3D Model Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Heart Modeling of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy for In Situ Patient-Specific Simulation to Optimize Septal Myectomy.

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) develops in at least 1 out of 715 young adults. Patients who are refractory to medical therapy qualify for septal myectomy. Due to anatomy, serious complications such as ventricular septal defect and heart block may occur. Establishing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-based 3-dimensional (3D) models as part of preoperative planning and training has the potential to decrease procedure-related complications and improve results. CMR images were used to segment cardiac structures. Left ventricular wall thickness was calculated and projected on top of the in silico model. A 3D model was printed with a red layer indicating a wall thickness exceeding 15 mm and used for preoperative resection planning and patient counseling. To provide preoperative patient-specific in situ simulation, the planned resection volume was replaced with silicone in a second model. For perioperative quality control, resected silicone was compared with resected myocardial tissue. The impact of the models was evaluated descriptively through consultation of both the cardiothoracic surgeon and patients and through patient outcomes. Three-dimensional in silico and 3D-printed heart models of 5 patients were established preoperatively. Since the introduction of the models in October 2020, the surgeon feels better prepared, more confident, and less difficulty with making decisions. In addition, patients feel better informed preoperatively. Using 3D heart models optimized preoperative planning and training, intraoperative quality control, and patient consultation. Reduction of procedure-related complications and clinical outcome should be studied in larger cohorts.

Temporal and spatial resolution of magnetosome degradation at the subcellular level in a 3D lung carcinoma model.

Magnetic nanoparticles offer many exciting possibilities in biomedicine, from cell imaging to cancer treatment. One of the currently researched nanoparticles are magnetosomes, magnetite nanoparticles of high chemical purity synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. Despite their therapeutic potential, very little is known about their degradation in human cells, and even less so of their degradation within tumours. In an effort to explore the potential of magnetosomes for cancer treatment, we have explored their degradation process in a 3D human lung carcinoma model at the subcellular level and with nanometre scale resolution. We have used state of the art hard X-ray probes (nano-XANES and nano-XRF), which allow for identification of distinct iron phases in each region of the cell. Our results reveal the progression of magnetite oxidation to maghemite within magnetosomes, and the biosynthesis of magnetite and ferrihydrite by ferritin.

Non-invasive follow-up for intracranial aneurysms treated with contour neurovascular system-comparison of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectral computed tomography angiography (CTA) in vitro.

The contour neurovascular system (CNS) is an intrasaccular flow-disrupting device designed for the treatment of intracranial wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. Metal artifacts limit magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accessibility after implantation. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate non-invasive imaging alternatives to digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Three aneurysms of patients originally treated with CNS were three-dimensional (3D)-printed (one at the basilar tip and two at the middle cerebral artery bifurcation). CNS devices were implanted under fluoroscopic control into the 3D models. Post-implantation two-dimensional-DSA, flat panel computed tomography angiography (CTA), MRI, and spectral CTA were performed. Time of flight angiography and T1 weighted sequences showed large susceptibility artifacts at the detachment zone of the devices. A thin-sliced T2 weighted sequence in cross-sectional orientation to the aneurysm allowed visualization of the aneurysm dome, but the aneurysm neck and parent vessel could not be assessed. Focused spectral CTA, especially a 40 keV reconstruction with a metal artifact reduction algorithm (orthopedic metal artifact reduction (OMAR)), showed only minor artifacts at the detachment zone. This approach achieved a very similar result to DSA and flat panel computed tomography, enabling the assessment of the device structure, aneurysm perfusion, and parent vessel perfusion. For non-invasive follow-up of CNS, focused 40 keV CTA with OMAR seems to be a valuable option. MRI can be valuable for larger aneurysms to assess the aneurysm dome, but was not suitable for evaluating the parent vessels and aneurysm neck after CNS implantation in this study.

Parametric controllable planar multi-scroll chaotic attractors in a 3-D memristive tabu learning single neuron model

Abstract In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) autonomous tabu learning single neuron model is proposed, which is achieved by using a sinusoidal activation function and introducing a memristor synapse. This model exhibits the remarkable capability to produce a series of planar multi-scroll chaotic attractors, and its unique feature lies in the ability to control the number of scrolls. The investigation of the planar multi-scroll chaotic attractors and its dynamical behaviors is conducted through the analysis of phase plane portraits, bifurcation diagrams, and spectral entropies. The numerical simulations unveil a compelling relationship between the number of chaotic scrolls and specific control parameters governing the model. To further validate the findings, a 3D autonomous tabu learning single neuron model is implemented on a digital hardware platform. In an effort to extend the practical significance of this research, the multi-scroll chaotic phenomenon generated by the proposed model is deployed for image encryption. The fusion of mathematical modeling, digital hardware implementation, and practical application underscores the universality and significance of the proposed single neuron model in the fields of chaotic systems and engineering applications.

Assessing the equivalent spring modelling method of CFS elements encased in ultra-lightweight concrete

An efficient finite element approach was recently developed to analyse encased cold-formed steel (CFS) structures. This new technique replaced encasing material with unidirectional springs, analogous to the Winkler foundation concept, to shorten the analysis time while ensuring accuracy and reliability in predicting the structural behaviour of encased CFS components. In this paper, the validity, and limitations of the simplified spring model to represent outstanding plates were assessed. The investigation demonstrated that the simplified spring model could effectively predict the ultimate load for a wide range of ultra-lightweight concrete moduli (50-250 MPa) with an acceptable error. The analysis indicated that plate elements initially in cross-section class 4 without encasing material become at least class 3, or better as a consequence of encasing. Previously reported experiments were used to evaluate the performance of the ESM. The analysis demonstrated that the ESM can accurately predict the local failure ultimate load of encased CFS sections with an acceptable error percent and significantly less computational effort than a 3D solid model.

Auranofin Suppresses the Growth of Canine MammaryTumour Cells and Induces Apoptosis via thePI3K/AKT Pathway.

Canine mammary gland tumour (CMT) is the most common spontaneous tumour in intact female dogs and often exhibits metastases. Auranofin (AF) is a gold complex used for treating rheumatism. The excellent anti-tumour ability of AF has been demonstrated in various types of human and canine tumours. In this study, five CMT cell lines (CIPp, CMT-7364, CHMp, CIPm and CTBp) and three CMT primary cells (G7894, L1883 and L6783) were used to explore the anti-tumour effect of AF on CMT. Two CMT cell lines (CIPp and CMT-7364) were used to search the underlying mechanism of the effect of AF on CMT. The results showed that AF inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, and colony formation abilities of CMT cells. Additionally, the growth of CMT in a 3D cell culture model was effectively suppressed by AF. Furthermore, AF induced cell apoptosis of CMT cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, AF effectively induces CMT apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, indicating that AF should be explored as a potential CMT treatment in future studies.

A Construction of Virtual Reality Technology Teaching Model to Improve Table Tennis Skills for University Students

Background and Aims: To explore and build virtual reality physical education courses, and create a new teaching model of "VR+ teaching" to improve the quality of talent training and teaching effect. This study will build a teaching model of virtual reality technology to improve college students' table tennis skills, trying to enable learners to complete real-time interaction of multiple senses with the help of sensing devices in virtual sports situations, and then combine the goal incentive and feedback mechanism to improve students' self-efficacy and learning interest, which can not only promote the diversified development of sports skill learning but also promote the development of sports skill learning. It also provides a reference for the application of virtual reality technology in physical education. The purpose of this study is to construct of virtual reality technology teaching model to improve table tennis skills for university students. Methodology: The survey included faculty and students at the three universities. Current number of teachers and students: Yunnan University has 1855 students and 66 teachers; Yunnan Normal University has 1980 students and 95 teachers. Yunnan Minzu University has 1531 students and 65 teachers. In this study, the experts were interviewed by telephone interview, face-to-face interview, and summary interview, using the method of interview outline. Questionnaires were distributed to students and teachers on-site and by webmail. The Delphi Method expert questionnaire was issued to 19 experts. Results: Most of the teachers are willing to use virtual reality technology to teach table tennis. They think virtual reality technology will improve their teaching effectiveness. Construct a virtual reality teaching model for improving college students' table tennis skills, and construct a virtual reality teaching model for improving college students' table tennis skills from five dimensions: teaching idea, teaching goal, teaching content, teaching process, and teaching evaluation. Most people agree on all issues (IQR range 0.00-1). Conclusion: Virtual reality technology is applied to table tennis teaching in colleges and universities so that students can quickly enter the role, and effectively improve the dull feeling caused by being bored and unable to hit the ball in the learning process of table tennis. While learning table tennis knowledge and skills, learners actively explore and complete the construction of new knowledge. It provides a new teaching concept for the reform of table tennis teaching and the multiple development of physical education curricula in colleges and universities and also promotes the deep integration of education informatization and physical education teaching in the new era.

3D Scene Creation and Rendering via Rough Meshes: A Lighting Transfer Avenue.

This paper studies how to flexibly integrate reconstructed 3D models into practical 3D modeling pipelines such as 3D scene creation and rendering. Due to the technical difficulty, one can only obtain rough 3D models (R3DMs) for most real objects using existing 3D reconstruction techniques. As a result, physically-based rendering (PBR) would render low-quality images or videos for scenes that are constructed by R3DMs. One promising solution would be representing real-world objects as Neural Fields such as NeRFs, which are able to generate photo-realistic renderings of an object under desired viewpoints. However, a drawback is that the synthesized views through Neural Fields Rendering (NFR) cannot reflect the simulated lighting details on R3DMs in PBR pipelines, especially when object interactions in the 3D scene creation cause local shadows. To solve this dilemma, we propose a lighting transfer network (LighTNet) to bridge NFR and PBR, such that they can benefit from each other. LighTNet reasons about a simplified image composition model, remedies the uneven surface issue caused by R3DMs, and is empowered by several perceptual-motivated constraints and a new Lab angle loss which enhances the contrast between lighting strength and colors. Comparisons demonstrate that LighTNet is superior in synthesizing impressive lighting, and is promising in pushing NFR further in practical 3D modeling workflows.

The occurrence of positive selection on BicA transporter of Microcystis aeruginosa

The rapid growth of cyanobacteria, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa, poses a significant threat to global water security. The proliferation of this toxic, M. aeruginosa raises concerns due to potential harm to human health and socioeconomic concerns. Dense blooms contribute to spatiotemporal inorganic carbon depletion, promoting interest in the roles of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) for competitive carbon uptake. Despite the importance of HCO3− transporters, genetic evaluations and functional predictions in M. aeruginosa remain insufficient. In this study, we explored the diversity of HCO3− transporters in the genomes of 46 strains of M. aeruginosa, assessing positive selection for each. Intriguingly, although the Microcystis BicA transporter became a partial gene in 23 out of 46 genomic strains, we observed significant positive sites. Structural analyses, including predicted 2D and 3D models, confirmed the structural conservation of the Microcystis BicA transporter. Our findings suggest that the Microcystis BicA transport likely plays a crucial role in competitive carbon uptake, emphasizing its ecological significance. The ecological function of the Microcystis BicA transport in competitive growth during cyanobacterial blooms raises important questions. Experimental confirmation is needed in future studies to better understand the carbon uptake system’s role in dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms.

An immunoinformatics approach for a potential NY-ESO-1 and WT1 based multi-epitope vaccine designing against triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer emerges as one of the most prevalent malignancies in women, its incidence showing a concerning upward trend. Among the diverse array of breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) assumes notable significance, due to lack of estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptors. More focus has to be placed on creating effective therapy due to the high prevalence and rising incidence of TNBC. Currently, conventional passive treatments have several drawbacks that have not yet been resolved. On the other hand, as innovative immunotherapy approaches, cancer vaccines have offered promising prospects in combatting advanced stages of TNBC. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to utilize WT1 and NY-ESO-1 antigenic proteins in designing a multiepitope vaccine against TNBC. Initially, to generate robust immune responses, we identified antigenic epitopes of both proteins and assessed their immunogenicity. In order to reduce junctional immunogenicity, promiscuous epitopes were joined using the suitable adjuvant (50S ribosomal L7/L12 protein) and incorporated appropriate linkers (GPGPG, AAY, and EAAAK). The best predicted 3D model was refined and validated to achieve an excellent 3D model. Molecular docking analysis and dynamic simulation were conducted to demonstrate the structural stability and integrity of the vaccine/TLR-4 complex. Finally, the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28 (+). Thus, analysis of the constructed vaccine through immunoinformatics indicates its capability to elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses in the targeted organism. As such, it holds promise as a therapeutic weapon against TNBC and may open doors for further research in the field.

Optimal caudal needle angulation for lumbar medial branch denervation: A 3D cadaveric and clinical imaging comparison study

BackgroundLumbar medial branch (MB) radiofrequency ablation is a common intervention to treat facetogenic low back pain. The consensus among spine pain interventionalists is that capturing a greater length of the MB correlates with a longer duration of pain relief. Therefore, there has been interest in defining optimal needle angles to achieve parallel cannula placement. Presently, there is inconsistency regarding the optimal caudal needle angles. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to: 1) use a dissection-based 3D modelling methodology to quantify optimal caudal needle angles from cadaveric models; and 2) compare optimal cadaver-derived caudal needle angles with real-world patient-derived needle angles. MethodsEighteen formalin embalmed lumbosacral spine specimens were dissected, digitized, and modeled in 3D. Virtual needles were simulated and placed parallel with the L1-L5 MBs. Cadaver-derived caudal needle angles were measured from the high-fidelity 3D models with optimally placed virtual needles. Lateral fluoroscopic images of patients (n=200) that received lumbar MB denervation were reviewed to measure patient-derived caudal needle angles (L3-L5 MB levels). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the cadaver (L1-L5 MB levels) and patient-derived (L3-L5 MB levels) caudal needle angles. The cadaver and patient-derived mean caudal needle angles for L3-L5 MB levels were compared. ResultsThere was variability in the cadaver-derived mean caudal needle angles. The lowest mean caudal needle angle was the L1 MB level measured at 41.57 ± 8.56o (range: 27.14o - 53.96o). The highest was the L5 MB level with a mean caudal needle angle of 60.79 ± 8.55o (range: 46.97o - 79.74o). A total of 123 patients were included and 369 caudal needle angles (L3-L5 MB levels) were measured and analyzed. There was variability in the patient-derived mean caudal needle angles. The patient-derived mean caudal needle angles were 29.18 ± 8.77o (range: 11.80o - 61.31o), 33.34 ± 7.23o (range: 16.40o - 54.15o), and 49.08 ± 8.87o (range: 26.45o - 76.95o) for the L3, L4, and L5 MB levels, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean caudal needle angle between cadaver and patient-derived needle angles at the L3, L4, and L5 MB levels. ConclusionsAnalysis of cadaver-derived needle angles versus patient-derived data suggests optimization of lumbar MB denervation requires greater caudal angulation to achieve parallel needle placement. Further research is required to assess the clinical implications.

MicroLOCK: Highly stable microgel biosensor using locked nucleic acids as bioreceptors for sensitive and selective detection of let-7a

Chemically modified oligonucleotides can solve biosensing issues for the development of capture probes, antisense, CRISPR/Cas, and siRNA, by enhancing their duplex-forming ability, their stability against enzymatic degradation, and their specificity for targets with high sequence similarity as microRNA families. However, the use of modified oligonucleotides such as locked nucleic acids (LNA) for biosensors is still limited by hurdles in design and from performances on the material interface. Here we developed a fluorogenic biosensor for non-coding RNAs, represented by polymeric PEG microgels conjugated with molecular beacons (MB) modified with locked nucleic acids (MicroLOCK). By 3D modeling and computational analysis, we designed molecular beacons (MB) inserting spot-on LNAs for high specificity among targets with high sequence similarity (95%). MicroLOCK can reversibly detect microRNA targets in a tiny amount of biological sample (2μL) at 25°C with a higher sensitivity (LOD 1.3fM) without any reverse transcription or amplification. MicroLOCK can hybridize the target with fast kinetic (about 30min), high duplex stability without interferences from the polymer interface, showing high signal-to-noise ratio (up to S/N=7.3). MicroLOCK also demonstrated excellent resistance to highly nuclease-rich environments, in real samples. These findings represent a great breakthrough for using the LNA in developing low-cost biosensing approaches and can be applied not only for nucleic acids and protein detection but also for real-time imaging and quantitative assessment of gene targeting both in vitro and in vivo.

Dynamic response characteristics of backfill under blasting disturbance simulated through a three-dimensional model

During mining operations, the backfill body is subject to significant disturbance due to large-volume blasting, resulting in stress concentration and vibration response within the backfill. This alters energy distribution, leading to the continuous development, expansion, and accumulation of damage, potentially culminating in instability and collapse. Blasting disturbance in stopes is the main cause of filling instability and ore dilution. It is crucial to study the failure mechanism of filling bodies under blasting load to guide actual mine production. In this study, a custom mold was created to establish an innovative three-dimensional model of an ore-backfill system subject to explosion loading. Simultaneous detonation was selected as the control group and delayed detonation was selected as the experimental group. Monitoring and analysis methods, such as a high-speed camera system, MATLAB software, and vibration monitors, were utilized to investigate the impact of delay time on the dynamic response characteristics of the backfill. The results show that the dynamic fracture process of the backfill is mainly divided into four stages: initial crack initiation stage, crack development stage, crack expansion stage, and backfill collapse stage. The difference in delay time on the dynamic fracture process of the backfill is mainly reflected in two aspects: time effect and crack distribution. The surface flatness after delayed detonation is higher by 20.5% as compared with that after simultaneous detonation. The average damping rate during delayed detonation decreases by 19.7% as compared with that after simultaneous detonation, the frequency distribution of the single stage is more uniform, and the instantaneous peak energy during delayed detonation is 0.76 times that during simultaneous detonation. The maximum crushing size, average crushing size, and bulk crushing size after delayed detonation are reduced by 25%, 15.26%, and 9.23%, respectively, compared with that after simultaneous blasting. Thus, delayed detonation effectively improves the crushing effect while reducing the degree of damage to the backfill.

Digital Twin-driven Health Operation and Maintenance Strategies for Complex Equipment with Self-healing Capabilities

With the development of the industrial level, the service-oriented transformation of the manufacturing industry has become a new growth point for the interests of the manufacturing industry recognized by all countries, and in this transformation process, the health operation and maintenance (HOM) of equipment has become a crucial link, especially for complex equipment, and its health operation and maintenance level directly affects the overall efficiency of the manufacturing industry. However, with the improvement of intelligence and complexity, a more general and complete set of methods and theories is needed for the healthy operation and maintenance of complex devices with self-healing states. Based on an in-depth analysis of the key issues of complex equipment health operation and maintenance, this paper introduces digital twin technology as a breakthrough. Digital twins provide new ideas for the healthy operation and maintenance of complex equipment. By defining a digital twin-driven PHM (Prediction and Health Management) framework, this paper not only solves the problem of mobility (i.e., virtual and real connection) of the cross-platform health operation and maintenance model, but also focuses on improving the accuracy and evaluation indicators of the model (the consistency between the virtual model and the entity). Addressing issues of strategy development and effectiveness evaluation. Based on the digital twin technology, a general model was established, and the self-healing phenomenon and different maintenance strategies were introduced to explore its impact on reliability. Based on the game idea, the reliability model is used to evaluate different maintenance strategies. So as to develop the optimal operation and maintenance strategy. This not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of O&M, but also provides a solid theoretical foundation and technical support for the intelligent and autonomous health O&M of complex equipment.

Enhancing bone regeneration: Unleashing the potential of magnetic nanoparticles in a microtissue model.

Bone tissue engineering addresses the limitations of autologous resources and the risk of allograft disease transmission in bone diseases. In this regard, engineered three-dimensional (3D) models emerge as biomimetic alternatives to natural tissues, replicating intracellular communication. Moreover, the unique properties of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were shown to promote bone regeneration via enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone models. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPION on both osteogenesis and angiogenesis and characterized a co-culture of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and MG-63 cells as a model of bone microtissue. HUVECs: MG-63s with a ratio of 4:1 demonstrated the best results among other cell ratios, and 50 μg/mL of SPION was the optimum concentration for maximum survival, cell migration and mineralization. In addition, the data from gene expression illustrated that the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, including osteopontin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen-I, as well as the expression of the angiogenesis-related marker, CD-31, and the tube formation, is significantly elevated when the 50 μg/mL concentration of SPION is applied to the microtissue samples. SPION application in a designed 3D bone microtissue model involving a co-culture of osteoblast and endothelial cells resulted in increased expression of specific markers related to angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This includes the design of a novel biomimetic model to boost blood compatibility and biocompatibility of primary materials while promoting osteogenic activity in microtissue bone models. Moreover, this can improve interaction with surrounding tissues and broaden the knowledge to promote superior-performance implants, preventing device failure.

3D Coupled Mechanical and Hydraulic Modeling of GESC-Supported Embankments under Cyclic Loads

3D Coupled Mechanical and Hydraulic Modeling of GESC-Supported Embankments under Cyclic Loads

Utilizing High-Resolution 3D Voronoi Meshing to Analyze Field Data from the Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS)

Salt is an attractive disposal medium for radioactive waste because intact salt is essentially impermeable and non-porous. However, upon drift or borehole excavation a damaged region develops surrounding the excavation which causes increased permeability and porosity creating potential flow paths for brine. Brine leads to corrosion of waste forms and waste packages and is a possible transport vector for radionuclides, so it is important to better understand the early-time behavior and evolution of brine flow in a salt. As a result, this study is part of Task E of DECOVALEX-2023 which focuses on understanding the evolution of thermal, two-phase hydrological, and mechanical processes in the excavation damaged zone in salt. Field measurements from The Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS) 1a heater experiment are analyzed by implementing a high-resolution three-dimensional numerical model. This salt heater experiment consists of 28 days of heating and 13 days of cooling in a central borehole within bedded salt at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Here, the flow simulator PFLOTRAN is utilized; simulations are run on a Voronoi mesh, with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, permeability and porosity decay away from excavations. The temperature-dependency of permeability is done to match field measurements. Results from the simulation match temperature measured in the field within +/- 0.1°C and the total brine inflow over the 41-day experiment. This study illustrates that the accuracy of the temperature evolution within salt is critically important when analyzing and modeling experimental data by simulating three heating scenarios of the BATS 1a experiment showing that temperature has a direct effect on total brine inflow.

Multiscale Computational Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites

The printing parameters used during the printing procedure have a significant effect on the mechanical characteristics of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composites (3DP-CFRPCs). However, conducting experimental assessments of the material characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs may require more effort and incur more costs. Computational material modeling may be used as a viable alternative to investigate the behavior of 3DP-CFRPCs under various printing conditions. The current work used material modeling approaches to examine the impact of different printing settings on the elastic characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs. The inherent flexibility of beads is primarily established by homogenizing the pores within the matrix via the use of the Mori-Tanaka process. Subsequently, the elastic modulus is calculated by using finite element modeling on Representative Volume Element (RVE), which takes into account the microstructure and other printing attributes. An inconsistency was seen in the variation of projected elastic properties across models distinguished by various microstructures, with a more pronounced differentiation observed between intricate and simpler microstructures. Computational modeling has enhanced our understanding of the elastic properties of 3DP-CFRPCs under various printing conditions. Moreover, it has been shown that alterations in printing parameters have diverse impacts on the pliable characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs. The impact of layer thickness on the mechanical characteristics of 3DP-CFRPCs was determined to be more substantial compared to the effect of printing temperature. The application of offset layup printing techniques enhanced the elastic properties of 3DP-CFRPCs, with the degree of improvement varying based on the orientation. As the level of porosity increased, the influence of pores situated between beads on the overall stiffness of 3DP-CFRPCs gradually diminished, while the impact of matrix pores on the overall stiffness of 3DP-CFRPCs gradually intensified.

NFTs for 3D Models: Sustaining Ownership in Industry 4.0

Digital manufacturing (DM) is actively adopted to the production lifecycles of a variety of critical industries, and this rapid growth has resulted in exponential increase of 3D computer-aided design (CAD) models. Unfortunately, counterfeiting of intellectual property becomes a prominent threat as many 3D designs are accessible online, combined with the proliferation of cheap consumer 3D printers that enable malicious actors to produce non-authentic parts. State-of-the-art techniques to secure manufacturing processes mostly rely on watermarking, which embeds hidden information inside CAD models to prove ownership and authenticity. Nevertheless, such techniques tamper with the model itself, while existing attacks allow removing such watermarks altogether. To address these shortcomings, we integrate signal processing and cryptographic techniques and describe a tailored solution for CAD model ownership and supply chain management. Our approach generates unique identifiers for 3D designs using frequency-domain transforms and employs non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that persist on public distributed ledgers. Our NFTs are implemented on the Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts and their functionality is twofold: (a) authenticate the owner of a CAD model, and (b) enable ownership transfer. To validate our technique, we deployed our smart contract on Ethereum's proof-of-work Ropsten network and demonstrated the applicability of our methodology.

From Shipwreck to Seaworthy: A Digital Reconstruction of the Ma‘agan Mikhael B Ship

A digital 3D model of the Ma‘agan Mikhael B ship was developed by resourcing excavation data, iconographic representations, and relevant documentation. A computer-aided design system was used to digitally replicate the ship, also yielding 3D prints used to refine the results. The digital model also served to test amphora cargo loading scenarios, considering maritime dictates of ship stability, accessibility, and commerce. A standard maritime-engineering analysis of stability and strength, and computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed on the digital model to evaluate hull resistance and the power of the ship’s lateen sail. The simulations demonstrated that the fully loaded merchantman was seaworthy and made satisfactory speed over ground.