3D Digital Data Research Articles

Experimental analysis of material, lattice and plastic rotation during deformation of aluminium multicrystal

This paper focuses on the experimental determination of the distribution of material, lattice and plastic rotation during deformation of crystalline aggregate. The proposed methodology uses standard electron backscattering diffraction technique combined with 3D digital image correlation data. The presented approach is used for analysis of rotations during deformation of aluminium multicrystal.

Data-driven quasi-interpolant spline surfaces for point cloud approximation

In this paper we investigate a local surface approximation, the Weighted Quasi Interpolant Spline Approximation (wQISA), specifically designed for large and noisy point clouds. We briefly describe the properties of the wQISA representation and introduce a novel data-driven implementation, which combines prediction capability and complexity efficiency. We provide an extended comparative analysis with other continuous approximations on real data, including different types of surfaces and levels of noise, such as 3D models, terrain data and digital environmental data.

A Quantitative Analysis of Mine Mills by 3D Laser Scanner

This research proposes a novel method of recording the features of mine mills digitally by 3D laser scanner and its application. This method enables to obtain their shape features in short time independent of the expert's drawing skill. It also enables to evaluate the shape feature values, such as the position of the center of gravity, based on the obtained 3D digital data. In addition it may be possible to get a clue to clarify the process of varying the shape of mine mills. The mine mills described in this paper are remains discovered in the mountains of Yu-no-oku gold mine locating in Minami Kuma County in Yamanashi prefecture, Japan.

Automated Identification from Dental Data (AutoIDD): A new development in digital forensics

There has been a significant expansion in the use of 3-dimensional (3D) dental images in recent years. In the field of forensic odontology, an automated 3D dental identification system could enhance the identification process. This study presents a novel method for automated human dental identification using 3D digital dental data by utilising a dental identification scenario. The total study sample was divided into two groups: Group A (120 dental models) and Group B (120 Intra-oral scans-IOS). Group A data was composed of 3D scanned dental models of post-orthodontic treated patients (30 maxillary and 30 mandibular). This data was considered as AM digital data. To generate an identical sample, the dental casts (60) of the same patients were retrieved and laser scanned. These models were considered as PM digital data. Group B data (IOS) was obtained from 30 study participants. To reconstruct a dental identification scenario 30 maxillary and 30 mandibular IOS were obtained from 30 participants and were considered as IOS-AM. After one year, another set of IOS (60) were acquired from the same participants and were considered as IOS-PM. The results showed that the AutoIDD (Automated Identification from Dental Data) software was consistent in accuracy; capable of differentiating “correct matches” (high match percentage) from “non-matches” (very low percentage) by 3D image superimposition. The match percentage of the maxillary and mandibular IOS ranged from 64 to 100% and 81–100 %, with a mean distance (mm) of 0.094 and 0.093 respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using 3D scans through a new automated software – AutoIDD in digital forensics to assist the forensic expert in confirming the identity of a deceased individual from the available AM dental records.

Evaluating phone camera and cloud service-based 3D imaging and printing of human bones for anatomical education

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of a phone camera and cloud service-based workflow to image bone specimens and print their three-dimensional (3D) models for anatomical education.DesignThe images of four typical human...

Automatic identification and characterization of discontinuities in rock masses from 3D point clouds

The routine application of remote surveying techniques which can quickly acquire 3D digital data with high resolution, in particular digital photogrammetry, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for rock mass characterization has rapidly grown over the past decade. In this paper, a new method for automatic identification and interpretation of rock mass discontinuities, clustering of discontinuity sets and characterization of discontinuity orientation, persistence and spacing using 3D point clouds, is presented. The proposed method is based on a four-stage procedure consisting of: (1) normal vector calculation using the iterative reweighted plane fitting (IRPF) method, (2) discontinuity sets clustering by fast search and find of density peaks (CFSFDP) algorithm, and Fisher’s K value iterative calculation to eliminate noise points, (3) discontinuity segmentation using density-ratio based method, and discontinuity plane fitting using the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, (4) persistence and spacing calculation using the theory of analytic geometry. The method is applied to two case studies (i.e. rock slopes) and compared with the results from previous studies and from manual survey. It is concluded that the proposed method is reliable and yields a great accuracy for automatic identification of discontinuities in rock masses.

Gun Bullet Collision and Penetration Behaviors for Protecting Board

In this research, the bullet-collision test was done in the different velocity. The influence of its velocity on the deformation shape after collision was discussed by comparison with experiment and simulation. The velocity of the bullet was chosen in several kinds of speed ranges at 80m/s-250m/s. The angle of incidence with the collision object is 90 degree (head-on collision). The deformation shape was measured by 3D measurement instrument and reconstructed with 3D-CAD based on the 3D digital data. The deformation mark of the polycarbonate plate and the penetration shape of acrylic plastic plate caused by the bullet's collision with the object were examined. In addition, the collision simulation of the bullet was done by using FE analysis code “LS-DYNA”, and these analytical results were compared with the 3D digital data which is the experimental results.

Standardization supporting future smart cities – a case of BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre

Abstract The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

The Feasibility of a BIM-Driven Approach to Support Building Subdivision Workflows—Case Study of Victoria, Australia

Cities are facing dramatic challenges due to population growth and the massive development of high-rises and complex structures, both above and below the ground surface. Decision-makers require access to an efficient land and property information system, which is digital, three-dimensional (3D), spatially accurate, and dynamic containing interests in land (rights, restrictions and responsibilities—RRRs) to manage the legal and physical complexities of urban environments. However, at present, building subdivision workflows only support the two-dimensional (2D) building subdivision plans in PDF or image formats. These workflows result in a number of issues, such as the plan preparation being complex, the examination process being labor intensive and requiring technical expertise, information not being easily reusable by all subdivision stakeholders, queries, analyses, and decision-making being inefficient, and the RRRs interpretation being difficult. The aim of this research is to explore the potential of using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and its open standards to support the building subdivision workflows. The research that is presented in this paper proposes a BIM-driven building subdivision workflow, evaluated through a case study in the state of Victoria, Australia. The results of the study confirmed that the proposed workflow could provide a feasible integrated mechanism for stakeholders to share, document, visualize, analyze, interpret, and reuse 3D digital cadastral data over the lifespan of a building subdivision project.

Utilizing a Building Information Modelling Environment to Communicate the Legal Ownership of Internet of Things-Generated Data in Multi-Owned Buildings

In multi-owned buildings, a community of residents live in their private properties while they use and share communal spaces and facilities. Proper management of multi-owned buildings is underpinned by rules related to health, safety, and security of the residents and visitors. Utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect information about the livable space has become a significant trend since the introduction of first smart home appliances back in 2000. The question about who owns the IoT generated data and under what terms it can be shared with others is still unclear. IoT devices, such as security camera and occupancy sensors, can provide safety for their owners, while these devices may capture private data from the neighborhood. In fact, the residents are sometimes not aware of regulations that can prevent them from installing and collecting data from shared spaces that could breach other individuals’ privacy. On the other hand, Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a rich 3D digital data environment to manage the physical, functional, and ownership aspects of buildings over their entire lifecycle. This study aims to propose a methodology to utilize BIM for defining the legal ownership of the IoT generated data. A case study has been used to discuss key challenges related to the ownership of IoT data in a multi-owned building. This study confirmed that BIM environment can facilitate the understanding of legal ownership of IoT datasets and supports the interpretation of who has the entitlement to use the IoT datasets in multi-owned buildings.

High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM): Looking Back on 13 Years of Successful Generation of Digital Volume Data of Organic Material for 3D Visualisation and 3D Display

High-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) is an imaging technique that permits the simple and rapid generation of three-dimensional (3D) digital volume data of histologically embedded and physically sectioned specimens. The data can be immediately used for high-detail 3D analysis of a broad variety of organic materials with all modern methods of 3D visualisation and display. Since its first description in 2006, HREM has been adopted as a method for exploring organic specimens in many fields of science, and it has recruited a slowly but steadily growing user community. This review aims to briefly introduce the basic principles of HREM data generation and to provide an overview of scientific publications that have been published in the last 13 years involving HREM imaging. The studies to which we refer describe technical details and specimen-specific protocols, and provide examples of the successful use of HREM in biological, biomedical and medical research. Finally, the limitations, potentials and anticipated further improvements are briefly outlined.

Error Compensation for 3D Digital Laser Scanning Data Based on the Surface of Aluminum Coated F-12 Aramid Plain Weave Fabric and a Test of Configuration for Large Balloon

The measurement of the configuration parameters for the large balloon is an important content, including volume, surface area and specific size under a certain internal pressure. Non-contact measurement techniques using laser scanning have the advantage of fast acquiring large numbers of points. However, compared to their contact-based counterparts, these techniques are known to be less accurate. Furthermore, this accuracy depends on different parameters such as materials properties, surface texture, product color, etc. The large balloon is made by aluminum coated F-12 aramid plain weave fabric pieces. The digitizing errors for high-speed 3D digital laser scanning data based on the surface of F12 fabric material are analyzed and characterized in this paper. With error characterisation, an empirical model is obtained relating the errors to the influencing factor. Establishing a reasonable test scheme and using the technology of laser scanning, the spatial information of the surface for large balloon can be obtained quickly. The empirical formula is used to compensate for 3D laser scanning data of large balloon. The problem of compensation for 3D laser scanning data for improved test accuracy is addressed. The more accurate parameters of the configuration for large balloon are quickly obtained. This provides a method for the rapid, high-efficiency and high-precision test of configuration for large balloon.

Semantic-based 3D information modelling and documentation of rockeries in Chinese classical gardens: A case study on the rockery at Huanxiu Shanzhuang, Suzhou, China

Abstract Rockery, or Jia Shan, representing a high level of artistic achievement and aiming to show Chinese landscapes and culture, is an essential part of Chinese classical gardens. Taking the rockery in the backyard of Huanxiu Shanzhuang as an example, this study undertook digital measurements and 3D reality-based modelling, carried out semantic-based analysis and modelling, and built a 3D information system. The digital survey applied the integrated techniques of terrestrial digital photogrammetry and laser scanning. Once the integrated 3D digital data had been obtained, the rockery was systematically and clearly analyzed for its structure on the base of its relationship with mountains in nature. By obtaining the hierarchical and spatial relationships between rockery components, the rockery and its components were semantically named and modelled. According to the rockery analysis results, the 3D reality-based models were segmented into numbers of rockery components, and a 3D information system was built on the basis of a 3D geographic information systems (3D GIS). Through these methods, all the data and information obtained from the rockery on the study site were documented, stored, managed, and visualized. This research showed that rockeries in Chinese classical gardens and cultural heritage sites with similar characteristics can be digitally, informationally, and systematically documented, studied, and preserved.

Standardisation in 3D Geometric Morphometrics: Ethics, Ownership, and Methods

The collection and analysis of 3D digital data is a rapidly growing field in archaeology, anthropology, and forensics. Even though the 3D scanning of human remains in archaeology has been conducted for over 10 years, it is still frequently considered as a new field. Despite this, the availability of 3D scanning equipment and the number of studies employing these methods are increasing rapidly, and it is arguably damaging to the validity of this field to continue to consider these methods new and therefore not subject to the same standardisations as other researches. This paper considers the current issues regarding the lack of standardisation in the methods, ethics, and ownership of 3D digital data with a focus on human remains research. The aim of this paper is to stimulate further research and discussion, allowing this field to develop, improving the quality and value of future research.

Iterative curved surface fitting algorithm using a raster-scanning window

In this paper, an iterative curved surface fitting method using a small sliding window is first proposed to smooth the original organized point cloud data (PCD) with noise and fluctuation. Samples included in a small sliding window positioned in PCD are successively fitted to a quadratic surface from upper left to lower right using a least squares method. In the iterative process, outliers of samples are asymptotically removed based on an evaluation index. This proposed method allows original PCD to be smoothed keeping its own shape feature. Then, the already developed stereolithography (STL) generator is used to produce triangulated patches from the smoothed PCD. The process allows to reconstruct 3D digital data of a real object written with STL format for reverse engineering from original PCD with noise. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed curved surface fitting method are demonstrated through actual smoothing experiments.

3D Virtual Reconstruction and Augmented Reality Visualization of Damaged Stone Sculptures

This paper proposes the integration of photogrammetric reconstruction, 3D modelling and augmented reality application in order to achieve the complete visualization of a stone sculpture even if highly damaged or fragmentary. The first part of the research aims to the reconstruction of the original aspect of an incomplete sculpture, by using photogrammetry techniques based on standard resolution photos and free software in order to obtain a first model; then, we integrate this model with other 3D digital data (from other sculptures of the same period) or with 3D modelling based on historical sources and views from historians, aiming to achieve the original aspect of the sculpture. The second part of the research consists of the embedding of the obtained model in a custom application able to render in real-time the 3D reconstruction of the lion. Then, the rendering is overlaid to the video stream of the real scene and, as a result, a complete 3D digital model of the sculpture is achieved and could be visualized through a VR viewer. As a case study, we focus on a Roman stone sculpture of a male lion conserved in the Museo Estense of Modena (Italy), which lacks of its head and its four legs. The original aspect of the lion may be achieved by integrating the damaged sculpture with other photogrammetric reconstructions of lions sculptures of the same period and with 3D model based on historical sources. Finally, the lion is visualized through an augmented reality application which digitally overlays the reconstructed models on the original one.

Morphological and Hemodynamic Parameters for Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Aneurysm Rupture Risk Assessment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the morphological and hemodynamic parameters associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA)bifurcation aneurysm rupture.MethodsA retrospective study of 67 consecutive patients was carried out based on 3D digital subtraction angiography data. Morphological and hemodynamic parameters including aneurysm size parameters (dome width, height, and perpendicular height), longest dimension from the aneurysm neck to the dome tip, neck width, aneurysm area, aspect ratio, Longest dimension from the aneurysm neck to the dome tip (Dmax) to dome width, and height-width, Bottleneck factor, as well as wall shear stress (WSS), low WSS area (LSA), percentage of LSA (LSA%) and energy loss (EL) were estimated. Parameters between ruptured and un-ruptured groups were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristics were generated to check prediction performance of all significant variables.ResultsSixty-seven patients with MCA bifurcation aneurysm were included (31 unruptured, 36 ruptured). Dmax (p=0.008) was greater in ruptured group than that in un-ruptured group. D/W (p<0.001) and the percentage of the low WSS area (0.09±0.13 vs. 0.01±0.03, p<0.001) were also greater in the ruptured group. Moreover, the EL in ruptured group was higher than that in un-ruptured group (6.39±5.04 vs. 1.53±0.86, p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis suggested D/W and EL were significant predictors of rupture of MCA bifurcation aneurysms. Correlation analyses revealed the D/W value was positively associated with the EL (R=0.442, p<0.01).ConclusionD/W and EL might be the most two favorable factors to predict rupture risk of MCA bifurcation aneurysms.

Assessing Performance of Three BIM-Based Views of Buildings for Communication and Management of Vertically Stratified Legal Interests

Multistorey buildings typically include stratified legal interests which provide entitlements to a community of owners to lawfully possess private properties and use communal and public properties. The spatial arrangements of these legal interests are often defined by multiplexing cognitively outlined spaces and physical elements of a building. In order to support 3D digital management and communication of legal arrangements of properties, a number of spatial data models have been recently developed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) domains. While some data models, such as CityGML, IndoorGML or IFC, provide a merely physical representation of the built environment, others, e.g., LADM, mainly rely on legal data elements to support a purely legal view of multistorey buildings. More recently, spatial data models integrating legal and physical notions of multistorey buildings have been proposed to overcome issues associated with purely legal models and purely physical ones. In previous investigations, it has been found that the 3D digital data environment of BIM has the flexibility to utilize either only physical elements or only legal spaces, or an integrated view of both legal spaces and physical elements to represent spatial arrangements of stratified legal interests. In this article, the performance of these three distinct BIM-based representations of legal interests defined inside multistorey buildings is assessed in the context of the Victorian jurisdiction of Australia. The assessment metrics are a number of objects and geometry batches, visualization speed in terms of frame rate, query time, modelling legal boundaries, and visual communication of legal boundaries.

Enabling Real-Time Volume Rendering of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging on an iOS Device.

Powerful non-invasive imaging technologies like computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used daily by medical professionals to diagnose and treat patients. While 2D slice viewers have long been the standard, many tools allowing 3D representations of digital medical data are now available. The newest imaging advancement, functional MRI (fMRI) technology, has changed medical imaging from viewing static to dynamic physiology (4D) over time, particularly to study brain activity. Add this to the rapid adoption of mobile devices for everyday work and the need to visualize fMRI data on tablets or smartphones arises. However, there are few mobile tools available to visualize 3D MRI data, let alone 4D fMRI data. Building volume rendering tools on mobile devices to visualize 3D and 4D medical data is challenging given the limited computational power of the devices. This paper describes research that explored the feasibility of performing real-time 3D and 4D volume raycasting on a tablet device. The prototype application was tested on a 9.7" iPad Pro using two different fMRI datasets of brain activity. The results show that mobile raycasting is able to achieve between 20 and 40 frames per second for traditional 3D datasets, depending on the sampling interval, and up to 9 frames per second for 4D data. While the prototype application did not always achieve true real-time interaction, these results clearly demonstrated that visualizing 3D and 4D digital medical data is feasible with a properly constructed software framework.

DIGITALIZATION CULTURE VS ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISUALIZATION: INTEGRATION OF PIPELINES AND OPEN ISSUES

Abstract. Scholars with different backgrounds have carried out extensive surveys centred on how 3D digital models, data acquisition and processing have changed over the years in fields of archaeology and architecture and more in general in the Cultural Heritage panorama: the current framework focused on reality-based modelling is then split in several branches: acquisition, communication and analysis of buildings (Pintus et alii, 2014). Despite the wide set of well-structured and all-encompassing surveys on the IT application in Cultural Heritage, several open issues still seem to be present, in particular once the purpose of digital simulacra is the one to fit with the “pre-informatics" legacy of architectural/archaeological representation (historical drawings with their graphic codes and aesthetics). Starting from a series of heterogeneous matters that came up studying two Italian UNESCO sites, this paper aims at underlining the importance of integrating different pipelines from different technological fields, in order to achieve multipurpose models, capable to comply with graphic codes of traditional survey, as well as semantic enrichment, and last but not least, data compression/portability and texture reliability under different lighting simulation.