3D Shape Research Articles

Automated Process Based on Functionalized Preform and Net-shape High Performance Resin Transfer Molding for High Volume Structural Applications

In this paper, a new process is highlighted for mass production of composite structural parts for the automotive and high-volume aerospace markets. This process follows different steps: (1) Simulation of the process to optimize the design of the 3D part and its corresponding 2D blank, (2) High speed Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) of 2D tailored dry preform blanks made from direct fiber, online fiber spreading and binder application, (3) Preform functionalization to improve its formability and permeability, but also to make handling and trimming easier, (4) Forming of the 2D functionalized preform to 3D shape and net shape trimming, (5) Net shape preform impregnation with High-Pressure-Resin-Transfer-Molding (HP-RTM), thanks to excellent through thickness (z direction) permeability, and preform stability. To assess the process performance and resulting parts, 3D parts and 2D coupons were manufactured using the new developed preforms and Non-Crimp-Fabric (NCF), having in both cases the same fiber and matrix. The performances were evaluated all along the process steps and the results show improvements in several key process parameters, equivalent mechanical performances and increase surface quality, hence resulting in less effort for surface preparation.

Lung nodule growth measurement and prediction using Multi scale - 3 D- UNet segmentation and shape variance analysis

In this work, a statistical model is constructed to forecast the possibility of lung nodules that may grow in the future. This study segments all potential lung nodule candidates using the Multi-scale 3D UNet (M-3D-UNet) method. 34 patients' CT scan series yielded an average of approximately 600 nodule candidates larger than 3 mm, which were then segmented. After removing the arteries, non-nodules and 3D shape variation analysis, 34 actual nodules remained. On actual nodules, the nodule growth Rate (NGR) was calculated in terms of 3D-volume change. Three of the 34 actual nodules had RNG values greater than one, indicating that they were malignant. Compactness, Tissue deficit, Tissue excess, Isotropic Factor and Edge gradient were used to develop the nodule growth predictive measure.

Contrastive Multi-View Learning for 3D Shape Clustering

Contrastive Multi-View Learning for 3D Shape Clustering

3D shape measurement of transparent objects by phase deflection based on multi-frequency phase shift

3D shape measurement of transparent objects by phase deflection based on multi-frequency phase shift

Towards 3D Shape Estimation from 2D Particle Images: A State-of-the-Art Review and Demonstration

Towards 3D Shape Estimation from 2D Particle Images: A State-of-the-Art Review and Demonstration

Dynamic View Aggregation for Multi-View 3D Shape Recognition

Dynamic View Aggregation for Multi-View 3D Shape Recognition

Application of Virtual Reality-based Cloud Computing in Digital Creation of Dabie Mountain Culture

Abstract This paper looks at 3D model retrieval techniques for digital virtual workshops in cloud computing. The global D2 shape distribution features are first used to sort the models for initial retrieval. Then the local curvature features are used to further optimize the sorted results to obtain the final retrieval results. Through the historical and cultural theme scene design, stage performance scene design, and interactive performance design to enhance the immersive experience of the corresponding cultural creations, the creative inheritance and dissemination mode of Dabie Mountain culture in the new period is created. The results show that the difference in the percentage of attention points in the landscape node area is significant, P=0.032, indicating that the virtual reality experience group is better able to meet the needs of the experience. The weights of the three evaluation dimensions of the virtual experience of Dabie Mountain folk song culture are, in order, mood design (0.4073) > scene design (0.3814) > context design (0.2113). Designing multi-sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile) is of the highest importance. In terms of interactive experience, more attention is paid to the timeliness and accuracy of feedback, as well as the guidance of operations. In terms of emotional experience, more attention is paid to the sense of pleasure, surprise, and satisfaction. In the cultural experience, more attention is paid to traditional folk songs and historical architectural displays.

Analysis of Geogebra Applications and Manipulative Media in Proving the Level of Spatial Rotating Symmetry

Geometry is a sub-matter that exists in mathematics related to everyday life. The existence of an understanding related to geometry material has a positive impact on increasing spatial abilities from various points of view. The ability to see geometric shapes from various perspectives is related to rotation and rotational symmetry. Studying rotational symmetry and how rotation affects its appearance and geometric properties will help deepen your understanding of the overall geometric shape. The purpose of this study is to provide a description of the views to prove the level of rotational symmetry in geometric 3D shapes by considering the description of the advantages and disadvantages of using geogebra and manipulative application media which are adapted to their respective characteristics. This research is a qualitative research. Data collection techniques used are observation and interviews. The instruments used were observation sheets and interview sheets. The data analysis technique used is data triangulation. The research results obtained are proving the degree of rotational symmetry in geometric shapes which have 1) the advantages of using geogebra: it does not take long to prove, it is flexible regarding geometric dimensions and the determination of the symmetry axis, does not take up space/practical, is available in the form of applications and online websites 2 ) Weaknesses of using GeoGebra: having to use a PC/laptop, the ability of GeoGebra users to use it is the main variable, limitations on PC/laptop, or internet performance, 3) advantages of using manipulative media: easier and more real in observing the degree of rotational symmetry, display at each level the degree of rotational symmetry can be marked to facilitate calculations, 4) the weakness of using manipulative media: it takes time to make manipulative media, the media requires an appropriate size for practice, inflexibility regarding the size and placement of the axis of symmetry.

Reciprocal Learning Mathematics through Honeycomb Patterns

The purpose of this paper is to examine the mathematical ideas, problems, and solutions from the honeycomb patterns. This is a qualitative research design under an interpretive paradigm. I used interview, participant observation, small group discussions, photos, notes taken, and personal reflection for the data collection tools. The information was analyzed by participants generated text, activities, and experience of learning mathematics through the honeycomb patterns. The major themes that generated were algebra and students knowing of in-depth processes and solutions; algebraic and geometrical interpretation of 2D shapes with formulas; and geometrical knowledge of honeycomb patterns. The study showed that honeycomb patterns are the source for reciprocal learning of multidimensional area contents like algebra (quadratic and arithmetic sequence, hexagonal congruent tessellation, and geometry parallel lines, angles, and similar and congruent shapes together). What the students and the teachers need in reciprocal learning is the skill of observing patterns, redrawing, imagining, estimating, and logically intervening and shearing in them. The findings of the study can be helpful to teachers, students, and educators for reciprocal ways of learning, teaching, and training mathematics, connecting such patterns interestingly and meaningfully.

Nanodroplet Flight Control in Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing.

Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique with enormous potential in plasmonics, microelectronics, and sensing applications thanks to its broad material palette, high voxel deposition rate, and compatibility with various substrates. However, the electric field used to deposit material is concentrated at the depositing structure, resulting in the focusing of the charged droplets and geometry-dependent landing positions, which complicates the fabrication of complex 3D shapes. The low level of concordance between the design and printout seriously impedes the development of electrohydrodynamic 3D printing and rationalizes the simplicity of the designs reported so far. In this work, we break the electric field centrosymmetry to study the resulting deviation in the flight trajectory of the droplets. Comparison of experimental outcomes with predictions of an FEM model provides new insights into the droplet characteristics and unveils how the product of droplet size and charge uniquely governs its kinematics. From these insights, we develop reliable predictions of the jet trajectory and allow the computation of optimized printing paths counterbalancing the electric field distortion, thereby enabling the fabrication of geometries with unprecedented complexity.

Brep2Seq: a dataset and hierarchical deep learning network for reconstruction and generation of computer-aided design models

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is a significant research topic in the field of computer-aided design (CAD), which is used to recover editable CAD models from original shapes, including point clouds, voxels, meshes, and boundary representations (B-rep). Recently, there has been considerable research interest in deep model generation due to the increasing potential of deep learning methods. To address the challenges of 3D reconstruction and generation, we propose Brep2Seq, a novel deep neural network designed to transform the B-rep model into a sequence of editable parametrized feature-based modeling operations comprising principal primitives and detailed features. Brep2Seq employs an encoder-decoder architecture based on the transformer, leveraging geometry and topological information within B-rep models to extract the feature representation of the original 3D shape. Due to its hierarchical network architecture and training strategy, Brep2Seq achieved improved model reconstruction and controllable model generation by distinguishing between the primary shape and detailed features of CAD models. To train Brep2Seq, a large-scale dataset comprising 1 million CAD designs is established through an automatic geometry synthesis method. Extensive experiments on both DeepCAD and Fusion 360 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of Brep2Seq, and show its applicability to simple mechanical components in real-world scenarios. We further apply Brep2Seq to various downstream applications, including point cloud reconstruction, model interpolation, shape constraint generation, and CAD feature recognition.

Bistable shell enabled reprogrammable shape-morphing kirigami metamaterials

Kirigami tessellation-guided deformation through controlled stretching deployment offers a viable approach to achieve intricate shape-morphing in advanced metamaterials. However, the design process of kirigami metamaterials often incorporates embedded geometric and topological relationships, restricting the target shape of the metamaterials from being modifiable post-fabrication. Inspired by snap-induced morphing, we purpose a reprogrammable shape-morphing kirigami metamaterial with fast response, which can generate the target 3D shape using bistable shells rather than complex cutting patterns and boundary curvatures. Bistable shells can be locally and reversibly switched to generate bending deformation at the global scale. We further explore the relationship between the deformation curvature of a unit and its geometric parameters to guide the metamaterial design. An inverted bistable shell with appropriate geometric parameters can significantly decrease the internal stress among individual units, a desirable feature in kirigami metamaterials for adjusting material stiffness and ensuring predictable, robust deformation during deployment. Utilizing this design strategy, we illustrate the potential applications of such metamaterial as dual-mode soft grippers and protection devices, presenting a new path for designing reprogrammable kirigami metamaterials. This method has promising implications for soft robotics and active deformable devices.

Enabling the Epoxy-Based Polyurea with Adjustable Mechanical Properties, Recyclability, and 3D Shape Configuration

Enabling the Epoxy-Based Polyurea with Adjustable Mechanical Properties, Recyclability, and 3D Shape Configuration

Investigating temporal bone variation of colonial populations from St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: A 3D geometric morphometric approach.

In Quebec, genetic and genealogical research are used to document migratory events and family structures since colonial times, because bioarchaeological analysis is limited by poor skeletal preservation. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring past population structure in the St-Lawrence Valley from the French (1683-1760) and British (1760-1867) regimes using morphological variation of well-preserved temporal bones. 3D geometric morphometrics shape data from seven populations (five Catholics of French descent and two Protestants of British descent; n = 214) were collected from temporal bones. Using Procrustes distances and both MANOVA and Discriminant Function Analysis, morphological differences were measured to calculate affinities patterns among populations. Shape variations were explored with between-group analysis, Mahalanobis distances and quantified by means of Fst estimates using Relethford-Blangero analysis. Despite strong affinities between all Catholic cemeteries, all show divergent morphological regional diversity -especially Montreal and the fortified villages dedicated to its defense. Montreal exhibits low increase in morphological variance over three centuries. As our results show no morphological differences between the Catholic and the Protestant cemeteries in Montreal, this fact may highlight the potential presence of Irish or admixed individuals in Montreal cemeteries after the British takeover. Patterns of morphological diversity highlighted that French colonists did not equally contribute to the descendant populations as reflected by significant interregional variation. Although historical records show that French and English-speaking populations did not tend to admix, morphological affinities between Protestants and Catholics in the beginning of the industrial era in Montreal could reflect the genetic contribution of Catholic Irish migrants. All Catholic cemeteries display distinct morphologies, highlighting differential contributions from French colonists and founder effects, which have increased regional differences. Montreal Catholic (French descent) and Protestant (English colonists) cemeteries show significant morphological affinities at the beginning of the industrial era. The Irish migration following the British conquest may explain morphological similarities observed between Catholic and Protestant cemeteries.

Quantifying 3D crack propagation in nodular graphite cast iron using advanced digital volume correlation and X-ray computed tomography

Advanced digital volume correlation (DVC) combined with X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was utilized to investigate the 3D crack propagation in nodular graphite cast iron under tensile loading. The objective of this work was to quantify crack growth at the voxel-scale and extract fracture mechanics parameters such as the 3D crack front, crack opening displacements (CODs), and stress intensity factors (SIFs). By employing a crack growth updating strategy and an adaptive multiscale mesh, the 3D crack shape and propagation were accurately captured throughout the entire process. Von Mises strain and COD fields were characterized to provide insights into plastic zones and variations in crack opening behavior. Estimation of SIFs revealed a mode I dominant regime and limited influence from modes II and III. This study provides comprehensive insights into crack propagation and crack opening behavior, providing valuable information to fracture mechanics.

Dual-stage hybrid network for single-shot fringe projection profilometry based on a phase-height model.

Single-shot fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used in the field of dynamic optical 3D reconstruction because of its high accuracy and efficiency. However, the traditional single-shot FPP methods are not satisfactory in reconstructing complex scenes with noise and discontinuous objects. Therefore, this paper proposes a Deformable Convolution-Based HINet with Attention Connection (DCAHINet), which is a dual-stage hybrid network with a deformation extraction stage and depth mapping stage. Specifically, the deformable convolution module and attention gate are introduced into DCAHINet respectively to enhance the ability of feature extraction and fusion. In addition, to solve the long-standing problem of the insufficient generalization ability of deep learning-based single-shot FPP methods on different hardware devices, DCAHINet outputs phase difference, which can be converted into 3D shapes by simple multiplication operations, rather than directly outputting 3D shapes. To the best of the author's knowledge, DCAHINet is the first network that can be applied to different hardware devices. Experiments on virtual and real datasets show that the proposed method is superior to other deep learning or traditional methods and can be used in practical application scenarios.

Molten Carbonate Transformation of the Green House Gas CO2 to Graphitic Nanomaterials

CO2 is a highly stable molecule. This stability had been considered an insurmountable barrier to Its transformative removal from its role as a greenhouse case. The C2CNT® (CO2 To Carbon Nanomaterial Technology) process breaks through this barrier by using an energetic (high temperature), carbon rich (molten carbonate), transition metal nucleated environment, electrolytically splitting of CO2 to graphitic carbon nanomaterials (and O2). Built from the same fundamental graphene structure as graphite, which has a geologic lifetime, these nanocarbons can permanently bind the transformed CO2 to mitigate global warming. Their value arises from the properties of graphene such as high strength and conductivity, solid lubrication, electronic and catalytic activity tuned by distinctive 0D, 1D and 2D morphologies.The value of these nano graphitic carbons arises from the unique properties of graphene such as exceptional strength, high conductivity, solid lubrication, electronic and catalytic activity as modified by their distinctive 0D, 1D and 2D shapes. These nanocarbons are useful in a range of applications in the carbon fiber, polymer, electronic, medical, transportation, steel, cement and power sectors.The C2CNT® technology received the 2021 Carbon XPRIZE XFactor award for producing the most valuable product from CO2. and builds out the C2CNT technology into a Genesis Device® CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage) plant. A Genesis Device® CCUS demonstration plant has been built at the in Calgary, and a large-scale Genesis Device® CCUS plant, the GC3 project, is scheduled in Edmonton, producing 7,500 tonnes of carbon nanotubes transforming the CO2 emission at the Genessee power plant. Some of the 30 C2CNT® related publications are presented at: https://carboncorp.org/climate-change-solutionThese publications include:“STEP generation of energetic molecules: A solar chemical process to end anthropogenic global warming” Licht, J. Phys. Chem, C, 113, 16283, 2009. "Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach" Licht, Advanced Materials,47, 5592 (2011).The discovery of the electrochemical nucleated growth of graphitic nanocarbons in:"One-pot synthesis of carbon nanofibers from CO2",Ren, Li, Lau, Urbina, LichtNano Letters, 15, 6142, 2015.CO2 isotopic tracking to the electrolytic splitting products: “Tracking airborne CO2 mitigation and low cost transformation into valuable carbon nanotubes,” Ren, Licht,Scientific Reports,6, 27760-1, 2016."Carbon Nanotube Wools Made Directly from CO2 By Molten Electrolysis: Value Driven Pathways to Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Mitigation," Materials Today Energy, Johnson, Ren, Lefler, Licht, Vicini, Liu, Licht, 5, 230,2017.“Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP) for Carbon Neutral Products & High Value Nanocarbons,” Ren, Yu, Peng, Lefler, Li, Licht, Accounts of Chemical Research, 52, 3177(2019).“Amplified CO2 greenhouse gas removal with C2CNT carbon nanotube-material composites”,Licht, Xinye, Licht, Wang, Swesi, Chan, Materials Today Sustainability, 6, 100023(2019). Wang, Sharif, Liu, Licht, Lefler, Licht,“Magnetic carbon nanotubes: Carbide nucleated electrochemical growth of ferromagnetic CNTs from CO2,” Wang, Sharif, Liu, Licht, Lefler, Licht, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 40, 101282020.“The green synthesis of exceptional braided, helical carbon nanotubes and nanospiral platelets made directly from CO2,” Liu, Licht, Licht, Materials Today Chemistry , 22, 100529 (2021).Figure top: SEM of nanocarbon allotropes. Top row (from left to right): conical CNF, nano-bamboo, nano-pearl, Ni coated CNT, nano-flower, nano-dragon. Middle row: nano-rod, nano-belt, nano-onion, hollow nano-onion, and nano-tree. Bottom row carbon nanotube, nano-scaffold, nano-platelet, graphene, nano-helices. From: Control of the electrochemical conditions tuning C2CNT® to selectively produce 17 unusual nanocarbons is described in: “Controlled Growth of Unusual Nanocarbon Allotropes by Molten Electrolysis of CO2”, Liu, Licht, Wang, Licht, Catalysts, 12, 125, 2022:Figure Bottom: TEM and HAADF of high purity, high yield carbon nanotubes synthesized by electrolytic splitting of CO2 in 770°C Li2CO3. TEM; scale bars left to right top: 20 nm & 1 nm. 2nd row 100, 5, 5 & 1 nm. 3rd row 100 or 50 nm. Bottom row 20, 1 & 1 nm. From “Controlled Transition Metal Nucleated Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by Molten Electrolysis of CO2”, Liu, Licht, Wang, Licht, Catalysts, 12, 137, 2022: Figure 1

Atomic Layer Deposition of LixCoyOz Cathodic Thin Films for Li-Ion Batteries

Atomic-Layer Deposition (ALD) is an appealing gas-phase technique for the deposition of thin solid cathodic films for 2D and especially 3D Li-ion microbatteries (Li-ion MBs). ALD relies on surface chemistry reactions and allows the fabrication of ultrathin pinhole free solid films with well controlled thickness, continuity and conformality. It has been shown to successfully cover 3D complex shapes for various applications including Li-ion MBs. Yet, a fairly low amount of work has been published on the realization by ALD of such cathodic active thin films. Typical cathodic materials are at least ternary compounds (including Lithium) which call for supercycles or multilayers approaches to synthesize them by ALD. As reminded for example by Maximov M. et al 1, the use of lithiated precursors complexifies the ALD fabrication due to, among others, Lithium high diffusivity and reactivity. In the case of LiCoO2 ALD synthesis for example, the only reported work to date is the one of Donders et al. 2 where the authors used CoCp2/LiOtBu as Cobalt/Lithium precursors respectively and O2 plasma as the oxidizing agent.The talk will describe the synthesis and characterizations of the LixCoyOzthin filmspreparedby a thermal ALD approach. It will detail the supercycle methods used as well as some of the investigations performed to explore the chemistry of the deposited films (Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-Ray). The electrochemical performances of the films will also be shared and compared with the State of the art. 1 Maximov, M.; Nazarov, D.; Rumyantsev, A.; Koshtyal, Y.; Ezhov, I.; Mitrofanov, I.; Kim, A.; Medvedev, O.; Popovich, A. Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium–Nickel–Silicon Oxide Cathode Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries. Energies 2020, 13, 2345. 2 Donders, M. E., ArnoldBik, W. M., Knoops, H. C. M., Kessels, W. M. M., & Notten, P. H. L. (2013). Atomic layer deposition of LiCoO2 thin film electrodes for all-solid-state Li-ion micro-batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160(5), A3066-A3071.

Monitoring the Degradation of Metallic Beverage Can Lids in Realistic Conditions Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Beverage can is a 30-billion-dollar business. Organic coating was applied on every beverage can, to protect the metal from being corroded by the usually acidic beverages. This presentation reports the first in situ measurement of the degradation of coating on beverage can lids, which is historically difficult because of the 3D shape of the lid, which deforms when unidirectional pressure is applied (it's much easier to do the measurement on a flat sheet of metal). We crafted a reactor to seal can lids without deformation, at elevated pressure and temperature of accelerated pack test, and with real beverages. We then carried out in situ EIS studies, which has never been done before. This work opens the door to study aluminum beverage can lids (and other 3D samples) using all the EIS methodologies previously developed for flat sheet samples. Figure 1

Spherically curved woven fabrics: geometrical calculation methods and weave pattern development

The demand for woven spherical shapes, particularly in applications such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), is increasing. However, the production of woven two-dimensional fabrics in three-dimensional (3D) shapes using conventional weaving machines faces technical limitations. As a result, draping and cutting processes are commonly employed to transform flat woven fabrics into 3D shapes, leading to challenges such as structural distortions, thread interruptions, layer overlaps, and high cutting losses. To address these issues, this research introduces a novel weaving technology that enables the creation of spherically curved woven fabrics utilizing conventional weaving machines. Using the developed technology it is possible to fabricate double curved fabrics without the cutting and usual draping processes that can be implemented to reinforce FRP components. The study presents mathematical models capable of calculating the required 3D surfaces for such fabrics. By adopting this technology, the need for draping and cutting processes can be eliminated, leading to improved quality and structural integrity of the final product.