3D Information System Research Articles

지하공간 3차원 지적정보시스템 구축 방안 연구

최근 들어 지상에서의 건설사업은 녹지공간 조성, 개발공간 부족, 토지보상비 증가 등의 문제로 지상에서 지하공간의 개발로 변화되고 있다. 지하공간의 개발과 함께 지하공간의 지적소유권 관리에 대한 필요성도 중요한 과제로 대두되고 있다. 한편 3차원 지형도, 해도, 지적도는 상호 연계성을 가지고 있어야 하며, 정보의 파악(3차원 위치, 속성 등)도 가능해야 한다. 기존의 공간정보객체등록체계는 자동 ID 체계로 구현되고 있어 상호 연계성 및 정보파악이 불가능하다. 따라서 지하공간의 3차원 입체지적 객체정보의 ID 체계는 객체유일식별자(UFID ; Unique Feature Identification) 기반의 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 즉 객체유일식별자를 공통 연계 ID로 하여 지상, 지표, 지하를 구분코드와 함께 지하공간정보의 심도정보를 포함한 객체정보를 표현할 수 있는 공간정보 통합 ID 체계 구축이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지하공간을 구성하는 지하공간정보를 정의 및 분류하고, 3차원 지하공간정보에 대한 지적 정보 DB 구축을 위하여 측량 지적정보의 상호 연계성을 고려한 객체유일식별자 기반의 통합 ID 체계를 개발하였다. 또한 본 연구를 통하여 통합 ID 체계를 기반으로 한 지하공간 지적정보 DB 구축 및 3차원 지적정보시스템 개발 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구성과는 향후 국토공간정보의 상호 연계성을 고려한 국가 차원의 3차원 입체지적 표준 ID 체계, DB 구축, 시스템 개발의 핵심 기반자료의 역할을 할 것이다. Recently, Construction business is changing from on the ground to underground space because of deficit of developing space, creation of green space and of incremental of land compensation expenses. Meanwhile, 3D Topographic, Marine and Cadastral maps need to have Spatial Interrelation. Also, understanding of the information is also needed. Spatial information object registration system is impossible to contact and understanding intelligence mutually because the former one is managed as automatic ID system. Therefore, 3D Object information ID System of underground space is managed based on Object Identifier. Construction of Spatial information integration ID System is required and it will offer Division Code (Ground, Index, Underground) and depth information. We are defined and classified Under Spatial Information in this paper. Moreover, we developed the integration ID System based on UFID for cadastral information Construction. We supposed underground spatial information DB Construction and a developed the way of exploiting 3D cadastral information system through the study. The research result will be the base data of Standard ID system, DB Construction and system Development of National spatial data which is considered together with spatial interrelation.

Generalization of buildings within the framework of CityGML

For a better visual impression, 3D information systems and architecture need detailed, photo-realistic visualization of 3D data-sets. However, easy accessibility with efficient rendering becomes difficult due to the detailed data associated with 3D objects. Therefore, different applications demand different levels of detail (LoD). Currently, City Geography Markup Language (CityGML), as the Open Geospatial Consortium standard, is being used to model and represent buildings in different LoDs (LoD0–LoD4), but it does not provide methods to generate different LoDs automatically. Thus, generalized (abstracted) 3D scenes of buildings need to be generated to fulfill the demands of task-specific applications by reducing data volume. This paper discusses various ways to generalize building models, within the framework of CityGML, reducing the level of detail from higher LoD to lower. The LoD4 data is parsed and analyzed. Various heuristics are applied to simplify the ground plan and the results are then aggregated. The minimum length of an edge for simplification is restricted to the CityGML generalization specifications provided and is characterized by differing accuracies and minimal dimensions of objects for LoD1 and LoD2. This could maintain the accuracy of generalized objects and avoid the elimination or merging of important features. Second, the heights of the walls of the simplified ground plans are raised with the aim to construct simplified 3D building models. Algorithms for simplification and aggregation aiming to derive LoD2 and LoD1 are implemented and tested on a number of buildings of Putrajaya, Malaysia. The experiment results show that the minimum length of edges to be simplified is inversely proportional to the size of generalized models.

Design of cultural heritage information systems based on information layers

The information about cultural heritage artifacts that archeologists must manage is usually very heterogenous, and, due to its spatial nature, cannot be easily represented using conventional data management frameworks. The strong spatial dependence of this data suggests that the information should be linked to a 3D model of the artifact. This article presents a 3D information system that has been designed to manage cultural heritage information. The system allows information layers to be associated with the surface of the artifact, following an approach similar to that used in geographical information systems. This permits relationships between the different elements to be ascertained, and allows both specialists and the layperson to more easily understand the information. We describe here the structure and functionality of the system.

A METHOD FOR VIRTUAL ANASTYLOSIS: THE CASE OF THE ARCH OF TITUS AT THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS IN ROME

Abstract. This paper is the first report about the development of a methodology for the virtual Anastylosis of elements belonging to an archaeological site, based on the 3d modeling of fragments. This research is the result of the cooperation between Università Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura and Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali; several 3D survey, modeling, information systems and archaeology experts were involved. The purpose of the research was to study the complex and stratified site of the Arch of Titus at the Circus Maximus aiming, first of all, at completing the existing traditional graphic documentation using cataloguing and survey innovative methodologies, and, secondly, at supporting new proposals for the reconstruction and Anastylosis of the Arch itself. This tested methodology whose fundamental element is the three-dimensional textured model of each fragment, can also be used in other sites and contexts.

3D 공간정보를 이용한 배수지시설물의 효율적인 관리방안에 관한 연구

최근 도시 발전 및 팽창에 따른 도시 기반시설물의 증가와 이에 따른 관리체계의 복잡 다양화로 인해 이를 유지 관리하기 위한 비용과 노력이 급격히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 도시 기반시설물들은 국민의 생활과 직결되는 중요한 국가보호기반 시설물로서 도로, 상 하수시설, 통신, 전력, 송유, 난방열관로 등이 있으며 지속적이고 체계적인 관리가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 도시기반시설물 중 서울시 상수도 사업본부에서 관리하고 있는 상수시설물인 배수지를 대상으로 3D 기반의 GIS 기술을 도입함으로써 업무효율성 향상, 비용절감, 시간절약 등의 측면에서 효율적인 관리방안을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 서울시 상수도사업본부 및 8개 사업소의 담당자를 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 3D GIS를 활용한 관리체계의 도입이 업무효율성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하는 방법으로 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 3차원 공간정보 활용체계의 도입을 통해 업무효율성부분에서 90.32%의 효율성 향상, 관리비용부분에서 93.55% 비용절감 그리고 업무소요시간부분에서는 91.61%의 시간 절약효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 향후 사회기반시설 관리에 3차원 공간정보를 활용할 경우 지속적인 자료 관리를 통한 다양한 통계정보 및 사례분석 등 행정업무의 의사 결정 지원에 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 입력 자료 누락 등과 같은 관리체계 개선을 통한 업무효율성 향상에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. Recent increasement of metropolitan infrastructure due to rapid expansion and development of urban areas which caused complexity and diversification of management system demands higher cost and effort to manage and maintain the facilities. The reason why it requires continuous and systematic management by national government is that the infrastructure facilities takes important role as it is directly related to public's living. Thus this study suggests an efficient management plan for increasement of work efficiency, cost reduction, and time saving by introducing 3D geospatial information system for water distribution reservoirs which is managed by the Office of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government. This study evaluates and quantifies the range of work improvement using the 3D GIS technology through carrying out a survey targeting people in charge of the Office of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government and other 8 offices. From the result of the research, applying the 3D-GIS improves by 90.32%, 93.55%, and 91.61% in the area of work efficiency, cost reduction, and time saving respectively. Consequently, using 3D GIS in future management of infrastructure could be used as a way of producing base data which supports administrative decision making through statistical and case analysis based on continuous data management. Also it would contribute to improving work efficiency by improving management system through preventing data omission.

The 3D Virtual Campus Modeling Based on High Resolution Images from Remote Sensors

With the high resolution remotely sensed image and an old map of the Pingfeng campus of Guilin University of Technology, 3D virtual reconstruction, roaming and buildings management of the campus were accomplished by the usage of ArcGIS to get basic geographic information, applying SketchUp to create 3D models and ArcEngine to develop a management information system. This method takes full advantage of existing data sources and can quickly build a 3D visualization information system.

Development of a 3D Information System for the Old City Centre of Athens

The representation of three dimensional city models has been gaining ground increasingly in many scientific fields in the recent years. 3D City Modelling is a scale representation of natural and artificial objects in order to present the spatial data and highlight the social development of the city. Depending on its importance or the purpose of use, an object can be represented in various levels of detail. An increasing tendency to 3D city models is their integration into GIS, which proves to be an effective tool for managing, analyzing and planning in order to make decisions about technical, administrative and financial matters. A combination of digital photogrammetric techniques and laser scanning data contribute greatly to this, since a variety of data, such as aerial, satellite and terrestrial images, point clouds from airborne and terrestrial laser systems, and also a variety of photogrammetric and mobile mapping methods are available. The objective of this paper is the development of a 3D Information System (IS) for the three-dimensional geometric documentation of the buildings owned by the Ministry of Culture in the old city centre of Athens, Greece, named “Plaka”. The area has been inhabited continuously since the prehistoric era, it has a special architectural style and includes a number of unique cultural heritage monuments. The data used for the reconstruction of the 3D model of Plaka consisted of aerial and terrestrial images, while raster, vector and descriptive data were used for the creation of a 2D GIS, which served as the background for the development of the 3D GIS. The latter includes all of the qualitative and quantitative information related to the 3D building models owned by the Ministry of Culture according to users’ needs. Each building in the vicinity of Plaka was depicted in one of the four different levels of detail created for the purpose of the study, according to their ownership status and other criteria. The building models, depicted in the highest level of detail, were owned by the Greek Ministry of Culture whereas the other buildings (of a lower level of detail) were depicted in a more subtractive way. Therefor an integrated IS was developed that combines descriptive information, e.g., use, legal status, images, drawings, etc, with the spatial information and geometric documentation in three dimensions.

3D Motion and geometric information system of single-antenna radar based on incomplete 1D range data

A 3D motion and geometric information system of single-antenna radar is proposed, which can be supported by spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system and inverse SAR (ISAR) system involving relative 3D motion of the rigid target. In this system, applying the geometry invariance of the rigid target, the unknown 3D shape and motion of the radar target can be reconstructed from the 1D range data of some scatterers extracted from the high-resolution range image. Compared with the current 1D-to-3D algorithm, in the proposed algorithm, the requirement of the 1D range data is expanded to incomplete formation involving large angular motion of the target and hence, the quantity of the scatterers and the abundance of 3D motion are enriched. Furthermore, with the three selected affine coordinates fixed, the multi-solution problem of the reconstruction is solved and the technique of nonlinear optimization can be successfully utilized in the system. Two simulations are implemented which verify the higher robustness of the system and the better performance of the 3D reconstruction for the radar target with unknown relative motion.

A 3D aerosol and visibility information system for urban areas using remote sensing and GIS

Currently, the depiction of urban air quality at boundary layer scale uses modelled climatic and land cover data. However, such models are difficult to verify, and only low to moderate accuracy may be achieved due to the complexity of the input data required and the reliance on assumptions about dispersion patterns. The provision of comprehensive air quality data to urban residents in city districts, at a level of detail commensurate with other Location-Based Services (LBS) which are time- and place-sensitive, has therefore not been possible. A method for urban air quality monitoring over cities at boundary layer scale, other than by the use of air quality models is presented here. The system presented uses empirical Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) data in near-real time, combining AOT data from AERONET with aerosol vertical profiles computed from twice-daily MODIS satellite images at 500 m resolution, to give three dimensional (3D) air quality data over the urban landscape. There has been no previous attempt to project the horizontal spatial distribution of aerosols from satellite image pixels into a vertical dimension to give a spatially comprehensive three dimensional record of air quality. The paper describes the sources and accuracy of the AOT data input to the system as well as its storage and retrieval on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, to provide air quality and visibility information according to user query at any 3D geographical location, including individual buildings or building floor.

A System Concept for 3D Human Flow Management Based on 3D Spatial Information

abstractA controller who is responsible for safety makes decisions concerning measures for visitor safety using a human-based decision-making process. Many potential accidents that could be caused by human error lurk in the process. These accidents can be reduced by changing from a human-based to technology based decision-making process. A technology-based decision-making process can draw a controller’s attention to trouble spots by data filtering, alarm filtering, and so on. The controller can thus obtain information on the occurrence of possible accidents proactively.The objective of this study is to suggest a system for 3D human flow management using a technology-based decision-making process. The system is divided into two parts: a 3D spatial information system and a human motion detection system. The former is built from 3D CAD and a geographic information system, and the latter is developed from image processing. This study shows the direction of system development and the method of application, and describes the contribution of the system.

Overview of free viewpoint television

We have been developing ray-based 3D information systems that consist of ray acquisition, ray processing, and ray display. Free viewpoint television (FTV) based on the ray-space method is a typical example. FTV will bring an epoch-making change in the history of television because it enables us to view a distant 3D world freely by changing our viewpoints as if we were there. We constructed a real-time FTV including the complete chain from capturing to display. A new algorithm was developed to generate free viewpoint images. In addition, a new user interface is presented for FTV to make full use of 3D information. FTV is not a pixel-based system but a ray-based system. We are creating ray-based image engineering through the development of FTV.

3D Information System of Historical Site – Proposal and Realisation of a Functional Prototype

The development of methods for 3D data acquisition, together with progress in information technologies raises the question of creating and using 3D models and 3D information systems (IS) of historical sites and buildings. This paper presents the current state of the “Live Theatre” project. The theme of the project is the proposal and realisation of a 3D IS of the baroque theatre at Eeský Krumlov castle (UNESCO site).The project is divided into three main stages – creation of a 3D model, proposal of a conception for a 3D IS, and realisation of a functional prototype. 3D data was acquired by means of photogrammetric and surveying methods. An accurate 3D model (photo-realistic, textured) was built up with MicroStation CAD system. The proposal of a conception of a 3D IS was the main outcome of the author’s dissertation. The essential feature of the proposed conception is the creation of subsystems targeted on three spheres – management, research and presentation of the site. The functionality of each subsystem is connected with its related sphere; however, each subsystem uses the same database. The present stage of the project involves making a functional prototype (with sample data). During this stage we are working on several basic technological topics. At present we are concerned with 3D data, its formats, format conversions (e.g. DGN _ VRML) and its connection to other types of data. After that, we will be seeking a convenient technical solution based on network technologies (Internet) and an appropriate layout for the data (database). The project is being carried out in close co-operation with the administration of the castle and some other partners. This stage of the project will be completed in December 2005.A functional prototype and the information acquired by testing it will form the basis for the final proposal of a complex IS of a historical site. The final proposal and appropriate technology will be the outcome of the project. The realisation of a complex 3D IS will then follow. The results will be exploitable both for site management and for organisations working in the area of presenting historical sites and creating multimedia shows.

Technical aspects of internet-based knowledge presentation in radiotherapy.

Three-dimensional radiotherapy planning is a complex and time-consuming optimization process which requires much experience. To simplify and to speed up the process of treatment planning as well as to exchange experience and therapeutic knowledge, the department of Medical Physics at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) in Heidelberg is developing an Internet-based 3D Radiotherapy planning and Information System (IRIS). IRIS designed internet-based client-server application, implemented using Java, CORBA and PVM. The concept of IRIS combines the functionality of an interactive tutorial with a discussion forum, teleconferencing tool and an atlas of dose distributions. Furthermore an integral knowledge-based system provides automatically generated, preoptimized treatment plans. This paper explains the technical design of the system and gives an overview of experiences gained by the technical realization of a first prototype using currently available internet technology. The prototype is currently running for testing in the intranet of DKFZ.