3D Mode Research Articles

Comparative efficacy of two-dimensional mode and color Doppler sonography in predicting gender of the equine fetus.

Background and Aim:Ultrasonographic fetal sexing is of utmost economic importance for horse breeders. Relatively, a few studies have been conducted to determine fetal sex in mare using transrectal Doppler ultrasound. This study aimed to compare two sexing techniques, two-dimensional (2D) mode and color Doppler ultrasonography.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 39 mares under field conditions. Examinations were performed using the ultrasonic model device (Medison SonoAce Pico, South Korea), equipped with real-time 3-7 MHz convex multifrequency transducer. Fetal sex diagnosis was carried out in two periods of pregnancy, early period (57-80 days of gestation) and late period (80-150 days of gestation).Results:No difference (p=0.4) was observed between the efficiency of the 2D mode and Doppler ultrasound in sex determination with the respective frequency of 74% and 85%. The best time to sex the early fetus was between 57 and 70 days of gestation and between 90 and 120 days for the older fetus.Conclusion:The accuracy of sex determination can be increased using Doppler mode compared to 2D mode, especially in the early period between 57 and 70 days, in male more than female sex.

Method to Determine the Root Canal Anatomic Dimension by using a New Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Software.

This study discusses a method to determine the root canal anatomic dimension by using e-Vol DX software. The methodology consists in initially establishes the correct positions which will be measured, define the point on the edge of the anatomical structure, and next adjust the intermediate position in the grayscale of CBCT image. Afterward, thin sections (0.10 mm) are obtained from 3D reconstructed slices in the filter for the measurements, in order to determine the edge of the anatomical surface in the axial plane. A replication of positions in 3D mode is done in multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) of CBCT images, where the correct position is established with the aid of a positioning guide. The 3D density is adjusted so that it is in the same dimension as the 2D image, and a dimension calibration occurs to the point where there is a coincidence between 3D and 2D. This calibration is done only at the beginning of the measurement. Next, the intermediate position of the division between the grayscale is verified in the CBCT scan. Once one side has been completed, it is moved to the other side and follows the same guidelines described above. When setting the position of the courses in the other margin, being that 2D mode is used as reference. Thus, one obtains the required measure, being checked in the two points. The creation of this filter in the e-Vol DX software for measurement, and its appropriate management, allows more effective applications when it is desired to obtain diameters of anatomical structures.

Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy for cold rubidium in a strong femtosecond laser field

In this study, a new magneto-optical trap (MOT) recoil ion momentum spectrometer is built for investigating the interactions between cold rubidium (Rb) atoms and strong laser fields. This compact device can provide cold Rb in three different modes: 2D MOT mode, in which the beam generated by a two-dimensional MOT is pushed directly to the interaction regime; molasses mode, in which cooling lasers are applied at the interaction regime; and 3D MOT mode, in which a quadrupole magnetic field is applied to form a three-dimensional MOT. The typical densities of the three target modes are estimated to be 107, 108, and 109 atoms/cm3, respectively. Switching between the target modes is expected to provide a broad range of laser intensities with reasonable count rates while avoiding space charge effects. A single photoionization experiment serves as a benchmark test of the recoil ion momentum resolution. The best resolution is estimated as an unprecedented 0.12 a.u. in the time-of-flight direction, demonstrating significant potential for strong field ionization dynamics using this technique.

The two-dimensional kinetic ballooning theory for trapped electron mode in tokamak

The two-dimensional (2D) kinetic theory for a collisionless trapped electron mode is developed based on the Fourier-ballooning transform in an up-down symmetric equilibrium (illustrated via concentric circular magnetic surfaces). The system consists of two equations: the ballooning (integral) equation with a parameterized Floquet phase and a second order differential equation for the distribution of the Floquet phase. The coupled equations are, then, numerically solved as an eigenvalue problem yielding the 2D mode structure (in real space) as well as the global (phase-independent) eigenvalue for an L-mode parameter set. The 2D mode structure exhibits apparent radial-poloidal asymmetry; due to the poloidal coupling, the radial correlation length is found to be, at least, twice as large as the poloidal one. The global (phase-independent) eigenvalue of the mode differs considerably from the conventional local (phase-dependent) estimate. This paper shares many technical aspects with a published paper that works out the 2D kinetic theory for the ion temperature gradient mode [Xie et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 102506 (2017)].

Helical core formation and evolution during current ramp-up in the high-field tokamak Alcator C-Mod

Large, spontaneous m/n = 1/1 helical cores are predicted in tokamaks with extended regions of low- or reversed-magnetic shear profiles in a region within the q = 1 surface and an onset condition determined by constant (dp/dρ)/Bt2 along the threshold. These 3D modes occurred frequently in Alcator C-Mod during ramp-up when slow current penetration results in a reversed shear q-profile. The onset and early development of a helical core in C-Mod were simulated using a new 3D time-dependent equilibrium reconstruction, based on the ideal MHD equilibrium code VMEC. The reconstruction used the experimental density, temperature, and soft-X-ray fluctuations. The pressure profile can become hollow due to an inverted, hollow electron temperature profile caused by molybdenum radiation in the plasma core during the current ramp-up phase before the onset of sawteeth, which may also occur in ITER with tungsten. Based on modeling, it is found that a reverse shear q-profile combined with a hollow pressure profile reduces the onset condition threshold, enabling helical core formation from an otherwise axisymmetric equilibrium.

Integral imaging-based 2D/3D convertible display system by using holographic optical element and polymer dispersed liquid crystal.

An integral imaging-based 2D/3D convertible display system is proposed by using a lens-array holographic optical element (LAHOE), a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film, and a projector. The LAHOE is closely attached to the PDLC film to constitute a projection screen. The LAHOE is used to realize integral imaging 3D display. When the PDLC film with an applied voltage is in the transparent state, the projector projects a Bragg matched 3D image, and the display system works in 3D mode. When the PDLC film without an applied voltage is in the scattering state, the projector projects a 2D image, and the display system works in 2D mode. A prototype of the integral imaging-based 2D/3D convertible display is developed, and it provides 2D/3D convertible images properly.

Sputter Epitaxy of (ZnO)x(InN)1-x films on Lattice-mismatched Sapphire Substrate

We have recently developed a novel semiconductor, (ZnO)x(InN)1-x (abbreviated to ZION). In this study, we have succeeded in direct epitaxial growth of ZION films on 19–21%-lattice-mismatched c-plane sapphire by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that there is no epitaxial relationship between ZION films fabricated at room-temperature (RT) and the sapphire substrates, while the films fabricated at 450oC grow epitaxially on the sapphire substrates. From the analysis of time evolution of the surface morphology, the process for the epitaxial growth of ZION on sapphire is found to consist of three stages. They are (i) initial nucleation of ZION crystallites with crystal axis aligned to the sapphire substrate, (ii) island growth from the initially formed nuclei and subsequent nucleation (secondary nucleation) of ZION crystallites, and (iii) lateral growth of ZION islands originated from initially formed nuclei. On the other hand, non-epitaxial ZION films fabricated at RT just grow in 3D mode. From these results, we conclude that the substrate temperature is the key to control of nucleation and subsequent epitaxial growth of ZION films on the lattice-mismatched substrate.

Hybrid light field head-mounted display using time-multiplexed liquid crystal lens array for resolution enhancement.

In recent years, head-mounted display technologies have greatly advanced. In order to overcome the accommodation-convergence conflict, light field displays reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images with a focusing cue but sacrifice resolution. In this paper, a hybrid head-mounted display system that is based on a liquid crystal microlens array is proposed. By using a time-multiplexed method, the display signals can be divided into light field and two-dimensional (2D) modes to show comfortable 3D images with high resolution compensated by the 2D image. According to the experimental results, the prototype supports a 12.28 ppd resolution in the diagonal direction, which reaches 82% of the traditional virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD).

The Peak Stress Method combined with 3D finite element models to assess the fatigue strength of complex welded structures

The Peak Stress Method (PSM) is a rapid and engineering application of the notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) approach for the fatigue strength assessment of welded structures, which employs the singular linear elastic peak stresses calculated by FEM using coarse meshes. First, the PSM was calibrated to rapidly estimate the NSIFs by adopting 3D, eight-node brick elements and by using the submodeling technique. Given the increasing 3D modelling of large and complex structures in the industry, the application of the PSM combined with 3D FE models has recently been speeded up by calibrating ten-node tetra elements, which allow to directly discretize complex 3D geometries making submodeling unnecessary. In the present contribution, the PSM has been calibrated by analysing several 3D mode I, II and III V-notch problems, by adopting either four-node or ten-node tetra elements. In particular, the 3D PSM with ten-node tetra elements has been extended to V-notch opening angles that had not been taken into account in a previous calibration, namely (i) 120° under mode I and (ii) 90° and 120° under mode III loadings. Then, an applicative example has been considered, which is relevant to a large-scale and rather complex steel welded structure, having overall size on the order of meters. The mesh density requirements to apply the PSM to the considered large-scale welded structure using either four-node tetra elements or ten-node tetra elements have been compared in order to assess the solution time required by the two types of FE meshes.

Nintendo Da Vinci: A Novel Control System to Improve Performance in Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Complications of robotic-assisted surgery are on the rise, partly due to surgeons not receiving proper training. Using the current Da Vinci (DV) surgical system, surgeons require anywhere between 50 and 3,000 surgeries to achieve adequate proficiency. To improve performance, we have developed a new system using Nintendo Joycon (NJ) controls. We hypothesized the NJ controls would improve surgical performance, so we compared the NJ and DV systems with two user groups (doctor and gamer). The doctor and the gamer performed a defined task using NJ and the DV control systems, in a simulated skills assessment in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D modes. The task completion time and error rate were used to calculate a Fundamentals of Robotic Surgery Skills Assessment (FRS) score. The FRS was then used to calculate the learning rate using the learning rate formula. The task completion time, error rate, FRS scores, and the learning rate were significantly better with NJ. The error rate risk ratios indicated that the DV control system carried a higher risk of error compared to the NJ control system. The NJ control system was associated with a better task completion time by 83% for the doctor and 88% for the gamer, a lower error rate by 73% for the doctor and 82% for the gamer, better FRS score by 72% for the doctor and 46% for the gamer, and better LR by 84% for the doctor and 86% for the gamer. This study shows that implementing a NJ control system is associated with improved surgical performance and LR compared to DV.

РАЗРАБОТКА ПРОГРАММНОГО МОДУЛЯ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ ГЕОПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ В 3D-РЕЖИМЕ

A module was developed for software system that allows visualizing geospatial data obtained as a result of topographical survey in 3D mode.

Analiza promena kapaciteta kopa 'Garajevac - Istok' primenom GIS tehnologije

The paper discusses the concept of construction and monitoring of capacity changes - the volume of the 'Garajevac-Istok' excavation (mine), located in the cadastral municipality of Novi Bečej. Namely, in the earlier period, the physical surface of the Earth and geospace in general were shown two-dimensionally (2D), in a plane, by some of the cartographic methods (contour lines, points heights, hypsometry) or three-dimensionally (3D), by modeling of reliefs and relief cards. The cartographic principles of terrain making and visualizing on relief mapping models allow the creation of 3D views, but not enough quality and engineering precise 3D terrain models. In addition, there is a possibility of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the terrain on the mentioned models not to be accurate enough. With new technologies, the 3D geospatial display mode changes, and the concept of digital terrain modeling (DTM) is being applied. The main goal of the work is to create 3D models and to give an analysis of the 'Garajevac-Istok' mine for a certain period of exploitation. .

3D Full-Wave modelling and EC mode conversion in realistic plasmas

The wave physics of O-X conversion in overdense W7-X plasma is discussed. For this study, a new 3D, cold plasma full-wave code has been developed. The code takes advantage of massive parallel computations with Graphics Processing Units (GPU), which allows for up to 100 times faster calculations than on a single-CPU. A 3D calculation of the O-X conversion is demonstrated. We discuss limitations of the mode conversion scenario within the capabilities of the existing ECRH system in W7-X, and demonstrate an optimised conversion scenario in which the launching antenna location is altered. The conversion efficiency of the optimised scenario is predicted to be >85%.

Comparison Of Technical Quality And Average Glandular Dose Between Two Tomosynthesis Mammography Equipments

Introduction : The tomosynthesis technology, DBT (Digital Breast Tomosynthesis) arises to aggregate information to the exams of mammography and even replace the two dimensions’ mammography. Quality control of these equipments are mandatory, in order to aiming the radioprotection and the optimization of the image acquisitions. Methods : The study was prospective, controlled, with the exhibition of only simulating objects for the analysis and comparison of two tomosynthesis equipment. In the Brazilian territory, for the best of our knowledge, there are two brands of breast tomosynthesis equipments: GE equipment, SenoClaire model with nine equipment in operation in Brazil, three of them in the Pio XII Foundation in Barretos, mentioned as Equipment A; and the equipment of Hologic, model Selenia DImensions, with 14 equipment installed and in operation, named Equipment B. Image quality evaluation was performed with a dedicated simulator object for 3D exams. The images were analyzed by 4 radiologists with exams experience in DBT mode. The visualization of the images followed a routine visualization protocol, being a blind, prospective and controlled study. Both, the outcome of the assessment of the structures and the mean glandular dose that each equipment employs in 3D and 2D images, were compared and correlated. Results : The quality control tests showed that both devices are functioning according to the recommended by international guidelines. The DGM show that for 2D tests, the equipment B presents a DGM similar to the equipment A; however, then again for thicknesses greater than 3.0cm, we started to increase to a 54% greater difference in the B equipment. Nonetheless, even with this higher value, both equipments presented results below the reference values. For 3D mode, the average difference was 24% higher for equipment B in thicknesses from 1.0 up to 6.0cm. The clinical evaluation showed that the 3D technology is superior to 2D. There was no significant differences between the two devices we analyzed, except for the DG for one of the equipment that presented a lower value. Conclusions : Both equipments confirmed to be accomplished of representing the same amount of structures necessary to be recognized in breast cancer screening.

Information Encoding with Optical Dielectric Metasurface via Independent Multichannels

Information encryption and security is a prerequisite for information technology, which can be realized by an optical metasurface owing to its arbitrary manipulation over the wavelength, polarization, phase, and amplitude of light. So far information encoding can be implemented by the metasurface in one-dimensional (1D) mode (either wavelength or polarization) only with several combinations of independent channels. Herein, we design dielectric metasurfaces by multiplexing for information encoding in a two-dimensional (2D) mode of both wavelength and polarization. Sixty-three combinations made out of six independent channels by two circular polarization states (RCP and LCP) and three visible wavelengths (633, 532, and 473 nm) are experimentally demonstrated, in sharp contrast with seven combinations by three independent channels in 1D mode. This 2D mode encoding strategy enhances the encryption security dramatically and paves a novel pathway for escalating the security level of information in multichannel ...

Multifactor lithographic process conditions of 3D single mode waveguide fabrication

Controlled process conditions enabled the fabrication of well-defined, high quality, and reproducible waveguides. Multifactor lithographic process conditions have been achieved in order to fabricate 3D single mode waveguide. Preheating and post-baking processes are the most important factors. Sol gel materials form an intermediate bridge between glasses and polymers which allow doping of many metal ions or functional materials to the system to extend its capabilities in high performance and active devices, such as modulation, lasing (amplifying), beam splitters, couplers, deflectors, wavelength filters and switches. It was found that the single mode or multimode waveguide can be fabricated with single step spin coating.

Risk prediction of posttraummatic enophthalmos development on the basis of orbital volume calculations using multislice computed tomography data

Purpose. To elaborate a method of orbital volume measurement in patients with midface trauma at pre- and postoperative stages on the basis of multislice computed tomography (MSCT); to investigate the capabilities of orbital volume measurement to acquire additional diagnostic information and to estimate the risk of postoperative enophthalmos development.
 Materials and methods. A total of 71 patients (100%) with midface trauma were examined at the Sechenov University clinic. At pre- and postoperative stages, all patients (n = 71, 100%) were examined using MSCT (Toshiba Aquilion One 640) with 0.5 mm slice thickness in bone and soft tissue regimen. To measure orbital volume, MSCT data were processed using Vitrea workstation: bone borders of the right and left orbit were marked before and after surgical treatment on every axial slice, and orbital volumes were presented in ml.
 Results. Preoperative MSCT data management revealed increased orbital volume due to orbital trauma in 64 patients (90%), the difference between healthy and traumatized orbit was between 2 ml and 14 ml. In these patients, reconstructive surgical procedure was performed. In 7 patients (10%) with mild midface trauma, the difference between orbital volumes was less than 2 ml, this was considered as a positive prognostic factor, and these patients were not subjects to surgical treatment. After surgery, in 55 patients (77%) the orbital volume restored, the difference between orbital volumes was less than 2 ml. In 9 cases (13%), the difference in orbital volume was more than 2 ml, considered as adverse prognostic factor which means that there still was a risk of postoperative enophthalmos development. In this patient group, additional diagnostic examination was necessary, and patients required planning of residual enophthalmos surgical correction with MSCT control during the post-op period.
 Conclusion. Postprocessing of the MSCT data gave the possibility to calculate pre-and postoperative orbital volume changes and present it in mathematical units (ml) in 3D mode. As the result the additional information can be acquired in order to identify the risk of postoperative enophthalmos.

75. Image quality and dose measurements in digital breast tomosynthesis

Purpose DBT is a three-dimensional reconstruction technique of mammographic images that potentially offers the possibility to overcame the breast tissue-superposition reducing false-positive recalls and increasing cancer detection-rate compared to 2D mammography [1] . The aim of this study is to compare different commercial DBT units in terms of image quality and dose using a set of new phantoms. Methods The CDMAM phantom was used to compare the Contrast-Details curves in 2D and DBT mode principally for stability assessment. The TomophanTM phantom was used to perform measurements of Slice Sensitive Profile, slice-to-slice incrementation, chest-wall offset, z-axis geometry, Artefact Spread Function, low contrast detectability. An aluminium edge was employed to determine in plane MTF. The Pixmam phantom was used to estimate the AGD and to calculate SDNR. All measurements were performed on reconstructed images. Results The contrast-details curves are represented in Fig. 1 for all systems. The AGD and SDNR at 45 mm PMMA, the MTF 0.5 in tube-travel and chest wall-nipple directions, the ASF, the SSP and CNRLC are shown in Table 1 . Conclusions Our results are in good agreement with recent literature reported [2] , [3] . It is not simple to compare DBT systems because there are many differences in terms of detection process (direct/indirect), scan angular range, reconstruction algorithms and the presence or not of the grid. The analysis of all collected data can be useful in a contest of a quality assurance program to define a set of values that could be used as benchmarks.

A complete FFT-based decomposition formalism for the redshift-space bispectrum

To fully extract cosmological information from nonlinear galaxy distribution in redshift space, it is essential to include higher-order statistics beyond the two-point correlation function. In this paper, we propose a new decomposition formalism for computing the anisotropic bispectrum in redshift space and for measuring it from galaxy samples. Our formalism uses tri-polar spherical harmonic decomposition with zero total angular momentum to compress the 3D modes distribution in the redshift-space bispectrum. This approach preserves three fundamental properties of the Universe: statistical homogeneity, isotropy, and parity-symmetry, allowing us to efficiently separate the anisotropic signal induced by redshift-space distortions (RSDs) and the Alcock-Paczy\'{n}ski (AP) effect from the isotropic bispectrum. The relevant expansion coefficients in terms of the anisotropic signal are reduced to one multipole index $L$, and the $L> 0$ modes are induced only by the RSD or AP effects. Our formalism has two advantages: (1) we can make use of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) to measure the bispectrum; (2) it gives a simple expression to correct for the survey geometry, i.e., the survey window function. As a demonstration, we measure the decomposed bispectrum from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) Data Release 12, and, for the first time, present a $14\sigma$ detection of the anisotropic bispectrum in the $L=2$ mode.

Atomically smooth interfaces of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice on metamorphic GaSb buffer grown in 2D mode on GaAs substrate using MBE

In the paper, the comparative analysis of type-II InAs/GaSb SLs deposited on three types of GaSb buffers: homoepitaxial, metamorphic and one grown using the interfacial misfit (IMF) array technique has been presented. The buffer layers as well as superlattices were grown under nominally identical technological conditions. HRXRD investigations proved better crystal quality of the metamorphic material than the IMF-GaSb. FWHMRC were equal to 156 arcsec and 196 arcsec, respectively. The surface roughness of about 1 ML and 4 MLs was obtained using the atomic force microscope for 4.0 μm–metamorphic GaSb and 1.5 μm-IMF-GaSb layers, respectively. The etch pits density for both buffers was similar, 1–2 × 107 cm−2. Superlattice with 500 periods deposited on the homoepitaxial buffer was used as a reference of the best crystal quality. HRTEM images revealed straight InAs/GaSb interfaces with 1 ML thicknesses in this sample. The interfaces in SL deposited on IMF-GaSb buffer were undulated and smeared over 3 MLs. The use of the metamorphic buffer resulted in 1–2 ML straight InAs/GaSb interfaces. The main reason for this is the roughness of IMF-GaSb buffer with mounds on the surface. Based on the obtained results we have demonstrated the advantage of metamorphic approach over IMF growth mode in GaSb/GaAs material system. A two times thicker buffer could be the price worth paying for high quality structures, even when working in the production mode.