3D Movies Research Articles

Does 3D Make Sense for Hollywood? The Economic Implications of Adding a Third Dimension to Hedonic Media Products

This article examines the economic effect of the 3D feature on movie success by using secondary data from all movies released in digital 3D between 2004 and 2011, and a 2D control sample. Using propensity score matching, the authors provide evidence for a sample selection bias that leads to an overestimation of the 3D effect if not accounted for. Matching results show that 3D movies are, on average, not economically advantageous when compared with 2D “twins.” However, subsequent weighted least squares regression analyses find that the impact of 3D on movie success varies in a non-linear, inverted U-shaped way with a “trend” variable that measures the point in time of a movie release and with a number of movie genres. A post-hoc analysis shows that a consumer's decision to attend a 3D screening of a 3D movie (instead of a 2D screening) is influenced by several factors, including whether the film is originally shot in 3D or the 3D element is added during postproduction.

Sensory uncertainty leads to systematic misperception of the direction of motion in depth.

Although we have made major advances in understanding motion perception based on the processing of lateral (2D) motion signals on computer displays, the majority of motion in the real (3D) world occurs outside of the plane of fixation, and motion directly toward or away from observers has particular behavioral relevance. Previous work has reported a systematic lateral bias in the perception of 3D motion, such that an object on a collision course with an observer's head is frequently judged to miss it, with obvious negative consequences. To better understand this bias, we systematically investigated the accuracy of 3D motion perception while manipulating sensory noise by varying the contrast of a moving target and its position in depth relative to fixation. Inconsistent with previous work, we found little bias under low sensory noise conditions. With increased sensory noise, however, we revealed a novel perceptual phenomenon: observers demonstrated a surprising tendency to confuse the direction of motion-in-depth, such that approaching objects were reported to be receding and vice versa. Subsequent analysis revealed that the lateral and motion-in-depth components of observers' reports are similarly affected, but that the effects on the motion-in-depth component (i.e., the motion-in-depth confusions) are much more apparent than those on the lateral component. In addition to revealing this novel visual phenomenon, these results shed new light on errors that can occur in motion perception and provide a basis for continued development of motion perception models. Finally, our findings suggest methods to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D visualization environments, such as 3D movies and virtual reality devices.

Creating 3D Virtual Anatomic Models of Vasculature and Skull from Computed Tomography Arteriograms

Anatomy teaching methods have used traditional simulated 3D computer models. However, these 3D models have usually been limited to normal anatomy, using computer screen‐based rotating models. We have recently established a virtual 3D anatomy workstation for creating and presenting stereoscopic 3D virtual models. These models were developed using Amira, a powerful software package for bioscience research that anatomists can use to create 3D structures from slice data. We used computed tomography arteriogram (CTA) images to reconstructed 3D virtual models. The virtual models are presented stereoscopically in a virtual reality environment and can be rotated through 360 degrees in all axes, and can be made larger or smaller. Flexible views of internal structures are possible. Students wear polarized 3D glasses and sit in a small theater‐like classroom with dim light background. Images were virtually displayed in stereo mode, and structures were shown as flowing in the center of the room in front of each student, similar to watching a 3D movie in a theater. The stereoscopic 3D models allow students to view normal variations of cerebral vasculature and abnormalities, such as aneurysms, from many different angles and in greater detail than is possible using flat, 2D images.

Cognitive functions and stereopsis in patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease using 3-dimensional television: a case controlled trial.

Stereopsis or depth perception is an awareness of the distances of objects from the observer, and binocular disparity is a necessary component of recognizing objects through stereopsis. In the past studies, patients with neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer dementia, AD; Parkinson’s disease IPD) have problems of stereopsis but they did not have actual stimulation of stereopsis. Therefore in this study, we used a 3-dimensional (3D) movie on 3D television (TV) for actual stereopsis stimulation. We propose research through analyzing differences between the three groups (AD, IPD, and Controls), and identified relations between the results from the Titmus Stereo Fly Test, and the 3D TV test. The study also looked into factors that affect the 3D TV test. Before allowing the patients to watch TV, we examined Titmus stereo Fly Test and cognitive test. We used the 3D version of a movie, of 17 minutes 1 second duration, and carried out a questionnaire about stereopsis. The scores of the stereopsis questionnaire were decreased in AD patients, compared with in IPD and controls, although they did not have any difference of Titmus Stereo Fly Test scores. In IPD patients, cognitive function (Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA) scores were correlated with the scores of the stereopsis questionnaire. We could conclude that Titmus fly test could not distinguish between the three groups and cognitive dysfunction contributes to actual stereopsis perception in IPD patients. Therefore the 3D TV test of AD and IPD patients was more effective than Titmus fly test.

EEG based evaluation of stereoscopic 3D displays for viewer discomfort.

BackgroundConsumer preference is rapidly changing from 2D to 3D movies due to the sensational effects of 3D scenes, like those in Avatar and The Hobbit. Two 3D viewing technologies are available: active shutter glasses and passive polarized glasses. However, there are consistent reports of discomfort while viewing in 3D mode where the discomfort may refer to dizziness, headaches, nausea or simply not being able to see in 3D continuously.MethodsIn this paper, we propose a theory that 3D technology which projects the two images (required for 3D perception) alternatively, cannot provide true 3D visual experience while the 3D technology projecting the two images simultaneously is closest to the human visual system for depth perception. Then we validate our theory by conducting experiments with 40 subjects and analyzing the EEG results of viewing 3D movie clips with passive polarized glasses while the images are projected simultaneously compared to 2D viewing. In addition, subjective feedback of the subjects was also collected and analyzed.ResultsA higher theta and alpha band absolute power is observed across various areas including the occipital lobe for 3D viewing. We also found that the complexity of the signal, e.g. variations in EEG samples over time, increases in 3D as compared to 2D. Various results conclude that working memory, as well as, attention is increased in 3D viewing because of the processing of more data in 3D as compared to 2D. From subjective feedback analysis, 75% of subjects felt comfortable with 3D passive polarized while 25% preferred 3D active shutter technology.ConclusionsWe conclude that 3D passive polarized technology provides more comfortable visualization than 3D active shutter technology. Overall, 3D viewing is more attractive than 2D due to stereopsis which may cause of high attention and involvement of working memory manipulations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12938-015-0006-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Visual discomfort while watching stereoscopic three-dimensional movies at the cinema.

This study investigates discomfort symptoms while watching Stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) movies in the 'real' condition of a cinema. In particular, it had two main objectives: to evaluate the presence and nature of visual discomfort while watching S3D movies, and to compare visual symptoms during S3D and 2D viewing. Cinema spectators of S3D or 2D films were interviewed by questionnaire at the theatre exit of different multiplex cinemas immediately after viewing a movie. A total of 854 subjects were interviewed (mean age 23.7 ± 10.9 years; range 8-81 years; 392 females and 462 males). Five hundred and ninety-nine of them viewed different S3D movies, and 255 subjects viewed a 2D version of a film seen in S3D by 251 subjects from the S3D group for a between-subjects design for that comparison. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors underlying symptoms: External Symptoms Factors (ESF) with a mean ± S.D. symptom score of 1.51 ± 0.58 comprised of eye burning, eye ache, eye strain, eye irritation and tearing; and Internal Symptoms Factors (ISF) with a mean ± S.D. symptom score of 1.38 ± 0.51 comprised of blur, double vision, headache, dizziness and nausea. ISF and ESF were significantly correlated (Spearman r = 0.55; p = 0.001) but with external symptoms significantly higher than internal ones (Wilcoxon Signed-ranks test; p = 0.001). The age of participants did not significantly affect symptoms. However, females had higher scores than males for both ESF and ISF, and myopes had higher ISF scores than hyperopes. Newly released movies provided lower ESF scores than older movies, while the seat position of spectators had minimal effect. Symptoms while viewing S3D movies were significantly and negatively correlated to the duration of wearing S3D glasses. Kruskal-Wallis results showed that symptoms were significantly greater for S3D compared to those of 2D movies, both for ISF (p = 0.001) and for ESF (p = 0.001). In short, the analysis of the symptoms experienced by S3D movie spectators based on retrospective visual comfort assessments, showed a higher level of external symptoms (eye burning, eye ache, tearing, etc.) when compared to the internal ones that are typically more perceptual (blurred vision, double vision, headache, etc.). Furthermore, spectators of S3D movies reported statistically higher symptoms when compared to 2D spectators.

Single-shot three-dimensional sensing with improved data density

We introduce a novel concept for motion robust optical 3D-sensing. The concept is based on multi-line triangulation. The aim is to evaluate a large number of projected lines (high data density) in a large measurement volume with high precision. Implementing all those three attributes at the same time allows for the "perfect" real-time 3D movie camera (our long term goal). The key problem towards this goal is ambiguous line indexing: we will demonstrate that the necessary information for unique line indexing can be acquired by two synchronized cameras and a back projection scheme. The introduced concept preserves high lateral resolution, since the lines are as narrow as the sampling theorem allows, no spatial bandwidth is consumed by encoding of the lines. In principle, the distance uncertainty is only limited by shot noise and coherent noise. The concept can be also advantageously implemented with a hand-guided sensor and real-time registration, for a complete and dense 3D-acquisition of complicated scenes.

Heart rate variability (HRV) during virtual reality immersion

The goal of the study was assessment of the hour-long training involving handling virtual environment (sVR) and watching a stereoscopic 3D movie on the mechanisms of autonomic heart rate (HR) regulation among the subjects who were not predisposed to motion sickness. In order to exclude predispositions to motion sickness, all the participants (n=19) underwent a Coriolis test. During an exposure to 3D and sVR the ECG signal was continuously recorded using the Holter method. For the twelve consecutive 5-min epochs of ECG signal, the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in time and frequency domains was conducted. After 30 min from the beginning of the training in handling the virtual workstation a significant increase in LF spectral power was noted. The values of the sympathovagal LF/HF index while sVR indicated a significant increase in sympathetic predominance in four time intervals, namely between the 5th and the 10th minute, between the 15th and the 20th minute, between the 35th and 40th minute and between the 55th and the 60th minute of exposure.

Underwater 3D filming

After an experimental phase of many years, 3D filming is now effective and successful. Improvements are still possible, but the film industry achieved memorable success on 3D movie’s box offices due to the overall quality of its products. Special environments such as space (“Gravity” ) and the underwater realm look perfect to be reproduced in 3D. “Filming in space” was possible in “Gravity” using special effects and computer graphic. The underwater realm is still difficult to be handled. Underwater filming in 3D was not that easy and effective as filming in 2D, since not long ago. After almost 3 years of research, a French, Austrian and Italian team realized a perfect tool to film underwater, in 3D, without any constrains. This allows filmmakers to bring the audience deep inside an environment where they most probably will never have the chance to be.

11-17 3D映像観察時の輻輳眼球運動と調節応答の関係(第11部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション(視覚特性および映像・画像評価))

11-17 3D映像観察時の輻輳眼球運動と調節応答の関係(第11部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション(視覚特性および映像・画像評価))

3D Cinema and Human Stereovision

One of the modern entertainment industry spheres is three-dimensional (3D) cinema. In recent years it has experienced rapid development. However, the opinion about 3D cinema varies. Some people believe that 3D cinema has negative impact on their vision. It causes discomfort (headache, nausea) or even inability to see the 3D effect in movies and animations. The purpose of the research is to study the causes which lead to vision problems and complaints relating to 3D cinema. A significant part of the study was a questionnaire with an aim to find out the opinions about 3D cinema and the vision problems, which block the ability to see 3D. Three groups underwent a stereovision test-a group without complaints, a group with complaints and a group who do not see the 3D effect at all. The questionnaire also defined the reasons for the difficulties to see 3D effect. Findings of the questionnaire indicate that almost a half of all respondents-65%-prefer movies in 2D format due to the vision discomfort when watching 3D movies, namely, headache (7%), eye fatigue (41%) etc. However, 4% of all respondents confirmed that 2D movies cause some asthenopias as well. That leads to an assumption that complaints depend on the perception of 3D effect and vision problems (e.g., anisometropia, amblyopia etc.) by every individual. In comparison to research carried out in Great Britain by ‘The Eyecare Trust”, where the findings show that 10-12% of Great Britain’s population does not see 3D, we discovered in our research that 17% of respondents in Latvia have difficulties to see 3D effect.

Visualization of Dialysis Fistula by Computed Tomography Using Time-Resolved 3D Volume Rendering

To evaluate the function of arteriovenous (AV) dialysis fistula using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and time-resolved 3-dimensional (3D) volume rendering (VR). Seven patients referred for angiographic CT examination of the AV dialysis fistula were enrolled. Twenty-four grams of iodine were administered intravenously (iomeprol 400 mg I/mL at 6 mL/sec) followed by a 50-mL saline flush. Dynamic scanning was performed for 15-24 sec. CT images were then postprocessed on a dedicated workstation creating time-resolved 3D VR images and movies. All studies showed good image quality showing pathology in 6 of 7 patients. Unexpected findings were observed in 1 patient, aneurysm (n = 1). Radiation dose was 5 mSv. The function of AV dialysis fistula can be visualized using dynamic CT and time-resolved 3D VR.

Do 3D Moviegoers Enjoy Screenings More than 2D Moviegoers?—On the Impact of 3D Fantasy Movie Perception on Enjoyment

As 3D movie screenings have recently seen an increase in popularity, it would appear that 3D is finally ready to stand the test of time. To examine the effect of 3D on the experience of enjoyment, we refer to the model of entertainment by Vorderer, Klimmt, and Ritterfeld (2004), according to which both technological and personal prerequisites can induce enjoyment. The model was further adapted for the cinema context by including the appeal of special effects, fanship, age, and gender. To ascertain the impact of the suggested prerequisites, we conducted a field study comparing the enjoyment experiences of 2D and 3D audiences watching the same fantasy movies in a between-subjects design (N = 289). Results showed that the technological features of stereoscopic 3D cannot predict enjoyment. However, the feeling of presence, the appeal of the special effects, and fanship are predictors of enjoyment.

새로운 단일렌즈 양안식 입체영상 카메라의 구현과 테스트 방법

2009년 영화 "아바타"의 막대한 성공으로 인해 양안식 입체 영화와 TV가 주목을 받고 있다. 또한 2014년에 개봉한 "로보캅 3"와 "트랜스포머 4"와 같은 대다수의 입체 영화와 컨텐츠는 실제로 촬영한 영상과 가상으로 만들어진 영상을 합성하여 만들어진다. 그러나 양안식 입체 영화는 두 대의 카메라를 리그라고 불리는 장치에 연결하여 조정과 촬영에 많은 노력과 비용이 들어가는 기존의 양안식 입체 영상 리그 카메라 시스템으로 촬영되게 된다. 이러한 문제는 아바타와 같은 성공적인 양안식 입체 영화 촬영을 어렵게 한다. 본 논문은 기존의 양안식 입체 영상 리그 카메라 시스템이 가지고 있는 문제점을 분석하고, 문제의 해결방법으로 새로 고안된 단일렌즈 양안식 입체 영상 카메라 시스템을 제안한다. 이 시스템은 하나의 광축을 두 영상이 지나가도 서로 섞이거나 간섭을 일으키지 않게 시간적으로 혹은 공간적으로 분리하는 기술을 바탕으로 만들어진다. 위의 시스템은 기존의 양안식 입체 영상 리그 카메라 시스템보다 조정과 촬영이 간단하고, 기하학적 왜곡이 적기 때문에 보기 편안한 입체 영상을 촬영할 수 있다. 본 논문은 단일렌즈 양안식 카메라 시스템 중 회전하는 셔터를 사용한 시스템을 설명하고, 실제로 얼마나 왜곡이 적은지 실험한다. 또한 앞으로 더 좋은 결과를 가져올 향상된 단일렌즈 양안식 입체 영상 카메라 시스템에 대하여 논의한다. From the year 2009, 3D Stereoscopic movies and TV have been spotlighted after the huge success of a movie called "AVATAR". Moreover, most of 3D movies & contents are created by mixing real-life shots & virtual animated pictures, such as "Robocop 3", "Transformer 4" as shown in 2014. However, the stereoscopic 3D video film shooting with a traditional stereoscopic rig camera system, takes much more time to set the rig system and adjust the system setting for proper film making which necessarily resulting in bigger cost. In fact, these problems have depreciated the success of Avatar as decreasing demand for 3D stereoscopic video shooting. In this paper, inherent problems of traditional stereoscopic rig camera system are analyzed, and as a solution for the problems, a novel implementations of single-lens optical stereoscopic 3D camera system is suggested. The new system can be implemented to a technology for separating two lights when even those lights passing through in the same optical axis. The system has advantages of adjusting the setting and taking video compared with traditional stereoscopic 3D rig systems. Furthermore, this system can acquire comfortable 3D stereoscopic video because of the good characteristics of geometrical errors. This paper will be discussed the single-lens stereoscopic 3D camera system using rolling shutters, it will be tested geometrical errors of this system. Lastly, other types of single lens stereoscopic 3D camera system are discussed to develop the promising future of this system.

EHMTI-0129. 3D-cinema and headache: preliminary results of a prospective cross-sectional study

Results By the date of the abstract’s submission 1131 persons (337 men and 794 women) have responded to the questionnaire. The mean age of responders was 33 years (6-74). Among them 26.6 % reported to have had a headache in response to work in front of a non-3D computer screen, 13.9% in relation to 3D movies, and only 1.5% after watching 2D-films earlier in life. In this study, however, 6.2% of men and 11.6% of women reported to have headache: women were at a higher risk of occurrence of headache after or during the 3D-cinema compared to men (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.18-2.69). More specific and final results, including the subgroups analysis will be presented. Conclusions Watching 3D-movies at a cinema can cause a headache. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible risk factors of individual susceptibility to the 3D-cinema headache. There is a need of rising public awareness of possible discomfort people may suffer during and after the explosion to 3D-movies. No conflict of interest.

Kansei evaluation of presence for 3D movies --Comparison between large and small display --

Kansei evaluation of presence for 3D movies --Comparison between large and small display --

Wavefront Aberrometry: from basics to daily practice

AbstractQuality of vision is a new comprehensive set of measures that determines visual performance at near, far and in variable light conditions. Good vision is no longer defined by 20/20 vision. The necessity of evaluating vision beyond Snellen acuity has led clinicians and vision scientists to utilize contrast sensitivity, wavefront aberrometry and straylight measurement in most clinical trials related to vision. Recently,the advent of 3D movies and 3D TVs brought us new challenges regarding 3 3 Dimensional Quality of Vision. In this course, experts will share with you their experience on this new frontier of modern ophthalmology.

An exploratory trial of balanced binocular viewing (BBV) of 3D movies to treat anisometropic amblyopia

We describe a novel treatment specifically aimed at improving visual acuity (VA) and binocular vision (BV). Children spend an hour a day at home watching movies while wearing modified 3D glasses. This system allows us to “balance” the visibility of the image across the eyes; specifically, a personalised level of digital Gaussian blur is applied to the unaffected eye so that crowded-acuity is matched across the eyes.

Stereoscopic depth increases intersubject correlations of brain networks

Three-dimensional movies presented via stereoscopic displays have become more popular in recent years aiming at a more engaging viewing experience. However, neurocognitive processes associated with the perception of stereoscopic depth in complex and dynamic visual stimuli remain understudied. Here, we investigate the influence of stereoscopic depth on both neurophysiology and subjective experience. Using multivariate statistical learning methods, we compare the brain activity of subjects when freely watching the same movies in 2D and in 3D. Subjective reports indicate that 3D movies are more strongly experienced than 2D movies. On the neural level, we observe significantly higher intersubject correlations of cortical networks when subjects are watching 3D movies relative to the same movies in 2D. We demonstrate that increases in intersubject correlations of brain networks can serve as neurophysiological marker for stereoscopic depth and for the strength of the viewing experience.

The influence of polarized 3D display on autonomic nervous activities

The spectral analysis of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) can be used for assessing the autonomic nervous activities and further the physiological conditions of subjects. This study intended to explore whether or not people would have fatigue, faintness and other kinds of uncomfortable conditions after watching a 3D film by using HRV measures as the objective physiological indices, in addition to other subjective physiological indices.Twenty men aged 22±2 experienced watching 3D films and 2D films and were served as the controls of themselves. As the controls, the subjects had to rest at the same place. All subjects were are randomized for taking different experiences, and the electrocardiographic (ECG) signals were recorded during the whole process. The researchers could obtain the indices of the autonomic nervous activities before and after experiencing 3D and 2D movies with the help of spectral HRV analyses, along with the objective physiological information. The subjects were requested to fill out the questionnaire for the subjective feelings after the movie experiences.It was found that the subjects’ high-frequency power (HFP) representing parasympathetic nervous activities decreases after watching a 3D film. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activities before and after watching a 2D film were not significantly different. The subjects complained that they felt dizzy, had headaches, and got visual fatigue while watching a 3D film.This study found that the subjects’ parasympathetic nerve activities were reduced after watching a 3D film, indicating that watching a 3D film would make people uncomfortable and tired. This result was the same as that of the questionnaire. Thus, HRV analyses could be an objective physiological index for discomfort as viewing 3D films.