3D Simulation Model Research Articles

Numerical optimization of highly loaded microtextured contacts: understanding and mastering complexity

PurposeMicrotextured surfaces can reduce friction in tribological systems under certain contact conditions. Because it is very time-consuming to determine suitable texture patterns experimentally, numerical approaches to the design of microtextures are increasingly gaining acceptance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent the selected modeling approach affects optimized texturing.Design/methodology/approachUsing the cam/tappet contact as an application-oriented example, a simplified 2D and a full 3D model are developed for determining the best possible texturing via a design study. The study explores elongated Gaussian-shaped texture elements for this purpose. The optima of the simplified 2D simulation model and the full 3D model are compared with each other to draw conclusions about the influence of the modeling strategy. The target value here is the solid body friction in contact.FindingsFor the elongated texture elements used, both the simplified 2D model and the full model result in very similar optimal texture patterns. In the selected application, the simplified simulation model can significantly reduce the computational effort without affecting the optimization result.Originality/valueDepending on the selected use case, the simulation effort required for microtexture optimization can be significantly reduced by comparing different models first. Therefore, an exact physical replica of the real contact is not necessarily the primary goal when it comes to texture selection based on numerical simulations.

Preoperative Simulation of Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Using a 3-Dimensional Printed Model.

During restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer or dysplasia, ileal pouch-anal handsewn anastomosis (IAA) is preferred to avoid the risk of cancer development in the remaining rectal mucosa. However, there is a risk of the ileal pouch not reaching the anus with this procedure. Here, we created deformable 3-dimensional (3D) models for simulation. Six patients who underwent IAA without vessel ligation and 5 patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal canal double-stapled anastomosis (IACA) because the ileal pouch did not reach the anus were studied. A 3D printer was used to create deformable 3D models from the data obtained from computed tomography scans. The positional relationship among the mesenteric arteries, pubis, and coccyx were evaluated. The distance between the superior mesenteric artery root and the tip of the ileal artery was longer in the IAA group than that in the IACA group (IAA vs IACA: 26.2 ± 2.1 cm vs 20.9 ± 1.6cm). The distance from the tip of the ileal artery to the coccyx (IAA vs IACA: 6.7 ± 1.7 cm vs 12.1 ± 2.1 cm) and the distance from the tip of the ileal artery to the lower edge of the pubis (IAA vs IACA; 8.1 ± 1.3 cm vs 12.7 ± 2.4 cm) were longer in the IACA group than those in the IAA group. We established a method for creating 3D deformable models of patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. These 3D models may be useful for preoperative simulation.

Estimation of conversion factors for wood stacks in landings and their influencing parameters: a comprehensive literature review for America and Europe

In commercial transaction of stacked roundwood, the estimation of the stack net volume plays a key role. One generalized method to determine the net volume is using conversion factors that relate the gross and net volumes. In this literature review the developed methods to estimate the conversion factors as well as their influencing parameters were analyzed based on 153 references from America and Europe. According to the results, 48 different methods (including their variants) for estimating the conversion factors were developed. The newest methods enabled their accurate determination inexpensively, e.g., photo-optical methods or 3D simulation models. The analyzed references revealed that 30 parameters influence the conversion factors. Based on this comprehensive review, each stakeholder involved in the roundwood supply chain can know which method is used for estimating the conversion factors in the analyzed territories and which influencing parameters should be considered when purchasing roundwood in order to accurately assess the solid wood content in the stacks.

Evaluation of immiscible CO2 injection in high water production reservoir in the Pannonian basin

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is one of the most important and most used enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method because it does not only increase oil recovery efficiency but also is used as an underground CO2 storage. It is considered a very complex method as it involves knowing the fluid phase behavior with different CO2 concentrations. It should be noted that oil swelling (volume increase) with the dissolution of carbon dioxide has a significant effect on increase of oil recovery. When this occurs, a significant decrease in the viscosity of the oil is observed. In this study, a reservoir 3D simulation modeling approach was applied to evaluate immiscible and miscible CO2 flooding in a high WC reservoir. To reduce simulation time, the PVT composition was grouped into 5 fluid components. The 3-parameter, Peng-Robinson Equation of State (EOS) was used to match PVT experimental data by using the Schlumberger's ECLIPSE PVTi software. One-dimensional slim-tube model was defined using ECLIPSE 300 software to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for injection of CO2. Beside this approach, an analytical MMP estimation was carried out using several correlations. Schlumberger Petrel software was used to set up a 3D simulation model of a static and dynamic model. Various scenarios of immiscible and CO2 injection have been simulated using ECLIPSE 300 software and these results have been compared.

3D Computer Vision-based Production and Simulation Modeling Technologies, Geolocation Data Mining and Tracking, and Cognitive Mapping and Navigation Tools in the Industrial Metaverse

3D Computer Vision-based Production and Simulation Modeling Technologies, Geolocation Data Mining and Tracking, and Cognitive Mapping and Navigation Tools in the Industrial Metaverse

Feasibility Study of Early Pressure Ulcer Detection Using Electrical Impedance Tomography

Pressure ulcers are chronic skin wounds with a particularly high morbidity and a relatively low recovery rate. At present, there is still a lack of a portable and visual real-time monitoring system for early pressure ulcers. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a kind of functional imaging technique that can diagnose the healthy condition in the measured tissues by visualizing the distribution of bioelectrical impedance parameters. According to the principle of electrical characteristic of pressure ulcers, i.e., changes in physiological and pathological information of tissues caused by pressure lead to changes in electrical impedance of tissues, a non-invasive imaging system of pressure ulcers based on EIT with novel flexible electrode array is proposed. Two kinds of 3D finite element simulation models are constructed to discuss the measurement effects of the flexible array on simulated pressure ulcers at different locations, depths, and with different sizes. The effects of different imaging algorithms on imaging results are also compared and analyzed. Physical phantom model experiments and preliminary experiments on human skin are conducted. Both simulations and physical experiments indicate that EIT technique is excepted to realize a safer, portable, low-cost and visual real-time monitoring system for early pressure ulcers.

Impact 4.0 : Envisioning the future of fashion business

The Fashion Industry is in the middle of a Fourth Industrial Revolution, centered on the digitalization and merger of both virtual and physical systems of Apparel Manufacturing, majorly because of recent technological breakthroughs. Clothing stimulates people’s responsiveness not just as a method of covering and protecting the body, but also as a means of expressing uniqueness and personality, making it one of the world’s most significant sectors due to its impact on economic growth and consumerism. As a result, businesses are investing in new technologies by incorporating them into a variety of manufacturing processes, which are developed, analyzed and created using 3D modelling software, simulation and additive manufacturing. These technologies provide a number of advantages, including reduced time, waste and the ability to design, visualize and assess goods at an early stage in their development. Through the use of case studies, this research investigates how emerging technologies such as Advanced Robotics, Big Data Analytics, Internet of Things and lastly Artificial Intelligence are impacting the lives of individuals, companies and society at large. For fashion companies ready for unexpected developments, this study compares individual case studies to highlight creative business models.

Using model simulation to evaluate soil loss potential in diversified agricultural landscapes

AbstractAgricultural production is facing a challenging transition through changing political framework conditions and climate change. Innovative field use and land management through temporal and spatial diversification measures support the political efforts to achieve the European Green Deal. However, increasing precipitation intensities through climate change are leading to an increased risk of soil erosion by water. To mitigate such risk, soil erosion should be taken into account when redesigning fields and landscapes. This paper aims to assess the present erosion risk situation in the innovative on‐farm field experiment “patchCROP” with several implemented spatio‐temporal crop diversification measures (field size, flower strips, crop rotation), using the physically‐based Erosion 3D simulation model at the field scale. The modelling results showed that field reshaping from one large field into smaller field segments had the potential to reduce soil erosion. Flower strips reduced the sediment discharge to approximately half of that of small field segments without flower strips. However, as model results indicated, heterogeneous landscapes showed complex erosion and deposition patterns. To identify these, making use of physically based soil erosion models in new field arrangements is a critical future task.Highlights Evaluation of a physically based soil erosion model that can be integrated into field re‐design. Patch crop systems promise to enable higher spatial field diversification. Equal consideration of minor site‐specific topography and modified field design needed to prevent soil erosion. Physically based soil erosion models offer a powerful tool to optimise design of future cropping systems.

Investigation on the effectiveness of using building information modeling (BIM) tools in project management: a case study

Building information modeling (BIM) has brought a technological shift in the area of construction programs, resulting in a significant rise in project management performance and affordability. In Bangladesh, designers have to deal with numerous issues in implementing BIM technology as technological expertise is insufficient in this area. Therefore, the paper focuses on implementing BIM across the project life cycle and assesses its effectiveness on a construction project with respect to the Bangladeshi construction industry. For this, a 3D model simulation of a three-storied residential building is developed and all semantic data (material properties, construction details, schedules, cost of the material, etc.) is stored with the model. In addition, BIM-centered integrated project delivery techniques are analyzed for clash detection, structural analysis, scheduling (4D), and cost estimation (5D) during the planning and construction phase. The outcome of the study indicated that BIM is effective in raising whole process performance, giving precise quantity takeoffs, optimizing schedules, reducing overall project uncertainties, structural defects, and expenses. The constitutional framework of this study can lead to increased efficiency, effective communication, as well as rarer mistakes in the construction project of Bangladesh. In addition, it can be an effective tool for managing medium- and large-scale projects since it can help to boost profitability, cut expenses, and enhance time management.

The Strength and Behavior of 3D Model Simulation of Single-Story Steel Industrial Building

The paper investigates the strength and behavior of the portal steel frame under the consideration of working 3D models. In terms of design, the industrial buildings have been separated into a single portal frame to simplify the design process. This point of view is suitable for structures in that the applied loads are equally distributed to all frames. The fact that the crane loads including vertical and horizontal loads only directly affected one or several portal frames. Therefore, a 3D model of a whole single-story steel industrial building is simulated in a finite element software program to study the internal forces and deformations of this building in comparison with those values of a model of a separated portal steel frame. Based on these comparisons, significant conclusions can be given, and recommendations are provided for designers.

HOLOGRAPHIC 3D WINDOWS AS A MEANS OF VISUALIZING SIMULATION MODELS

The article provides an overview of the possibilities of holographic 3D showcases as one of the methods of visualizing 3D content by recognizing individual objects in the image and transferring them as individual elements to a holographic 3D showcase. Depending on the types of simulation models, there is a need for visualization of the obtained results for their evaluation and testing, with the possibility of further improvement. The use of displays that transmit images on a plane does not make it possible to get a complete picture of the subject being studied. The use of holographic 3D showcases opens the possibility of working with simulated models even at the stage of their creation in software applications for 3D modeling or for creating simulated 3D models. This gives the developer the opportunity to speed up the adjustment of object parameters even at the stage of forming models according to the initial technical task. It should be noted that the holographic 3D showcase is most effective for working with objects that have a 1:1 ratio with a real industrial sample. This makes it possible to adjust the development and testing of the model, as well as to change or evaluate the effectiveness of the functionality and to change the operating parameters without creating a useful model. This technique significantly speeds up the time of model implementation from the design project to the realization of a physical object. The information technologies used in the work of holographic 3D showcases are based on the use of web technologies, which, due to the programming of js scripts and parameters of style tables, allows you to obtain optimal results with a minimum load on the working computer, which allows you to use the application on a computer in parallel with applications for developing simulation models. The ability to display elements of the work area on a holographic 3D showcase directly in the modeling process allows you to focus on details that are invisible on flat displays.

Design and assessment of building integrated PV (BIPV) system towards net zero energy building for tropical climate

Recent increment trend of renewable energy generation demand has revolutionised on how modern civilisation harnessing energy from renewable source especially the solar energy. According to IRENA, about 53% increase of solar energy installed capacity had been reported from year 2017 to 2021. This trend is expected to be doubles as revised Energy Efficient Directive (EU) is committed to add renewable share from 17% from 2015 to 34% in 2030. Among the effort to achieve the target highlighted by International Energy Agency (IEA) in their Net Zero by 2050 Roadmap is to develop or improved energy management on existing and new building to meet net zero energy building. One of the emerging and fast-growing solution is implementing Building Integration Photovoltaic (BIPV) as it offered not only clean electricity generation but also seamless integration aspect to the building envelope. However, due to a limitation factor such as insufficient BIPV infrastructure which dominantly base in European countries. This scenario limits the technology progress especially in Asian countries. Although attractive benefit shown by BIPV system, it is still having a crucial limitation on the visual and aesthetic appearance which considered as “unattractive” to the building appearance by viewers. Thus, there will be quite an issue to implement BIPV on architectural sensitive building such as historic and iconic building. In order to solve this issue, a pilot study of coloured BIPV system performance is conducted on an iconic building in tropical climate region which is Daya Bumi Building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The method adopted is based on cross-platform between 3D modelling simulation in Building Information Modelling (BIM) software and detail solar analysis (PVsyst) to obtain accurate analysis results. Varies of coloured PV modules are assess and compared to obtain the optimum BIPV system configuration. The proposed BIPV system is able to produce energy of 679.72 MW annually with carbon saving of 10367.66 tCO2/year of CO2 emission. The coloured BIPV application are expected to camouflage the PV panel appearance on the building which could preserve the original architectural aesthetic. This research promotes conscious of BIPV as a crucial innovative solution in implementing PV panel on building without sacrificing the architectural aesthetic value. Furthermore, BIPV system design using BIM software can be replicate to provide seamless work transition between building architecture, structural engineering, renewable energy engineering and building operations. This is in line with Malaysian 10-10MySTIE Framework effort to transform into a knowledge-intensive and innovation driven economy which include production, management and distribution of energy from renewable energy sources.

Simulation calculation of 3D electric field and natural flashover analysis of ice‐covered silicone rubber insulator

AbstractThe effects of uneven icing, number of icicles, inclination angle of icicle, ice pallets and arc ignition on the electric field are ignored for the two‐dimensional axisymmetric model of ice‐covered insulator. Therefore, a 3D simulation model was developed in this paper. The average electric field strength of air gap (Eav) and maximum field strength of icicle tip (Emax) were determined to characterize the influence of various factors on the electric field distortion degree. The results show that compared with the insulator without ice and with a dry ice, the supply voltage is almost entirely applied to all icicle air gaps for a wet ice‐covered insulator. Eav is independent of icicle diameter and icicle number but increases with the increment of icicle length and icicle inclination angle. Emax raises with the increase of icicle length, icicle number, icicle inclination angle and icicle diameter. As the source of electric field distortion, the ice pallets on the surface of the sheds rise the field strength of air gap. Based on the simulation analysis and natural icing test, the applied voltage is redistributed in the remaining air gaps when an arc occurs in the gap near the high‐voltage terminal, thereby causing the subsequent flashover.

Study on observation method of injection pressure curve in high pressure common rail system

The performance of the diesel engine was determined by the injection pressure of the high pressure common rail system. The observation method of the injection pressure curve was of great value in evaluating the operating conditions of the diesel engine. However, the observation method could make it impossible to directly observe the injection pressure data on a high pressure common rail system in operation. In this paper, common rail pressure signals and control pulse widths, which were easy to collect, were used as the basis for proposing a GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) based model for the observation of injection pressure curves of high pressure common rail system in order to solve the above problem. The accuracy and precision of the model was verified by the experiments and compared with commonly used simulation models. From the results, it was concluded that the overall accuracy of the injection pressure curve observation was similar to that of the simulation model, but the accuracy was higher around the peak of the injection pressure, as well as the equipment requirement was low and the calculation speed was fast. The mean EMD of the curvilinear observation model of injection pressure of high pressure common rail system is similar to that of the 1D simulation model, with 37.88 and 33.62 respectively. The overall difference in injection pressure between the two models is similar with 53.62 and 54.23 MPa respectively. On the same computing platform, the average computation time of the test set containing five states is 0.0113 s, and the simulation time of each running state is 12951.6 s using AMESim software.

RDE cycle simulation by 0D/1D models to investigate IC engine performance and cylinder-out emissions

In this work, the development and application of advanced predictive 0D/1D methodologies to simulate Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycles are described. Firstly, the 1D simulation model is validated on a map of steady state operating points, which allows to use successively the very same model, with its calibration, during an RDE cycle simulation, considering the sequence of varying loads, and rotational speeds. In particular, the validated 1D model is used to simulate a typical RDE transient cycle of approximately 1 h and 45 min. The test case investigated is a modern plug-in hybrid passenger car engine, in which the thermal power unit consists of a 1 L three-cylinder, turbocharged gasoline engine. The experimental and simulated RDE cycle is characterized by a sensibly varying Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) operation, allowing to evaluate engine performance and cylinder out emissions. To speed up the calculation and significantly lower the Central Processing Unit (CPU)/real time ratio a dedicated numerical solver for fast simulation has been implemented and tested, while keeping the fidelity of the results. A predictive 0D, multi-zone model for Spark Ignition (SI) combustion has been applied, together with emission sub-models for the calculation of the main pollutants. Both instantaneous and cumulative emissions have been evaluated. The results of the simulations have been compared to the experimental data of RDE cycles, showing a good predictiveness of the models and the high potential of 0D/1D simulation codes as design tools, in the new scenario of demanding testing procedures. This approach can be applied for any engine configuration operating under any transient condition.

Quantitative Simulation of Gas Hydrate Formation and Accumulation with 3D Petroleum System Modeling in the Shenhu Area, Northern South China Sea

Gas hydrates have been considered as a new energy that could replace conventional fossil resources in the future because of their high energy density, environmental friendliness, and enormous reserves. To further analyze the potential distribution of gas hydrate stability zones (GHSZ) and the formation of a gas hydrate system in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea (SCS), a 3D petroleum simulation model (PSM) was built from 3D seismic interpretations and all available geological data. Based on the thermal calibration of the 3D model, the evolution of the GHSZ, hydrocarbon generation and migration, and the formation and accumulation of gas hydrates were simulated for the first time in the area. Thermal simulation shows that the methane source of gas hydrate originated from shallow biogenic gas and deep thermogenic gas. Most areas are dominated by shallow biogenic gas, while, only about 3% of the deep thermogenic gas derived from Enping Formation source rock and contributed to the gas hydrate formation within a few areas in the southeast. The thermogenic gas migrated vertically into the GHSZ through connecting faults, mud diapir, and/or gas chimney to form gas hydrate. The source rocks of the Wenchang Formation, a deep thermogenic gas source, began to enter the main hydrocarbon generation window at 28.4 Ma. The Enping source rock began to generate oil from 25 Ma on and gas from 16 Ma on. Since 5.3 Ma, most areas of the source rocks have generated a gas window, and only the shallower parts in the east still in the oil window, which had lasted until now. The shallow biogenic gas source rocks from the Hanjiang, Yuehai, and Wanshan formations generated gas in different periods, respectively. The Qionghai Formation began to generate hydrocarbon from 0.3 Ma and until now. Other results show that the GHSZ developed mainly during the Quaternary and Neogene (Wanshan Formation) and the GHSZ is thicker in the southern area and thinner in the northern part with a positive correlation with water depth. Starting at 11.6 Ma, the GHSZ developed in the Hanjiang Formation in the south of the Shenhu area and gradually expanded to the north to cover most of the study area at 5.3 Ma during the Yuehai Formation. From 1.8 Ma on, the GHSZ covered the entire study area. At the same time, the GHSZ in the Hanjiang Formation disappeared because of the change in temperature and pressure. At present, the GHSZ in the Yuehai Formation has disappeared, while the Quaternary and Wanshan are the two main formations for GHSZ development. The formation and distribution of gas hydrates are fundamentally controlled by the space-time coupling between the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion time and distribution of the GHSZ. The simulation results of gas hydrate accumulation and distribution were verified by drilling results and the matching rate is 84%. This is the first time that 3D simulation was successfully conducted with PSM technology in the Shenhu area and it provides important guidance for gas hydrate study in other areas of the SCS.

Axial Compression Study of Crash Boxes with Various Honeycomb Structures

In recent times, automotive manufacturing companies are focusing on developing components that is capable of increasing safety features associated with lightweight materials such as using aluminium. One such innovation is providing the vehicle with crash box, which is generally located at the front bumper. The function of the crash box is to safeguard the passenger by absorbing the kinetic energy of collision and self-deformation. In this paper, the authors presented a study of the compressive test applied on crash boxes with different types of honeycomb sandwich circular columns using 3D virtual modelling and finite element (FE) simulation with the help of Solidworks and Ansys Workbench respectively. This sandwich structure comprises two circular aluminium tubes filled with core shaped as a large-cell honeycomb lattice. Here, the crash boxes with three different honeycomb sandwich circular columns i.e., hexagonal, triangular, and semi-circular arrangement, were investigated and the energy absorption capabilities of these columns were studied. FE simulations were used to evaluate maximum stress that a material can sustain over a period under a load, material deformation, geometric changes, and load-displacement results using a constant material property of that of aluminium alloy, and the results of the three different arrangements were compared and it is known that the crash box with semi-circular arrangement has high energy absorbing capacity.

Axial and radial electromagnetic‐vibration characteristics of converter transformer windings under current harmonics

AbstractThe winding current harmonic content of converter transformer in operation is rich. However, affected by harmonics, the radial vibration characteristics are quite different from the power transformer, structural loosening and deformation caused by winding vibration are more prominent. Therefore, in view of the influence of current harmonics on axial and radial vibrations, this study builds a 3D winding electromagnetic vibration finite element simulation model, analyses the components and contents of current harmonics, compares the leakage flux and vibration distribution under the fundamental, harmonic and superimposed currents. The correlation relationship between the harmonic components and axial and radial vibration characteristics is obtained, and the vibration measurement test of ±800 kV converter transformer in operation is carried out to verify the correctness of the analysis method. The results show that the winding radial vibration amplitude will exceed the axial vibration affected by harmonics. More importantly, under the superposition of the fundamental, 5th and 7th harmonic current, the vibration contribution of the converter transformer tank is mainly radial vibration, and the vibration dominant frequency is shifted from 100 Hz under the fundamental current to 400 Hz.

Modification of heat storage system involving Trombe wall in existence of paraffin enhanced with nanoparticles

Unsteady flow within a solar system with the Trombe wall technique has been scrutinized in current paper. To enhance the productivity of the classic Trombe wall, the paraffin layer has been combined with other layers (insulation, absorber, and concrete layers). The type of paraffin is RT18, and the conditions of the surrounding in the simulation have been selected according to a sunny day in autumn. Adding alumina nanoparticles into RT18 makes the conduction mode of paraffin enhance. The regime for the air zone is turbulent, and circulation via buoyancy force makes the domain warmer, therefore, the k-ε RNG technique was utilized for this region. The heat loss from glass due to radiation and convection has been involved in modeling. A verification test has been done not only in view of modeling of classic Trombe wall but also for modeling of melting of paraffin in ventilation application. The time step and grid size were optimized to reduce the cost of computing. A comparison of results for 3D simulation and 2D modeling indicates that there is no sensible change, therefore, considering the 2D model is logical. Among various scrutinized positions of the PCM layer, the first case (PCM near the absorber) has a greater liquid fraction. Moreover, if the PCM layer has been utilized in the middle, the minimum heat loss from the walls can be obtained.

4D Schedule Optimization for Project Monitoring of Existing Educational Building

Project management is an important domain, especially in the allocation of resources and smooth operation with an assigned budget. To successfully complete a project, it is important to follow effective ways to use available tools, technique, and methods, considering present technology and management. Recently, Building Information Modelling is one of the techniques which creates, manage, or generate a model by taking physical and functional characteristics of building by using digital presentations. Term 4D modeling refers to fourth dimension that associates the 3D model of any construction project with the planned schedule and provides visualization of the actual sequence of construction activities. The study was carried out to understand the uses and benefits of BIM for better proper functioning of the project in accordance with the project schedule. The objective of the study is to minimise the challenge associated with traditional or conventional scheduling process of construction sequences and misunderstanding brought by the lack of visualization. To fulfill the objective of the study, the uses of different dimensions of Building Information Modelling (2D, 3D and 4D) for preconstruction and construction phase was identified. Then a prototype 4D Building Information Model was created and the BIM based schedule was integrated with it and studied. The software used for scheduling, 3D modelling and 4D simulation are Primavera, Autodesk Revit, and Autodesk Navisworks respectively.