and horizon interpretations and surfaces for horizon modeling. The 3D grid is the digital representation of the structural geology of Bahariya Formation. When we got a reasonably accurate representation, we fill the 3D grid with facies and petrophysical properties to simulate it, to gain a more precise understanding of the reservoir properties behavior. Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) techniques are the stochastic algorithms used to spatially distribute discrete reservoir properties (facies) and continuous reservoir properties (shale volume, porosity, and water saturation) respectively within the created 3D grid throughout property modeling. The structural model of Bahariya Formation exhibits the trapping mechanism which is a fault assisted anticlinal closure trending NW-SE. This major fault breaks the reservoirs into two major fault blocks (North Block and South Block). Petrophysical models classified Lower Bahariya reservoir as a moderate to good reservoir rather than Upper Bahariya reservoir in terms of facies, with good porosity and permeability, low water saturation, and moderate net to gross. The Original Oil In Place (OOIP) values of modeled Bahariya reservoirs show hydrocarbon accumulation in economic quantity, considering the high structural dips at the central part of South Umbarka area. The powerful of 3D static modeling technique has provided a considerable insight into the future prediction of Bahariya reservoirs performance and production behavior.

3D Geological Model of Potential CO2 Storage: Abandoned Oil and Gas Field LBr-1in the Vienna Basin

Successful CO2 storage in abandoned oil and gas fields, building the underground gas storages, and enhanced oil and gas recovery require a functional 3D static geological model of the storage complex with the real geometry and conditions. Abandoned oil and gas field Lanzhot-Brodske North (LBr1) on the territory of the Czech Republic was selected for the preparation of a pilot research project of the geological CO2 storage. It is situated in the Northern part of the Vienna Basin, close to the Czech-Slovak border. The 3D-model includes a separate northern part of the LBr1 field. The 3D model is designed to serve as an input for the dynamic model and makes it possible to experiment and test simulations of the CO2 storage in a more-or-less real geological environment. The model documents areal and vertical extent of the storage complex, geological structure formed by the Lab reservoir horizon, trap seal built by the overlying clays, overlying and adjacent strata, aquifers, faults, natural and artificial migration paths. Further information provided by the model consists of the reservoir volume, pore space, reservoir properties, fluid distribution, and saturation by the pore fluids. A simplified 3D-model of the reservoir overburden offers a basis for risk analysis of potential fluid migration into shallower aquifers.

Geological Modeling of Villameriel CO2 Storage Site, Duero Basin, Spain

This work is part of the “Plan for the Selection and Characterization of Favorable Areas and Structures for Geological CO2 Storage in Spain, ALGECO2, (2010-2014)” carried out by Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) and financed by Instituto para la Reestructuración de la Minería del Carbón y el Desarrollo Alternativo de las Comarcas Mineras under the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism of Spain.In this context, a 3D static geological model and simulation of the dynamic behavior of the storage for the Villameriel structure was made, in order to implement a methodology for characterization of structures for geological storage of CO2, in accordance with the provisions of the Law 40/2010 that regulates the geological storage of CO2 in Spain

Reservoir characteristics and 3D static modelling of the Late Miocene Abu Madi Formation, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt

West Al Khilala Field is considered as gas producing from Abu Madi Miocene sandstone Formation. It lies at the central onshore Nile Delta and covers about 47.6 km2. The petrophysical parameters (porosity, permeability, water saturation and net-to-gross ratio) as well as static modelling of the Abu Madi reservoir from well logs are carried out.The porosity model reflected good porosity in the study area especially in the massive sandstone unit with values range from 18% to 27%, while low porosity value are recorded in the layered and basal sandstone units with values range from 1% to 24%. The permeability model displayed values range from 50 md to 2000 md in the massive sandstone unit that increases towards the southeast direction reflected a high promising for hydrocarbon prospecting. The permeability values of the layered and basal sandstone units range from 0.5 md to 700 md with mean value of 40 md reflected a tight permeability due to the presence of shale streaks. The water saturation (Sw) model of the layered and massive sandstone units indicated hydrocarbon-bearing intervals with values from 10% to 64.7%, while the basal sandstone unit is highly saturated with water from 65% up to 100%. The volumetric calculation of the reservoir showed that the reservoir contained about 246 BSCF as a recoverable gas.

Reconciling Log-Derived Water-Saturation and Saturation-Height Function Results

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 175053, “Reconciling Log-Derived-Water-Saturation and Saturation- Height-Function Results Through Resistivity Modeling, Core-Log Integration, and Image-Log Data: A Case Study From Deepwater Gulf of Mexico,” by Javier Miranda, Michael Rabinovich, Jeffry Hamman, and Maryam Mousavi, SPE, BP, prepared for the 2015 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 28–30 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Saturation-height functions (SHFs) play a key role in reservoir description and in quantifying oil in place. The functions must compare well with other sources of water saturation (Sw), such as core measurements and well-log interpretations, when they are available. The authors have reconciled different Sw sources through a reliable SHF function based on the Brooks-Corey model with parameters optimized for the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Thunder Horse (TH) Field. The function is used to populate oil volumes in the 3D static and dynamic models. General Description of the Hydrocarbon Field TH is located in a six-block “lease unit” of the Mississippi Canyon (MC) area of the deepwater GOM. The field is approximately 69 miles from the Louisiana coastline in water depths ranging from 6,000 to 6,500 ft. The TH facility consists of a taut-wire-moored semisubmersible system with production, drilling, and quarters (PDQ). The PDQ is located near the southern boundary of MC 778. The PDQ is designed to handle 250,000 BOPD, 200 MMscf/D, and 140,000 B/D of produced water. The facility was also designed to handle 300,000 B/D of mixed seawater/produced water for injection. The TH wells are located in subsea drill centers, with additional satellite subsea-production wells located where the reservoir structure dictates. Sixteen producers have been brought on line since first oil on 14 June 2008. The total volume produced as of the end of 2014 is estimated at 300 million BOE. Oil and water rates (December 2014) are 100,000 BOPD and 26.500 BWPD, respectively. The TH discovery contains hydrocarbon resources in two structural closures commonly referred to as the TH South (THS) and TH North (THN). TH Reservoir Distribution and Architecture. The current depositional model for TH is that all three reservoir intervals are part of a stacked sequence of Miocene lower slope aprons. In a general architectural model for a single slope apron, the proximal region is dominated by amalgamated channels, bypass lags (acting as baffles and barriers), and lateral complexity. Net/gross ratio (NTG) can vary significantly in the proximal region, depending on the distance to sediment sources. The medial portion of the apron is dominated by more-sheet-like sands interspersed with the occasional silt- or mud-rich unit, and the distal portion of the apron is dominated by interlayered sand, silt, and mud units. In a vertical sequence, the apron model leads to an increase in system energy and channelization from bottom to top. After the apron healed the terrain, sediments began bypassing down the slope and were able to erode into the apron itself. This led to the formation of canyons and canyon-fill successions that segmented the original reservoirs and yielded isolated compartments and major production barriers.

Simplified modelling of timber-framed walls under lateral loads

In the current paper a simple mathematical model with a fictive diagonal for a quick and accurate determination of the racking stiffness of composite timber-framed wall elements is developed. The stiffness of the timber-framed wall is determined through the analytical calculation of the wall element, taking into account the bending and the shear flexibility of the composite wall element, the flexibility of the fasteners between the timber frame and the sheathing board along with the flexibility of the tensile and compressive support at the foundations. The model furthermore allows for consideration of the walls with door and window openings in addition to that of tensile cracks appearing in the fibre–plaster sheathing boards, with the stiffness of the wall element being reduced. By varying the fictive diagonal cross-section of the numerical model according to the presented facts, the appropriate stiffness of the timber-framed wall can be obtained and used in the 3D static model. The model is suitable for any three-dimensional modelling with the analysis of the lateral load impact (wind, earthquake) on the building being carried out by using simple 3-dimensional FEM software, which is extremely useful for engineering application.

Experimental study of the protuberance effect on the blade performance of a small horizontal axis wind turbine

The research aims to study the effect of leading edge protuberances on the blade performance at the stall region of the small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) with variable rotational speed. Experiments were carried out for the blades with smooth leading edge (baseline) as well as some comparative models with leading edge protuberances characterized by different sinusoidal amplitudes and wavelengths. The experiments were performed for the 3D static models to obtain the lift/drag coefficients. Additionally, rotor-blade models of the HAWT system were also tested separately to consider the rotation effect. From the experiments, the results indicated that the protuberant blades with smaller amplitudes possess better performance at the stall region as compared with the baseline model.

Integrated workflow approach to static modeling of Igloo R3 reservoir, onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

We constructed a 3D static model of the R3 reservoir at the Igloo Field, Onshore Niger Delta, by integrating the 3D seismic volume, geophysical well logs, and core petrophysical data. In this model, we used a combined petrophysical-based reservoir zonation and geostatistical inversion of seismic attributes to reduce vertical upscaling problems and improve the estimation of reservoir properties between wells. The reservoir structural framework was interpreted to consist of three major synthetic faults; two of them formed northern and southern boundaries of the field, whereas the other one separated the field into two hydrocarbon compartments. These compartments were pillar gridded into 39,396 cells using a [Formula: see text] dimension over an area of [Formula: see text]. Analysis of the field petrophysical distribution showed an average of 21% porosity, 34% volume of shale, and 680-mD permeability. Eleven flow units delineated from a stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot were used to define the reservoir’s stratigraphic framework. The calibration of acoustic impedance using sonic- and density-log porosity showed a 0.88 correlation coefficient; this formed the basis for the geostatistic seismic inversion process. The acoustic impedance was transformed into reservoir parameters using a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm with collocated cokriging and variogram models. Ten equiprobable acoustic impedance models were generated and further converted into porosity models by using their bivariate relationship. We modeled the permeability with a single transform of core porosity with a correlation coefficient of 0.86. We compared an alternative model of porosity without seismic as a secondary control, and the result showed differences in their spatial distributions, which was a major control to fluid flow. However, there were similarities in their probability distribution functions and cumulative distribution functions.

3D static reservoir modeling by geostatistical techniques used for reservoir characterization and data integration

To remove some of the ambiguities in a heterogeneous oil reservoir, a three dimensional model of the reservoir would be constructed by application of newly introduced methods. The aim of this study is to define an accurate and efficient model of a complex reservoir in southwest of Iran and accurately derive the geological and geometrical properties of the reservoir for well location proposal. Seismic data in addition to well logs were used for that purpose. A corner point grid was used in this study, and a generic global scale-up method was combined with previous result for reservoir simulation. The final model pointed out the heterogeneous characterization of the reservoir and proved the advantage of combining these methods in constructing accurate and efficient reservoir models. According to these models, it is concluded that the reservoir has different productive zones in different members that was not cleared in the previous models.

Evaluation and Characterization of a Potential CO2Storage Site in the South Adriatic Offshore

The Southern Adriatic Sea is one of the five prospective areas for CO<sub>2<sub/> storage being evaluated under the FP7 European Sitechar project. The potential reservoir identified in the investigated area is represented by a carbonate formation (Scaglia Formation – Late Cretaceous). This paper shows the site characterization applied to one of the structures identified in the carbonate storage system of the South Adriatic offshore. The interpretation and analysis of seismic and borehole data allowed the construction of a 3D geological static model on both regional and local scales. Dynamic modeling was applied, adopting a sensitivity approach (i.e. fault transmissivity, petrophysical properties of the caprock and reservoir, and different stress regimes). Coupled fluid flow and geomechanical simulation was applied to investigate the potential risk of leakage induced by mechanical solicitation on the faults occurring in the investigated area.