3D Form Research Articles

Self-renewing human naïve pluripotent stem cells dedifferentiate in 3D culture and form blastoids spontaneously.

Human naïve pluripotent stem cells (hnPSCs) can generate integrated models of blastocysts termed blastoids upon switch to inductive medium. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we report that self-renewing hnPSCs spontaneously and efficiently give rise to blastoids upon three dimensional (3D) suspension culture. The spontaneous blastoids mimic early stage human blastocysts in terms of structure, size, and transcriptome characteristics and are capable of progressing to post-implantation stages. This property is conferred by the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) signalling inhibitor IM-12 present in 5iLAF self-renewing medium. IM-12 upregulates oxidative phosphorylation-associated genes that underly the capacity of hnPSCs to generate blastoids spontaneously. Starting from day one of self-organization, hnPSCs at the boundary of all 3D aggregates dedifferentiate into E5 embryo-like intermediates. Intermediates co-express SOX2/OCT4 and GATA6 and by day 3 specify trophoblast fate, which coincides with cavity and blastoid formation. In summary, spontaneous blastoid formation results from 3D culture triggering dedifferentiation of hnPSCs into earlier embryo-like intermediates which are then competent to segregate blastocyst fates.

Modelling of fluid mud flow based on a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model : incorporating a 3D rheological model

Modeling fluid mud in estuaries and coastal areas is a complicated task due to its non-Newtonian characteristics. A continuous modeling approach was adopted to investigate the laminar flow of fluid mud, with a three-dimensional (3D) form of the Herschel–Bulkley rheological model introduced into the finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) to calculate the apparent viscosity of fluid mud. The model was validated against two flume experiments for the laminar flow of fluid mud. The results showed that the developed model was capable of accurately reflecting the continuous distribution of velocity and density from the near-bottom to the upper water column. Based on the validated model, the difference between the 3D rheological model and a 1DV rheological model on the simulation results was assessed. The study found the results of the 1DV model and the 3D model show obvious differences. This illustrates the significant effect of apparent viscosity in horizontal direction taken into account by the 3D rheological model.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Aplikasi Digital Dalam Teknik Penggambaran Struktur Bangunan

The development of science and technology today is growing so rapidly, this has had a huge impact on human life. One example of technology that is developing so rapidly is the use of digital applications as a technique for depicting building structures. For example, these digital applications include AutoCAD, Revit and SketchUp design software. This application is a phenomenon that shows technological developments and the current needs of the architecture and construction industry. Depicting building structures using digital applications is the process of creating a digital model of the building to be built. a process of creating building engineering drawings in 3D (three-dimensional) form using computer applications that meet design standards. Digital applications can simplify and speed up the process of designing, implementing and maintaining buildings. Digital applications can also help save costs, time and resources, as well as reduce errors, conflicts and waste.

Designing a Virtual Toolkit for Analysing Planetary Science Data in Virtual Reality.

To understand the surface evolution and potential habitability of other planets we must analyse their geology - the 3D structure and chemistry of the rocks that are exposed at the surface. Although rovers capture this 3D structure using stereo camera systems and other instruments, when we present this information to mission scientists for analysis it is generally confined to the 2D plane of a computer screen, and the spatial information is lost at the point when it is needed most. To address this problem, we design, develop, and evaluate a prototype Virtual Environment to present geological data in the 3D form in which it was originally captured, and users are supplied with a toolkit for measurement and annotation of data. We observed that users were inspired by the environment and felt more connected to it because they could move within the data; they valued the tools but did not trust the scale and therefore did not always trust the results. We conclude with recommendations for others working in this application area, and pose a series of questions for future research.

A reinvestigation of the boron cluster B15+/0/-: a benchmark of density functionals and consideration of aromaticity models.

This study presents a thorough reinvestigation of the B15+/0/- isomers, first employing coupled-cluster theory CCSD(T) calculations to validate the performance of different DFT functionals. The B15+ cation has two planar lowest-lying isomers, while the first 3D isomer is less stable than the global minimum by ∼10 kcal mol-1. The PBE functional, within this benchmark survey, has proved to be reliable in predicting relative energies for boron isomers. Other functionals such as the TPSSh, PBE0 and HSE06 result in good energy ordering of isomers but warrant reconsideration when distinguishing between 2D and 3D forms. Caution is needed for structures having high spin contamination, as it may lead to significant errors. The anomalously lower stability of the B15- anion with respect to its neighbours, in terms of electron detachment energy, was explained through a competition between both rectangle and disk models for its geometry. This elucidates its stability with 12 electrons in rectangle model and instability with 10 electrons in disk-shaped structure, emphasizing the value of employing such geometric models. The proximity of the σ* LUMO to the π HOMO also contributes to the weakening of the B15- stability.

Characterization and regulation of 2D-3D convertible lipid membrane transformation.

Micro-nanomaterials that can adopt different structures are powerful tools in the fields of biological and medical sciences. We previously developed a lipid membrane that can convert between 2D nanosheet and 3D vesicle forms using cationic copolymer polyallylamine-graft-polyethylene glycol and the anionic peptide E5. The properties of the membrane during conversion have been characterized only by confocal laser scan microscopy. Furthermore, due to the 2D symmetry of the lipid nanosheet, the random folding of the lipid bilayer into either the original or the reverse orientation occurs during sheet-to-vesicle conversion, compromising the structural consistency of the membrane. In this study, flow cytometry was applied to track the conversion of more than 5000 lipid membranes from 3D vesicles to 2D nanosheets and back to 3D vesicles, difficult with microscopies. The lipid nanosheets exhibited more side scattering intensity than 3D vesicles, presumably due to free fluctuation and spin of the sheets in the suspension. Furthermore, by immobilizing bovine serum albumin as one of the representative proteins on the outer leaflet of giant unilamellar vesicles at a relatively low coverage, complete restoration of lipid membranes to the original 3D orientation was obtained after sheet-to-vesicle conversion. This convertible membrane system should be applicable in a wide range of fields. Our findings also provide experimental evidence for future theoretical studies on membrane behavior.

Recent progress in graphene and its derived hybrid materials for high-performance supercapacitor electrode applications.

Graphene, the most fascinating 2D form of carbon with closely packed carbon atoms arranged in a layer, needs more attention in various fields. For its unique electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties with a large surface area, graphene has been in the limelight since its first report. Graphene has extraordinary properties, making it the most promising electrode component for applications in supercapacitors. However, the persistent re-stacking of carbon layers in graphene, caused by firm interlayer van der Waals attractions, significantly impairs the performance of supercapacitors. As a result, many strategies have been used to get around the aforementioned problems. The utilization of graphene-based nanomaterials has been implemented to surmount the aforementioned constraints and considerably enhance the performance of supercapacitors. This review highlights recent progress in graphene-based nanomaterials with metal oxide, sulfides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, and conducting polymers, focusing on their synthetic approach, configurations, and electrochemical properties for supercapacitors. It discusses new possibilities that could increase the performance of next-generation supercapacitors.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARTS LEARNING MEDIA USING AUGMENTED REALITY WITH MARKERLESS BASED TRACKING METHOD AT SMKN 47

During the transitional time between Covid-19 and endemic, all Indonesian schools, and SMKN 47 in particular, had restricted educational opportunities. Due to challenges encountered by the instructor and 36 students majoring in accounting in grade 12, they were unable to carry out teaching and learning activities at school; art lesson formats with three-dimensional learning modules must be visualized in 3D. However, with hybrid teaching and learning utilizing presentations, displaying the learned 3D forms is less successful. In order to visualize three dimensions in fine arts classes using augmented reality technology, we require a new learning medium. The application of the Markerless Based Tracking approach in this work enables the presentation of a tracked 3D model in the surrounding environment in real-time by merging the actual and virtual worlds as if their boundaries did not exist. The augmented reality system scans flat surfaces utilizing points, as opposed to markers or other auxiliary media. Points used as pedestals or containers to elevate three-dimensional items. There are three sculptures and three traditional dwellings on show. Online examination outcomes average resulted a 78.2% that the AR Fine Arts application by instructors and students are therefore consistent and well accepted.

Sputter Grown Hexagonal WSe2@Graphite Nanoflakes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

In the pursuit of sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions, researchers have continuously explored novel materials and technologies to enhance the performance of energy storage devices. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), molybdenum diselenides (MoSe2), and tungsten disulfide (WS2) with a honeycomb-like structure has sparked considerable interest in utilization as electrode material for supercapacitor (SCs) applications due to their unique layered structures. Generally, the small surface area of TMDCs in their bulk form restricts their practical usage in the SCs applications. Whereas TMDC in thin 2D form exhibits high surface area and flexibility to the electrode material which allows more charge storage and results in high capacitance and energy density. In the present work, high-quality tungsten diselenide (WSe2) thin film electrodes were deposited over graphite sheets (WSe2@Graphite) using DC magnetron sputtering technique at an elevated temperature of around 200 0C under the controlled argon atmosphere. The electrochemical properties of these WSe2@Graphite electrode were investigated in three electrodes configuration using 1M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte by recording CV, GCD, and EIS spectra. The hexagonal WSe2@graphite nanoflakes were found to exhibit an exceptionally high areal capacitance of 88.05 mF/cm2 and energy density of 7.83 µWh/cm2 at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Further, GCD was performed, and the WSe2@graphite electrode exhibits a high areal capacitance of 37.5 mF/cm2 at the current density of 0.5 mA/cm2. The WSe2 thin film electrode shows a high energy density of 3.3 µWh/cm2 at a power density of 199.98 µW/cm2. Additionally, the WSe2@graphite thin film electrode demonstrates high cyclic stability with retaining ~ 90.33% capacitance even after 2000 consecutive GCD cycles. The obtained hexagonal nanoflakes-like morphology provides a high surface area and porous structure that helps to improve the electrochemical performance of the WSe2 thin film. The obtained results demonstrate that the WSe2@graphite thin film exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and can be utilized as a potential material for supercapacitor electrodes. Keywords- Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), DC magnetron sputtering, supercapacitor, and nanoflakes Figure 1

Развитие CAE системы численного моделирования НДС SIGMA GT

The paper presents the directions and results of developing the Sigma GT software suite designed for numerical modeling of the stress-and-strain state of a rock mass using the finite element method. It describes the process of computational module optimization to ensure the possibility of refined simulation in subareas of the original model. The process of storing coarse grid matrices is upgraded, which optimizes the use of computational resources when calculating the stress-and-strain state of large-scale models. The trial-and-error procedure has been improved up to the system of hierarchical interrelation of different scale models, which allows to actualize the boundary conditions of individual block models when modifying the field model configuration. An extensible library of local models is presented, which makes it possible to quickly generate models of mining system elements with adequate boundary conditions. The expandable functionality of the software product is demonstrated, which allows to accelerate the process of finite element model creation. This tool allows the software user to generate local models of various configurations, minimizing time consumption and possible errors in preparation of the finite element mesh. Application and functionality of tools for post-processing of modeling results, both in 2D and 3D form, are described. Export of stress isolines allows saving the calculation data in the format used at the mining enterprise and combining them with the maps of mine working. 3D visualization of the calculated data contributes to a comprehensive assessment of the stress-and-strain state vector field and identification of the areas with critical stress and strain concentrations under a certain mining development option.

3D networked MXene thin films for high performance supercapacitors

Maximizing the energy and power density of supercapacitors requires thick electrodes, enabling a high areal loading. Simultaneously, a sophisticated, hierarchical pore structure for the active material is needed, granting high accessibility for electrons and ions. However, porosity and thickness need to be carefully balanced to maximize the active material density while ensuring high performance. Here, we show that by forming hierarchical electrodes from Ti3C2Tx 2D nanosheets in the form of interconnected 3D networked thin films (up to ∼220 nm), we can fabricate high performance thick film electrodes of up to ∼50 µm with a well-defined, hierarchical, porous structure. By balancing porosity and thickness, we demonstrate electrodes that combine a high areal loading of up to ∼7.2 mg cm−2, high material density of ∼1440 mg cm−3, and high electrochemical performance of 240 F g−1 and 140 F cm−3. Thus, we achieve electrodes with a remarkable areal capacitance of ∼1.4 F cm−2, even at high rates of 200 mV s−1, outperforming other state of the art MXene based electrodes of comparable density and thickness. We anticipate that this concept, will pave the way to transfer the exceptional properties of nanomaterial thin film electrodes to the next, macroscopic level, enabling the development of advanced, high-performance electrodes for practically relevant energy storage applications and beyond.

Fulfilling modern astrophysical observations and lattice QCD constraints based on a nonlocal NJL model with 3D form factor

AbstractIn the present work, we employ a nonlocal Nambu–Jona–Lasinio (NJL) model with a Gaussian form factor that is dependent on the spatial components of the momentum (3D‐FF). Focusing on the temperature‐baryon chemical potential plane, we investigate some aspects of the phase diagram. Initially, we propose an assumption that the range of interactions in momentum space may be modified by temperature, allowing us to obtain the critical temperature values based on lattice QCD (LQCD) predictions. Subsequently, we consider this model within a hybrid framework to examine the effects of temperature, together with neutrino trapping, in compact object configurations.

DIGITALIZING SCULPTURES: A PHOTOGRAMMETRY IMPLEMENTATION TOWARDS ANCIENT MATARAM STATUARIES IN CENTRAL JAVA

The implementation of digital technology in cultural heritage in Indonesia started to develop in the past decade. However, Indonesia's iconography studies have not optimized to utilize these advanced approaches. While in some other countries, iconographic documentation is upgrading to an advanced method, such as recording objects in 3D form and archiving it into secure digital data, thus the data more natural and realistic in three-dimensional documentation. It also catches and records the shape from all perspectives to bring neither a specific nor comprehensive observation. Therefore, it can extend the analysis for interpretation and preservation purposes. This article discusses the implementation of photogrammetry towards sculpture objects in Indonesia. The object selection went to several sculptures from the Ancient Mataram period in Java, which ruled from the 8th to 10th centuries AD. Close-range photogrammetry successfully generates the sculpture data into three-dimensional digital form. The results could support the Ancient Mataram sculptures studies in particular and improve Indonesia's iconography studies in general.
 Keywords: photogrammetry, sculptures, statues, iconography, ancient Mataram

Reliability Investigations in Printed Electronic Assemblies

Aerosol-Jet Printing (AJP) technology is a popular additive manufacturing method for achieving complex net geometry with micron-level accuracy. This opens up new possibilities in fabrication of electronic assemblies in 3D curvilinear form factors. Therefore, it is vital to understand not only the performance of AJP printed electronics, but also their reliability under different kinds of life-cycle operational and environmental stresses. Electrochemical migration (ECM) under temperature-humidity-bias (THB) conditions can lead to dendritic growth, which can cause dielectric breakdown, leakage current, and unexpected short circuit. ECM propensity and life prediction models for THB conditions were studied for AJP printed coupons based on silver-nanoparticle (AgNP) inks. Cyclic thermo-mechanical fatigue was studied under accelerated temperature cycling testing and modeling. Failures were found to occur mostly at interconnect transition regions due to stress concentrations caused by sudden transitions in local architecture. Drop/Shock failures for extreme accelerations were studied using a high-G drop tower. Deformations were characterized using high-speed photography and transient finite element modeling was used to study high strain-rate failures. Acknowledgments: Jason Fleischer from the Laboratory for Physical Sciences, Harvey Tseng and Jian Yu from the Army Research Lab

Bright Solitons, dark solitons and periodic wave solutions of Chen–Lee–Liu model

Chen–Lee–Liu (CLL) equation has many applications in optical fibers as well as in plasma physics. It describes the propagation of optical pulse in the monomode fiber. CLL equation is a modification of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this paper, the nonlinear CLL is explored using generalized projective Riccati equation method and two variable [Formula: see text]-expansion method. Consequently, many new solitary wave solutions are achieved in a unique way. These solutions include dark solitons, bright solitons and periodic wave solutions which describe the related physical phenomena. In the end, these solutions are presented in the form of 3D and 2D plots in order to elaborate the wave structure corresponding to the obtained solutions.

Geometric investigation of entrance proportions of houses from the Qajar to the beginning of the early Pahlavi in Dezful City (1789–1979)

Due to the importance of the historical context of Dezful City, investigating historic buildings is necessary. But unfortunately, a large part of it is being destroyed. For this reason, it is essential to discover the guidelines and logic behind the architectural design of these buildings to help their reconstruction or restoration. Regrettably, there is no logical information about the components of this context and the reconstructions are usually done according to taste and based on architecture tested or personal preference. Therefore, it is necessary to find a logic behind these critical components that support the whole plan or parts of it in a particular style. The purpose of this research is to discover and find the logic behind the design of this building in the historical context of Dezful. Finding geometrical proportions can significantly help to reconstruct buildings better and more accurately. For this purpose, 30 historical houses of Dezful were randomly selected, and their input information was drawn in 2D form in AutoCAD. Then, the length, width, and height proportions were measured, and the obtained ratios were compared with the golden proportions and dynamic rectangles. This paper studies entrance based on ratios of 2, 3, 4, 5, 1.25 and φ (the golden section). The results show that golden proportions and proportions derived from dynamic rectangles are present in the wording of all cases. Moreover, the range of ratios in the plan is from 1.34 to 2, and the content of changes in the section is from 1.22 to 2. The results can help architects, and particularly building owners, to reconstruct based on existing logic by discovering the proportions of the entrances of the houses. It is possible to administer a part of the damaged tissue and estimate its dimensions and sizes because the proportions' completeness can help revive half-destroyed historical buildings.

3D knit pneumatic actuators for wearable haptic displays

Weft knit textiles are growing in popularity as materials for soft robotic applications due to their scalability and near infinite mechanical tunability. We leverage the benefits of 3D weft knitting to develop a novel method of manufacturing small scale (5-8 mm) pneumatic actuators that can be embedded across a distributed textile surface. Weft knitting (i.e., intarsia) enables seamless transitions between contrasting yarns and textile structures, which increases manufacturing resolution for small-scale actuators. Additionally, weft knitting enables mechanical property tunability beyond what is available off the shelf, enabling customizable actuation behavior. We demonstrate that 3D knit textile actuation properties, such as blocking force, free displacement, and bending stiffness, can be tuned by manipulating actuator design parameters, including (1) yarn tensile stiffness, (2) textile structural strain, (3) local textile geometry, and (4) input pressure. To demonstrate the manufacturability and scalability within a 3D wearable form factor, we build a haptic glove prototype with surface embedded actuation to mimic the sensation of touching and grasping virtual objects.

Emotion recognition from EEG signal enhancing feature map using partial mutual information

The brain signal is the most potent information source to recognize emotion, a fundamental trait of human beings, for providing various emerging personalized courtesies or services instantly to individuals. For emotion recognition (ER), Electroencephalography (EEG) is a preferred brain signal, where the crucial and challenging task is accurately extracting features from complex EEG signals using appropriate computational intelligence or machine learning techniques. Recent ER methods mostly use EEG channel connectivity features to identify the emotion. Specifically, to construct a connectivity feature map (CFM), Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), mutual information (MI), normalized MI (NMI), and a few other techniques are used. Notably, in the existing ER methods, CFMs are predominantly in the two-dimensional (2D) form, i.e., using the signals from two EEG channels. This study proposes an enhanced CFM that uses partial MI (PMI) by introducing an extra third channel to expose more information and strengthen the feature extraction ability of ER. The proposed technique calculates the PMI-based connectivity features for each pair of EEG channels and presents CFM in 2D and 3D forms. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to classify emotion using 2D and 3D CFMs. In creating CFMs from EEG signals, rigorous tests have been performed on the DEAP benchmark EEG dataset. As PMI exposed additional information, the enhanced CFM has been found to deliver better ER performances than the one that uses typical MI or NMI, revealing the proposed one outperforming the existing related contemporary methods.

DFT studies on structural stability, vibrational and linear and nonlinear optical properties of low-dimensional zinc sulfide: from the 3D bulk to the 2D monolayer and the 1D zigzag single-walled nanotubes

Through first-principles calculations, we investigate structural stability, vibrational and linear and nonlinear optical properties of the zinc sulfide (ZnS) in different periodic forms ranging from the 3D bulk to the 2D hexagonal monolayer and their corresponding 1D zigzag single-walled nanotubes. To first order, the electronic wave function on the ground state was constructed using linear combinations of Gaussian-type functions at the DFT/B3LYP level. Then, the Raman and IR spectrum is computed by adopting a Coupled-Perturbed-Hartree–Fock/Kohn–Sham (CPHF/KS) approach. Cohesive, relaxation, and rolling energies, elastic and piezoelectric constants, electronic and nuclear contributions to the polarizability tensor, and nonlinear first and second-order hyperpolarizability tensor components are reported. Our study shows that 3D and 2D forms are stable and show semiconducting behavior, good piezoelectric responses, and fascinating linear and nonlinear optical properties. For 1D single-walled nanotubes, dynamic stability is observed only for the smallest (6,0) nanotubes. For n > 6, imaginary mode frequencies in the simulated IR and Raman spectra indicate dynamic instability. A scanning mode procedure along the largest imaginary vibrational mode is applied in order to determine the stable structures of the largest (14,0), (18,0) and (22,0) ZnS nanotubes. After that, no more imaginary phonon frequencies are detected in their vibrational spectra. Their potential energy surface contains two minima between a saddle point corresponding to a slightly distorted nanotube structure. Our study proves that the zinc sulfide nanostructures possess diverse physical properties so useful for potential applications in nanoelectronics and for nanodevices.

Paul Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Analysis on User Interface Design for Augmented Reality Baleganjur Applications

Augmented reality technology or more popularly known as AR is a technology that implements interactive multimedia concepts. Augmented reality technology is a technology that combines the virtual world with the real world in real-time, through electronic devices such as cameras, sensors and software, augmented reality is able to display virtual objects in both 2D and 3D form in the real world. In this study, it focuses on analyzing the appearance of the interface design or the main menu application user interface by implementing augmented reality technology, with the name of the application, Augmented Reality Baleganjur. The user interface display on the main menu of the Baleganjur Augmented Reality application has design elements that can be translated with different meanings and understandings, depending on the user's point of view. This is the basis of this research, where the appearance of the user interface design on the main menu of the Baleganjur Augmented Reality application has design elements that can lead to different interpretations of meaning and understanding. The purpose of this study is of course to reveal the meaning and understanding of the design elements in the user interface design display of the Baleganjur Augmented Reality application, by conducting an in-depth analysis using Paul Ricoeur's Hermeneutics. As for the results of this study, it can be concluded that researchers as hermeneutics have an important role in interpreting and offering solutions, which can later be used as a reference for repairing or perfecting design elements in the application user interface, so that these design elements can convey meaning and understanding in a comprehensive and detailed manner to users.