3D Platform Research Articles

3D Printed Magnet‐Infused Origami Platform for 3D Cell Culture Assessments

Abstract3D printed platforms have diverse possible applications in cell‐based assays, creating biomimetic tissue or organ microenvironments, delineating cell‐to‐cell, cell‐to‐matrix, or cell‐to‐local microenvironment interactions, and investigating drug discovery. Existing engineering techniques limit physiologically relevant 3D cell proliferation and spatiotemporal organization of cells. Herein, a facile fabrication strategy is proposed for magnetically controllable, shape‐morphing, superparamagnetic 3D iron oxide nanoparticle/cellulose acetate scaffolds produced via origami‐inspired 3D printing technology. The additional dimensionality allows the creation of highly customizable 3D in vitro magnetoactive cell culture platforms in which cells can experience gravity with uniform surface morphology, favorable long‐term biodegradability, and low iron ion release that can be actuated numerous times. Leveraging this platform's properties, the spatial and temporal proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are demonstrated, enabling pre‐ and post‐folding dynamic regulation of cellular behaviors at a local level. It is further demonstrated that the viability of the seeded NIH/3T3 fibroblasts remains > 94% and spreads and proliferates within the scaffold channels over a period of 7 d in culture. Therefore, this transformative cell culture assessment could provide alternative directions to revolutionize the 3D cell culture platform to monitor cellular responses to drugs, compounds, and external stimuli and advance personalized treatments.

Mobile augmented reality-based visualization framework for lifecycle O&M support of urban underground pipe networks

The structural deterioration of urban underground pipe networks is the accumulated combined effects of physical, environmental and operational factors during the whole lifecycle. Accurate on-site locating and mapping of pipes and their conditions has been a great challenge for construction, maintenance and emergency response in a dynamic manner. Existing approaches, mostly based on design-centric and static visualization, are unsuitable for implementation within the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase because they are performed in a completely virtual environment and are unable to interact with buried assets on site. An integrated hyperrealistic visualization framework based on mobile augmented reality (MAR) is developed to support various real-life project tasks for O&M support of urban underground pipe networks. The proposed approach consists of three parts: a cloud-based data management platform, a 3D visualization development platform, and a location-based registration method for MAR. A cloud–edge–mobile layer is proposed to manage, analyze, process and visualize multisource data, especially for dynamic data. Field experiments on a real-life urban gas pipe network were carried out to investigate the feasibility of the proposed framework to achieve informed O&M support. The results demonstrate that (1) a smartphone linked to a Lite RTK device allows for both accurate locating and easy operation; (2) both the 3D virtual digital model and the multisource data visually superimpose onto the realistic environment, enabling on-site human–machine interaction in a hyperrealistic manner; and (3) MAR-based immersive visualization contributes to avoiding excavation damage, improving O&M efficiency and assisting emergency responders to make timely and better–informed decisions based on multisource information fusion.

Three-Dimensional Displacement Measurement of Micro-Milling Tool Based on Fiber Array Encoding

The vibration of the micro-milling tool presents a significant chaotic vibration phenomenon, which has a great influence on the tool life and part machining precision, and is one of the basic problems restricting the improvement of machining efficiency and machining accuracy in micro-milling. To overcome the difficulty of the traditional vibration measurement method with the online measurement of micro-milling tool multi-dimensional vibration, a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method of the micro-milling tool is proposed based on multi-fiber array coding, which converts the tool space motion into a decoding process of the optical coding array employing the tool modulating the multi-fiber array encoding. A 6 × 6 optical fiber array was designed, and a 3D motion platform for micro-milling tools was built to verify the characteristics of the optical fiber measurement system. The measurement results show that the measuring accuracy of the system reached 1 µm, and the maximum linear error in x-, y-, and z-direction are 1.5%, 2.58%, and 2.43%, respectively; the tool space motion position measurement results show that the maximum measurement error of the measuring system was 3.4%. The designed system has unique coding characteristics for the tool position in the space of 100 µm3. It provides a new idea and realization means for the online vibration measurement of micro-milling tools.

Generation, High-Throughput Screening, and Biobanking of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Spheroids

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are of paramount importance for human cardiac disease modeling and therapeutics. We recently published a cost-effective strategy for the massive expansion of hiPSC-CMs in two dimensions (2D). Two major limitations are cell immaturity and a lack of three-dimensional (3D) arrangement and scalability in high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms. To overcome these limitations, the expanded cardiomyocytes form an ideal cell source for the generation of 3D cardiac cell culture and tissue engineering techniques. The latter holds great potential in the cardiovascular field, providing more advanced and physiologically relevant HTS. Here, we describe an HTS-compatible workflow with easy scalability for the generation, maintenance, and optical analysis of cardiac spheroids (CSs) in a 96-well-format. These small CSs are essential to fill the gap present in current in vitro disease models and/or generation for 3D tissue engineering platforms. The CSs present a highly structured morphology, size, and cellular composition. Furthermore, hiPSC-CMs cultured as CSs display increased maturation and several functional features of the human heart, such as spontaneous calcium handling and contractile activity. By automatization of the complete workflow, from the generation of CSs to functional analysis, we increase intra- and inter-batch reproducibility as demonstrated by high-throughput (HT) imaging and calcium handling analysis. The described protocol allows modeling of cardiac diseases and assessing drug/therapeutic effects at the single-cell level within a complex 3D cell environment in a fully automated HTS workflow. In addition, the study describes a straightforward procedure for long-term preservation and biobanking of whole-spheroids, thereby providing researchers the opportunity to create next-generation functional tissue storage. HTS combined with long-term storage will substantially contribute to translational research in a wide range of areas, including drug discovery and testing, regenerative medicine, and the development of personalized therapies.

Generation, High-Throughput Screening, and Biobanking of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Spheroids.

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are of paramount importance for human cardiac disease modeling and therapeutics. We recently published a cost-effective strategy for the massive expansion of hiPSC-CMs in two dimensions (2D). Two major limitations are cell immaturity and a lack of three-dimensional (3D) arrangement and scalability in high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms. To overcome these limitations, the expanded cardiomyocytes form an ideal cell source for the generation of 3D cardiac cell culture and tissue engineering techniques. The latter holds great potential in the cardiovascular field, providing more advanced and physiologically relevant HTS. Here, we describe an HTS-compatible workflow with easy scalability for the generation, maintenance, and optical analysis of cardiac spheroids (CSs) in a 96-well-format. These small CSs are essential to fill the gap present in current in vitro disease models and/or generation for 3D tissue engineering platforms. The CSs present a highly structured morphology, size, and cellular composition. Furthermore, hiPSC-CMs cultured as CSs display increased maturation and several functional features of the human heart, such as spontaneous calcium handling and contractile activity. By automatization of the complete workflow, from the generation of CSs to functional analysis, we increase intra- and inter-batch reproducibility as demonstrated by high-throughput (HT) imaging and calcium handling analysis. The described protocol allows modeling of cardiac diseases and assessing drug/therapeutic effects at the single-cell level within a complex 3D cell environment in a fully automated HTS workflow. In addition, the study describes a straightforward procedure for long-term preservation and biobanking of whole-spheroids, thereby providing researchers the opportunity to create next-generation functional tissue storage. HTS combined with long-term storage will substantially contribute to translational research in a wide range of areas, including drug discovery and testing, regenerative medicine, and the development of personalized therapies.

Cholangiocarcinoma-on-chip: A 3D liver tumor platform for personalized medicine

Cholangiocarcinoma-on-chip: A 3D liver tumor platform for personalized medicine

3D printer platform and conductance feedback loop for automated imaging of uneven surfaces by liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe mass spectrometry.

Molecular imaging of samples using mass spectrometric techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization or desorption electrospray ionization, requires the sample surface to be even/flat and sliced into thin sections (c. 10μm). Furthermore, sample preparation steps can alter the analyte composition of the sample. The liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) is a robust sampling interface that enables surface profiling with minimal sample preparation. In conjunction with a conductance feedback system, the LMJ-SSP can be used to automatically sample uneven specimens. A sampling stage was built with a modified 3D printer where the LMJ-SSP is attached to the printing head. This setup can scan across flat and even surfaces in a predefined pattern ("static sampling mode"). Uneven samples are automatically probed in "conductance sampling mode" where an electric potential is applied and measured at the probe. When the probe contacts the electrically grounded sample, the potential at the probe drops, which is used as a feedback signal to determine the optimal position of the probe for sampling each location. The applicability of the probe/sensing system was demonstrated by first examining the strawberry tissue using the "static sampling mode." Second, porcine tissue samples were profiled using the "conductance sampling mode." With minimal sample preparation, an area of 11 × 15 mm was profiled in less than 2h. From the obtained results, adipose areas could be distinguished from non-adipose parts. The versatility of the approach was further demonstrated by directly sampling the bacteria colonies on agar and resected human kidney (intratumoral hemorrhage) specimens with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 4mm. The LMJ-SSP in conjunction with a conductive feedback system is a powerful tool that allows for fast, reproducible, and automated assessment of uneven surfaces with minimal sample preparation. This setup could be used for perioperative assessment of tissue samples, food screening, and natural product discovery, among others.

The role of macrophages in non-small cell lung cancer and advancements in 3D co-cultures.

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Traditional therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy have provided only a marginal improvement in the treatment of lung carcinomas. Inhibitors targeting specific genetic aberrations present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common subtype (85%), have improved the prognostic outlook, but due to the complexity of the LC mutational spectrum, only a fraction of patients benefit from these targeted molecular therapies. More recently, the realization that the immune infiltrate surrounding solid tumors can foster tumor-promoting inflammation has led to the development and implementation of anticancer immunotherapies in the clinic. In NSCLC, one of the most abundant leukocyte infiltrates is macrophages. These highly plastic phagocytes, which are part of the cellular repertoire of the innate immunity, can have a pivotal role in early NSCLC establishment, malignant progression, and tumor invasion. Emerging macrophage-targeting therapies have been focused on the re-differentiation of the macrophages toward an antitumorigenic phenotype, depletion of tumor-promoting macrophage subtypes, or combination therapies combining traditional cytotoxic treatments with immunotherapeutic agents. The most extensively used models employed for the exploration of NSCLC biology and therapy have been 2D cell lines and murine models. However, studying cancer immunology requires appropriately complex models. 3D platforms, including organoid models, are quickly advancing powerful tools to study immune cell-epithelial cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Co-cultures of immune cells along with NSCLC organoids allow for an in vitro observation of the tumor microenvironment dynamics closely resembling in vivo settings. Ultimately, the implementation of 3D organoid technology into tumor microenvironment-modeling platforms might facilitate the exploration of macrophage-targeted therapies in NSCLC immunotherapeutic research, thus establishing a new frontier in NSCLC treatment.

GelMA and Biomimetic Culture Allow the Engineering of Mineralized, Adipose, and Tumor Tissue Human Microenvironments for the Study of Advanced Prostate Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo.

Increasing evidence shows bone marrow (BM)-adipocytes as a potentially important contributor in prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastases. However, a lack of relevant models has prevented the full understandingof the effects of human BM-adipocytes in this microenvironment. It is hypothesized that the combination of tunable gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)-based hydrogels with the biomimetic culture of human cells would offer a versatile 3D platform to engineer human bone tumor microenvironments containing BM-adipocytes. Human osteoprogenitors, adipocytes, and PCa cells are individually cultured in vitro in GelMA hydrogels, leading to mineralized, adipose, and PCa tumor 3D microtissues, respectively. Osteoblast mineralization and tumor spheroid formation are tailored by hydrogel stiffness with lower stiffnesses correlating with increased mineralization and tumor spheroid size. Upon coculture with tumor cells, BM-adipocytes undergo morphological changes and delipidation, suggesting reciprocal interactions between the cell types. When brought in vivo, the mineralized and adipose microtissues successfully form a humanized fatty bone microenvironment, presenting, for the first time, with human adipocytes. Using this model, an increase in tumor burden is observed when human adipocytes are present, suggesting that adipocytes support early bone tumor growth. The advanced platform presented here combines natural aspects of the microenvironment with tunable properties useful for bone tumor research.

The use of three-dimensional technologies in the development of oral solid dosage forms

Aim. To analyze the scientific literature data on the use of three-dimensional technologies in pharmacy, in particular in the technology of oral solid dosage forms, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing, and current research on the development of drugs using 3D printing. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, bibliosemantic and analytical methods were used. Results and discussion. Personalized medicine is currently a major area of development in the healthcare sector. Its goal is to adapt treatment to a specific person, taking into account the peculiarities of the physiology, drug reactions, and the genetic profile. There are technologies that contribute to the paradigm shift from the traditional “one-size-fits-all”approach to personalized medicine, the main one being three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing involves the creation of a three-dimensional object using various computer programs. 3D printing can be used to create a wide range of dosage forms that differ in shape, release profile, and drug combination. The main 3D printing technology platforms under study in the pharmaceutical sector include inkjet printing, binder inkjet printing, fused filament manufacturing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, and injection microsyringing. Conclusions. The article discusses various 3D printing technologies and the prospects for their application in research on the development of new medicines, in particular oral solid dosage forms, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages.

Adjusting Degree of Modification and Composition of gelAGE-Based Hydrogels Improves Long-Term Survival and Function of Primary Human Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in 3D Cultures.

This study aimed to develop a suitable hydrogel-based 3D platform to support long-term culture of primary endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts. Two hydrogel systems based on allyl-modified gelatin (gelAGE), G1MM and G2LH, were cross-linked via thiol-ene click reaction with a four-arm thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-4-SH). Compared to G1MM, the G2LH hydrogel was characterized by the lower polymer content and cross-linking density with a softer matrix and homogeneous and open porosity. Cell viability in both hydrogels was comparable, although the G2LH-based platform supported better F-actin organization, cell-cell interactions, and collagen and fibronectin production. In co-cultures, early morphogenesis leading to tubular-like structures was observed within 2 weeks. Migration of fibroblasts out of spheroids embedded in the G2LH hydrogels started after 5 days of incubation. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the G2LH hydrogel fulfilled the demands of both ECs and fibroblasts to enable long-term culture and matrix remodeling.

A novel and cost-effective method for high-throughput 3D culturing and rhythmic assessment of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using retroreflective Janus microparticles

BackgroundHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) gain attention as a potent cell source in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. With the necessity of the demands for experimental models to create a more physiologically relevant model of the heart in vitro we herein investigate a 3D culturing platform and a method for assessing rhythm in hiPSC-CMs.MethodsThe 3D cell culture PAMCELL™ plate is designed to enable cells to attach exclusively to adhesive patterned areas. These cell adhesive zones, named as micro-patterned pads, feature micron silica beads that are surface-modified with the well-known arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide. RGD binding to the surface of hiPSC-CMs facilitates cell–cell attachment and the formation of uniform-size spheroids, which is controlled by the diameter of the micro-patterned pads. The assessment and evaluation of 3D hiPSC-CMs beating pattern are carried out using reflective properties of retroreflective Janus micro-particle (RJP). These RJPs are modified with an antibody targeting the gap junction protein found on the surface of hiPSC-CM spheroids. The signal assessment system comprises a camera attached to an optical microscope and a white light source.ResultsThe 3D PAMCELL™ R100 culture plate efficiently generate approximately 350 uniform-sized hiPSC-CM spheroids in each well of a 96-well plate and supported a 20-day culture. Analysis of genes and protein expression levels reveal that iPSC-CM spheroids grown on PAMCELL™ R100 retain cardiac stem cell characteristics and functions, outperforming traditional 2D culture platform. Additionally, the RJPs enable monitoring and evaluation of in vitro beating properties of cardiomyocytes without using complex monitoring setup. The system demonstrates its capability to identify alteration in the rhythmic activity of cardiac cells when exposed to ion channel blockers, nifedipine and E4031.ConclusionsThe integration of the 3D culture method and RJPs in this study establishes a platform for evaluating the rhythmic properties of 3D hiPSC-CMs. This approach holds significant potential for identifying arrhythmias or other cardiac abnormalities, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective therapies for heart diseases.Graphical

Plug-and-Play Lymph Node-on-Chip: Secondary Tumor Modeling by the Combination of Cell Spheroid, Collagen Sponge and T-Cells

Towards the improvement of the efficient study of drugs and contrast agents, the 3D microfluidic platforms are currently being actively developed for testing these substances and particles in vitro. Here, we have elaborated a microfluidic lymph node-on-chip (LNOC) as a tissue engineered model of a secondary tumor in lymph node (LN) formed due to the metastasis process. The developed chip has a collagen sponge with a 3D spheroid of 4T1 cells located inside, simulating secondary tumor in the lymphoid tissue. This collagen sponge has a morphology and porosity comparable to that of a native human LN. To demonstrate the suitability of the obtained chip for pharmacological applications, we used it to evaluate the effect of contrast agent/drug carrier size, on the penetration and accumulation of particles in 3D spheroids modeling secondary tumor. For this, the 0.3, 0.5 and 4 μm bovine serum albumin (BSA)/tannic acid (TA) capsules were mixed with lymphocytes and pumped through the developed chip. The capsule penetration was examined by scanning with fluorescence microscopy followed by quantitative image analysis. The results show that capsules with a size of 0.3 μm passed more easily to the tumor spheroid and penetrated inside. We hope that the device will represent a reliable alternative to in vivo early secondary tumor models and decrease the amount of in vivo experiments in the frame of preclinical study.

Digital manufacturing of personalised footwear with embedded sensors

The strong clinical demand for more accurate and personalized health monitoring technologies has called for the development of additively manufactured wearable devices. While the materials palette for additive manufacturing continues to expand, the integration of materials, designs and digital fabrication methods in a unified workflow remains challenging. In this work, a 3D printing platform is proposed for the integrated fabrication of silicone-based soft wearables with embedded piezoresistive sensors. Silicone-based inks containing cellulose nanocrystals and/or carbon black fillers were thoroughly designed and used for the direct ink writing of a shoe insole demonstrator with encapsulated sensors capable of measuring both normal and shear forces. By fine-tuning the material properties to the expected plantar pressures, the patient-customized shoe insole was fully 3D printed at room temperature to measure in-situ gait forces during physical activity. Moreover, the digitized approach allows for rapid adaptation of the sensor layout to meet specific user needs and thereby fabricate improved insoles in multiple quick iterations. The developed materials and workflow enable a new generation of fully 3D printed soft electronic devices for health monitoring.

Accuracy of Guided Implant Surgery in the Partially Edentulous Jaw Using Digital impression versus Desktop Scanner and CBCT cast scan: Randomized Clinical Trial

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the accuracy of surgical guided implant produced by intraoral scanner, desktop scanner, and CBCT cast scan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 63 dental implants were placed using 14 surgical guides. A total of 15 subjects, eight males and seven females (eight bilateral cases and seven unliteral cases), with mean age of 45 years (38–55 years) were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups (n = 21 each): Group 1: Surgical guide manufactured using intraoral digital impression. Group 2: Surgical guide manufactured using model cast scanning by CBCT while Group 3: Surgical guide manufactured using model cast scanning by desktop scanner the linear and angular deviations of inserted planned implants were measured. RESULTS: In the intraoral scan group, the mean angular deviation, platform 3D deviation, apical 3D deviation, and vertical deviation were 2.5°, 0.7 mm, 1.1 mm, and 0.6 mm, respectively. While in desktop scanner group, the mean angular deviation, platform 3D deviation, apical 3D deviation, and vertical deviation were 2.6°, 0.1 mm, 1.1 mm, and 1.1 mm, respectively. In the CBCT scan group, the mean angular deviation, 3D platform deviation, 3D apical deviation, and vertical deviation were 3.5°, 1.3 mm, 1.6 mm, and 1.7 mm, respectively. There is no statistically significance difference between intraoral scanner, CBCT cast scan, and desktop scanning on implant deviation that was observed. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significance difference between intraoral scanner, CBCT cast scan, and desktop scanning on implant deviation that was observed although IOS shows better accuracy and least mean angular deviation.

Fixation Pins Increase the Accuracy of Implant Surgery in Free-End Models: An In Vitro Study

Implant surgical guides, in combination with implant planning software, have been designed for accurate surgery, especially in partial edentulism. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fixation pins of surgical guides on the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant surgeries in a maxillary free-end situation. This invitro study was conducted to compare surgical guides using various fixation pin protocols in implant surgery. A patient dental model with missing teeth from maxillary right first premolar to third molar was used as the study model… Implant placement was planned at maxillary right first premolar, right first molar, and right second molar; Straumann full guide templates were designed and fabricated using the coDiagnostiX software. The experiment involved surgical guides with no fixation pins (NF), buccal unilateral fixation pin (BF), palatal unilateral fixation pin (PF), and bilateral fixation pins on the buccal and palatal sides (BPF), based on the position and number of fixation pins. The deviation between the actual and planned positions was used to evaluate implant accuracy. The fixation pin protocols were the primary predictive variables. Angular, 3D platform, and 3D apex deviations were the primary outcome variables. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α=0.05). NF generated the maximum angular deviation (3.65±1.39°), 3D platform deviation (1.58±0.55mm), and 3D apex deviation (2.18±0.79mm), whereas BPF produced the minimum angular deviation (1.88±0.86°), 3D platform deviation (1.09±0.51mm), and 3D apex deviation (1.53±0.45mm). A statistically significant difference between NF and BPF in the angular deviation, 3D platform, and apex deviation (P<.0001, P=.009, and P=.002, respectively) was identified. The unilateral fixation pin exerted a significant effect only on the angular accuracy (BF, P=.0018; PF, P=.0001). In a maxillary free-end situation, templates with a fixation pin generate better implant accuracy than those without it. A bilateral fixation pin protocol may produce less deviation than those without fixation pins. The implant accuracy does not appear to be affected by the position of the unilateral fixation pin.

A 3D multistage information encryption platform with self-erasure function based on a synergistically shape-deformable and AIE fluorescence-tunable hydrogel.

The traditional stored information is statically shown on single 2D planes, which leads to low information storage capacity and secondary information leakage without the proper handling of decrypted information. Developing a 3D multistage information encryption platform with self-erasure function is highly desirable. Here, a novel bilayer hydrogel with synergistic deformation and fluorescence color (SDFC) change is designed for 3D multistage information encryption. The bilayer hydrogel consisting of a shape-deformable hydrogel layer and a fluorescence hydrogel layer with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties can exhibit pH-responsive SDFC change. Fluorescence information can be ionoprinted on the fluorescent hydrogel layer based on electrostatic interactions and dynamic covalent bonds. The 2D bilayer hydrogel encoded with information can synergistically produce predesigned 3D shape configuration and enhanced background fluorescence to wrap information, which is only readable after sequential shape recovery with the disappearance of background fluorescence. Furthermore, multistage information can be further obtained by stepwise decryption due to information with differential fluorescence fading rates. The displayed information is automatically self-erased in the end, avoiding the information secondary leakage. This study paves an avenue for broadening conventional 2D single-level information encryption platforms to 3D multistage counterparts with self-erasure and multi-decryption capabilities based on SDFC change of the bilayer hydrogel.

Biomaterial-enabled 3D cell culture technologies for extracellular vesicle manufacturing.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-based particles naturally released from cells and recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles for improving therapeutic outcomes. Efficient manufacturing of therapeutic EVs have been challenging for their clinical translations. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures enabled by biomaterial scaffolds have been used as a platform for improving EV manufacturing compared to conventional methods such as isolation from bodily fluids and standard Petri-dish cell culture. Recent studies on 3D culture derived EV production prove it to enhance the EV yield, functional cargos, and therapeutic efficacies. However, there are still challenges with scaling up 3D cell culture production platforms for industrial use. Hence, there is a high demand for designing, optimizing, and implementing large scale EV manufacturing platforms derived from 3D cell cultures. We will first review the current advances of biomaterial-enabled 3D cell cultures in EV manufacturing, followed by the effect of these 3D cell culture platforms on the EV yield, the EV quality, and therapeutic efficacies. Lastly, we will discuss the key challenges and potential for implementing biomaterial-enabled 3D culture in EV manufacturing for large scale processes in the industrial use.

Development and Application of a 3D Satellite Data Visualization Platform

3D visualization platform, which can display the status of a satellite, is significantly important for telemetry data analysis. This paper presents a 3D visualization platform developed using CesiumJS for the web. The platform is developed for the visualization of the satellites of Yinhe Hangtian Corporation. To ensure the effectiveness and validity of the platform, its prototype is developed and verified by numerical simulations of three missions, which are initial rate damping, sun-pointing control, and earth-pointing control. After verifying the validity of the platform, it is connected to the telemetry database and is further developed by adding new capabilities such as the display of movable components (such as solar panels and the antennas). This platform now is applying to the visualization of the 02P satellites launched by the Yinhe Hangtian Corporation. The platform, which is able to display the satellite's orbit, attitude, and the communication area covered by the QV and KA band, greatly facilitate the analysis of the 02P satellites.

OpenRST: An Open Platform for Customizable 3D Printed Cable-Driven Robotic Surgical Tools

Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) has been shown to be effective in improving surgeon capabilities, providing magnified 3D vision, highly dexterous surgical tools, and intuitive human-robot interfaces for high-precision tool motion control. Robotic surgical tools (RST) are a critical component that defines the performance of an RMIS system. Current RSTs still represent a high cost, with few commercially available options, which limits general access and research on RMIS. We aim to take advantage of recent progress in biocompatible 3D printing and contribute to the development of RMIS technologies, presenting an open platform for low-cost, biocompatible, and customizable RSTs. The proposed design concept consists of a 3-DOF end-effector with a decoupled wrist mechanism, a tool interface module, and a tool drive unit. We validated our end-effector design using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to confirm that stress generated by high grip forces is maintained below the material yield stress. Validation experiments showed that the proposed RST could provide up to 10N grip forces and up to 3N pulling forces. The proposed control framework exhibited a mean absolute positioning tracking error of approximately 0.1 rad. Finally, we also demonstrated the use of the proposed RST in two surgical training tasks: pick-and-place and stitching. The designs and software control framework are open-access and freely available for customization and fast development at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/jcolan/OpenRST</uri> .