3D Origami Research Articles

Origami-Based Self-Folding Structure Design and Fabrication Using Projection Based Stereolithography

Self-folding structures have unique capability such as reconfiguration during their usage. Such capability can be beneficial for a wide variety of applications including biomedical and electronics products. In this paper, a novel fabrication approach based on a three-dimensional (3D) printing process is presented for fabricating self-folding structures that can be actuated in a heating environment. The thermo-actuating structures that are designed and fabricated by our method are two-dimensional (2D) origami sheets, which have multiple printed layers. The middle layer of an origami sheet is a prestrained polystyrene film with large shrinkage ratios when heated. Both its top and bottom surfaces are covered with cured resin that is printed in designed shapes. A foldable hinge is achieved by constraining the shrinkage of the film on one side while allowing the shrinkage of the film on another side when the origami sheet is exposed to a heating environment. Heuristic models of hinge's folding angles are developed based on the related folding mechanism. A 2D origami sheet design and fabrication method is presented for a given 3D structure. Various experimental tests are performed to verify the self-folding performance of the designed and fabricated origami sheets. Techniques on improving folding angle control are also discussed with possible applications.

Photoelectrochemical detection of tumor markers based on a CdS quantum dot/ZnO nanorod/Au@Pt-paper electrode 3D origami immunodevice.

A 3D origami photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunodevice based on CdS quantum dot (QD)-sensitized ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) as a photoactive matrix and glucose oxidase (GOx) functionalized nanoporous silver (NPS) as a label was established for sensitive detection of tumor markers. The ZNRs were grown on a porous Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticle modified paper working electrode (Au@Pt-PWE) via an in situ growth method. The coupling of CdS QDs and the ZNR/Au@Pt-PWE resulted in an enhanced excitation and photo-to-electric conversion efficiency. The large amount of GOx loading on the NPS in situ generated more H2O2 in the glucose substrate for electron donation, which amplified the photocurrent signals. And the good biocompatibility of the Au@Pt-PWE retained good stability for the sandwich-type immunoassay. A 3D origami photoelectrochemical immunodevice for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) was successfully developed with linear ranges of over 4 orders of magnitude and with detection limits down to 0.3 pg mL-1 and 0.5 pg mL-1. This proposed amplification strategy exhibited excellent stability and reproducibility in real human serum assay, and could be applied in point-of-care testing of other cancer markers.

A 3D origami electrochemical immunodevice based on a Au@Pd alloy nanoparticle-paper electrode for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen.

Herein, a novel 3D microfluidic paper-based electrochemical (EC) immunodevice (μ-PEI) for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was developed. Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs), with high conductivity, large surface area, and synergistic electronic effects, were not only used as carriers of secondary antibodies, methylene blue (MB) redox probes and glucose oxidase but also catalyzed the EC reaction of MB, thus amplifying the EC signal of MB in the presence of glucose. In addition, using a novel Au@Pd alloy NP modified porous paper working electrode as the biosensor platform could not only enhance the surface area to immobilize antibodies but also catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, which further amplified the detection response. On the basis of the considerably amplified EC signal and the sandwich-type format, the EC immunosensor has a sensitive response to CEA in a linear range of 1.0 pg mL-1-100 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.4 pg mL-1. Additionally, this 3D μ-PEI showed satisfactory reproducibility, selectivity and stability.

3D origami electrochemical immunodevice for sensitive point-of-care testing based on dual-signal amplification strategy

A dual signal amplification immunosensing strategy that offers high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of low-abundance biomarkers was designed on a 3D origami electrochemical device. High sensitivity was achieved by using novel Au nanorods modified paper working electrode (AuNRs-PWE) as sensor platform and metal ion-coated Au/bovine serum albumin (Au/BSA) nanospheres as tracing tags. High specificity was further obtained by the simultaneous measurement of two cancer markers on AuNRs-PWE surface using different metal ion-coated Au/BSA tracers. The metal ions could be detected directly through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) without metal preconcentration, and the distinct voltammetric peaks had a close relationship with each sandwich-type immunoreaction. The position and size of the peaks reflected the identity and level of the corresponding antigen. Integrating the dual-signal amplification strategy, a novel 3D origami electrochemical immunodevice for simultaneous detecting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) with linear ranges of over 4 orders of magnitude with detection limits down to 0.08pgmL−1 and 0.06mUmL−1 was successfully developed. This strategy exhibits high sensitivity and specificity with excellent performance in real human serum assay. The AuNRs-PWE and the designed tracer on this immunodevice provided a new platform for low-cost, high-throughput and multiplex immunoassay and point-of-care testing in remote regions, developing or developed countries.

Paper-based electrochemiluminescence immunodevice for carcinoembryonic antigen using nanoporous gold-chitosan hybrids and graphene quantum dots functionalized Au@Pt

A highly sensitive 3D origami device combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was introduced for sensitive point-of-care testing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This immunodevice was developed based on nanoporous gold/chitosan modified paper working electrode (NGC-PWE) as sensor platform and green-luminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) functionalized Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (GQDs/Au@Pt) as signal label. Firstly, the origami device was fabricated by directly screen-printing electrodes on wax-patterned pure cellulose paper. Secondly, the NGC hybrids were prepared and introduced for binding of primary antibody with high loading amount. The ECL nanoprobe (Ab2/GQDs/Au@Pt) was designed by covalent assembly of signal antibody (Ab2) on GQDs tagged Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles. After a sandwich-type immunoreaction, the GQDs/Au@Pt labels were captured onto the NGC-PWE surface. The amplified ECL signals were achieved by efficient catalysis of the glucose oxidase (GOx) towards the oxidation of glucose to in situ generate H2O2 as coreactant and the enhancement of Au@Pt to the ECL reaction of GQDs-H2O2. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed strategy exhibited excellent high sensitivity for the determination of CEA ranging from 1.0pgmL−1 to 10ngmL−1 with the detection limit of 0.6pgmL−1. The assay results of CEA in clinical serum samples were in a good agreement with the commercial ECL single-analyte tests. The proposed enhanced ECL immunosensor may become a promising technique for detection of other tumor markers.

Growth of gold-manganese oxide nanostructures on a 3D origami device for glucose-oxidase label based electrochemical immunosensor

Flexible biosensors are of considerable current interest for the development of portable point-of-care medical products, minimally invasive implantable devices, and compact diagnostic platforms. Here, we reported an electrochemical paper based analytical device fabricated (EPADs) by sequentially growing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and manganese oxide (MnO2) nanowires networks on a freestanding three dimensional (3D) origami device. This fabricated through the growth of an AuNPs layer on the surfaces of cellulose fibers in the screen-printed paper working electrode (PWE), and thus developed a gold paper working electrode (Au-PWE). Subsequently, MnO2 nanowires were successfully electrodeposited on Au-PWE to form a 3D network with large surface areas. Based on this novel EPADs and the principle of origami, we presented herein a simple immunosensing scheme using glucose oxidase (GOx) as an enzyme label, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a redox terminator, and glucose as an enzyme substrate. The electrochemical enzymatic redox cycling was applied to the detection of prostate protein antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostatic cancer. The proposed method successfully fulfilled the highly sensitive detection of PSA with a linear range of 0.005ngmL−1–100ngmL−1 with a detection limit of 0.0012ngmL−1. This EPADs exhibited high sensitivity, specificity and excellent performance in real human serum assay, and could be applied in point-of-care testing of other tumor markers for remote regions and developing countries.

3D origami electrochemiluminescence immunodevice based on porous silver-paper electrode and nanoporous silver double-assisted signal amplification

A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor combined with a 3D origami device for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was developed based on novel porous silver nanoparticles modified paper working electrode (Ag-PWE) as sensor platform and CdTe quantum dots functionalized nanoporous silver (QDs/NPS) as signal amplification label. The microfluidic origami device was fabricated by directly screen-printed electrodes on wax-patterned cellulose paper in bulk. The Ag-PWE was fabricated by a seed-mediated growth approach and served as an effective matrix for antibody attachment with good bioactivity, and stability. The ECL nanoprobe (Ab2/QDs/NPS) was designed by covalent assembly of signal antibodies (Ab2) on QDs/NPS. After a sandwich immunoreaction, the functionalized NPS labels were captured onto the Ag-PWE surface. On the basis of the considerably amplified ECL signal and sandwich-type format, the proposed method successfully fulfilled the highly sensitive detection of CEA with a linear range of 0.5pgmL−1 to 20ngmL−1 with a detection limit of 0.12pgmL−1. This facile origami ECL immunodevice exhibited high sensitivity, specificity and excellent performance in real human serum assay, and could be applied in point-of-care testing of other tumor markers for remote regions and developing countries.

3D DNA origami designed with caDNAno

For about three decades, DNA-based nanotechnology has been undergoing development as an assembly method for nanostructured materials. The DNA origami method pioneered by Rothemund paved the way for the formation of 3D structures using DNA self assembly. The origami approach uses a long scaffold strand as the input for the self assembly of a few hundred staple strands into desired shapes. Herein, we present a 3D origami “roller” (75 nm in length) designed using caDNAno software. This has the potential to be used as a template to assemble nanoparticles into different pre-defined shapes. The “roller” was characterized with agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

3D microfluidic origami electrochemiluminescence immunodevice for sensitive point-of-care testing of carcinoma antigen 125

Abstract In this paper, a 3D microfluidic origami device combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was introduced for sensitive point-of-care testing of carcinoma antigen 125 in clinical serum samples for the first time. This microfluidic origami device was fabricated by directly screen-printing carbon working, counter electrodes and Ag/AgCl reference electrode including their conductive pads on wax-patterned pure cellulose paper, and was activated by folding to form a 3D electrochemical cell. To construct a sensitivity-enhanced sandwich-type ECL immunosensor, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was synthesized to modify the working electrode to provide a good pathway of electron transfer and enhance the immobilized amount of capture antibody (McAb1), and luminol functionalized gold nanoparticles (Lu-AuNPs) was synthesized to label signal antibody (McAb2). With the aid of a facile device-holder, cyclic voltammetry was applied on microfluidic origami ECL immunodevice to trigger ECL. Under optimal conditions, this microfluidic origami ECL immunodevice provided a good linear response range from 0.01 to 100 U mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.0074 U mL−1. The proposed ECL immunodevice presented high sensitivity and stability, and could be applied in point-of-care testing of other tumor markers for remote regions and developing countries.

714 パラメトリック折紙モジュールによる立体折紙構造デザイン、ファッションとシミュレーション

714 パラメトリック折紙モジュールによる立体折紙構造デザイン、ファッションとシミュレーション

817 曲線折紙の数理的取扱い

Elegant 3D origami structures from a planar sheet have been presented by incorporating curved folding into the design. Sometimes they look like sculpture, and a new genre called curved origami are now being formed. However, relation between the curved origami and traditional origami using straight creases is not clear in theoretical bases. We construct curved creases consisting of very short (tending to infinitesimal) straight hinge like creases. In the present report, some origami samples for circular tubes surfaces and conical surfaces are introduced. In the second half, a fundamental design method of such forming collar in vertical form-fill-seal machine is presented by using curved folding without elastic strain.

Rolling Up Gold Nanoparticle-Dressed DNA Origami into Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Chiral Nanostructures

Construction of three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic architectures using structural DNA nanotechnology is an emerging multidisciplinary area of research. This technology excels in controlling spatial addressability at sub-10 nm resolution, which has thus far been beyond the reach of traditional top-down techniques. In this paper, we demonstrate the realization of 3D plasmonic chiral nanostructures through programmable transformation of gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-dressed DNA origami. AuNPs were assembled along two linear chains on a two-dimensional rectangular DNA origami sheet with well-controlled positions and particle spacing. By rational rolling of the 2D origami template, the AuNPs can be automatically arranged in a helical geometry, suggesting the possibility of achieving engineerable chiral nanomaterials in the visible range.

Pliegues, despliegues y repliegues. Didáctica proyectual e instrumentos de Ideación

In last decades of international architecture, different contemporary architects (Libeskind; Rem Koolhaas; Herzog and Of Meuron; Toyo Ito; UnStudio; NOX; Madridejos-Sancho) have graphically presented buildings and architectural projects on the basis of a two-dimensional unfolding of three-dimensional folded surfaces. The two-dimensional constant and dynamic projection of a spatial three-dimensional situation has been argued from simple spatial-temporal allegories of the Architectural Project up to new developments with non-conventional instrumental resources, generating innovative structural, formal, spatial and technological solutions. Although these valuable individual experiences have contributed positively to the contemporary discussion, at the practical level they have not represented generalized strategies that can be transferred to the professional practice and to architectural education.This article uses results of more than 10 workshops (with Unfolding and Folding methodologies) developed in Chile, Argentina and Brazil to build up a pedagogy for the project that makes it possible to investigate the spatial and material properties of folded compositions in Architecture. It proposes to review and update project instruments through the incorporation of Parametric Design (2D generative patterns); 3D origami software and machines of Digital Manufacturing (CNC and Laser Cutting).Key words: folded compositions, pedagogy for the project, parametric design, digital manufacturing.

Silver Nanowires: From Scalable Synthesis to Recyclable Foldable Electronics

A scalable preparation method for high-quality silver nanowires (Ag NWs), which can be used as the electrical circuits for a broad spectrum of ultralow-cost, recyclable, foldable electronics, is presented. Paper-based radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, light-emitting diode (LED) chip arrays, and 3D origami electrical devices are synthesized. The signal transmittance and biodecomposition of the RFID tags are investigated.

Crystalline two-dimensional DNA-origami arrays.

Nanotechnology aims to organize matter with the highest possible accuracy and control. Such control will lead to nanoelectronics, nanorobotics, programmable chemical synthesis, scaffolded crystals, and nanoscale systems responsive to their environments. Structural DNA nanotechnology1 is one of the most powerful routes to this goal. It combines robust branched DNA species with the control of affinity and structure2 inherent in the programmability of sticky ends. The successes of structural DNA nanotechnology include the formation of objects,3 2D crystals,4 3D crystals,5 nanomechanical devices,6 and various combinations of these species (e.g., ref. 7). DNA origami8 is arguably the most effective way of producing a large addressable area on a 2D DNA surface. This method entails the combination of a long single strand (typically M13 single-stranded form, 7249 nucleotides) with about ~250 staple strands to define its shape and patterning. With a pixilation estimated at about 6 nm,8 it is possible to build patterns with about 100 addressable points within a definable shape in an area of about 10,000 nm2. Many investigators have sought unsuccessfully to increase the useful size of 2D origami units by forming crystals of individual origami tiles.0 Here, we report the 2D crystallization of origami tiles to yield a 2D array with dimensions 2–3 microns on an edge. This size is likely to be large enough to connect bottom-up methods of patterning with top-down approaches.

Structural DNA nanotechnology: growing along with Nano Letters.

During the past decade, the field of structural DNA nanotechnology has grown enormously, not only in the number of its participants but also qualitatively in its capabilities. A number of goals evident in 2001 have been achieved: These include the extension of self-assembled crystalline systems from 2D to 3D and the achievement of 2D algorithmic assembly. A variety of nanoscale walking devices have been developed. A key unanticipated development was the advent of DNA origami, which has vastly expanded the scale of addressable DNA structures. Nanomechanical devices have been incorporated into 2D arrays, and into 2D origami structures, as well, leading to capture systems and to a nanomechanical assembly line. DNA has been used to scaffold non-DNA species, so that one of its key goals has been achieved. Biological replication of DNA nanostructures with simple topologies has also been accomplished. The increase in the number of participants in the enterprise holds great promise for the coming decade.

Multilayer DNA Origami Packed on a Square Lattice

Molecular self-assembly using DNA as a structural building block has proven to be an efficient route to the construction of nanoscale objects and arrays of increasing complexity. Using the remarkable "scaffolded DNA origami" strategy, Rothemund demonstrated that a long single-stranded DNA from a viral genome (M13) can be folded into a variety of custom two-dimensional (2D) shapes using hundreds of short synthetic DNA molecules as staple strands. More recently, we generalized a strategy to build custom-shaped, three-dimensional (3D) objects formed as pleated layers of helices constrained to a honeycomb lattice, with precisely controlled dimensions ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Here we describe a more compact design for 3D origami, with layers of helices packed on a square lattice, that can be folded successfully into structures of designed dimensions in a one-step annealing process, despite the increased density of DNA helices. A square lattice provides a more natural framework for designing rectangular structures, the option for a more densely packed architecture, and the ability to create surfaces that are more flat than is possible with the honeycomb lattice. Thus enabling the design and construction of custom 3D shapes from helices packed on a square lattice provides a general foundational advance for increasing the versatility and scope of DNA nanotechnology.