3D Detector Response Research Articles

Synchrotron Tests of a 3D Medipix2 X-Ray Detector

Three-dimensional (3D) photodiode detectors offer advantages over standard planar photodiodes in a range of applications, including X-ray detection for synchrotrons and medical imaging. The principal advantage of these sensors for X-ray imaging is their low charge sharing between adjacent pixels, which could improve spatial and spectral resolution. A 'double-sided' 3D detector has been bonded to a Medipix2 single-photon-counting readout chip, and tested in a monochromatic X-ray beam at the Diamond synchrotron. Tests of the 3D detector's response spectrum and its Line Spread Function have shown that it has substantially lower charge sharing than a standard planar Medipix2 sensor. Additionally, the 3D detector was used to image diffraction rings produced by a powdered silicon sample, demonstrating the detector's use in a standard synchrotron experiment.

Mean-variance analysis of block-iterative reconstruction algorithms modeling 3D detector response in SPECT

We study the statistical convergence properties of two fast iterative reconstruction algorithms, the rescaled block-iterative (RBI) and ordered subset (OS) EM algorithms, in the context of cardiac SPECT with 3D detector response modeling. The Monte Carlo method was used to generate nearly noise-free projection data modeling the effects of attenuation, detector response, and scatter from the MCAT phantom. One thousand noise realizations were generated with an average count level approximating a typical T1-201 cardiac study. Each noise realization was reconstructed using the RBI and OS algorithms for cases with and without detector response modeling. For each iteration up to twenty, we generated mean and variance images, as well as covariance images for six specific locations. Both OS and RBI converged in the mean to results that were close to the noise-free ML-EM result using the same projection model. When detector response was not modeled in the reconstruction, RBI exhibited considerably lower noise variance than OS for the same resolution. When 3D detector response was modeled, the RBI-EM provided a small improvement in the tradeoff between noise level and resolution recovery, primarily in the axial direction, while OS required about half the number of iterations of RBI to reach the same resolution. We conclude that OS is faster than RBI, but may be sensitive to errors in the projection model. Both OS-EM and RBI-EM are effective alternatives to the EVIL-EM algorithm, but noise level and speed of convergence depend on the projection model used.

Block-iterative techniques for fast 4D reconstruction using a priori motion models in gated cardiac SPECT

We introduce a fast block-iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction algorithm and apply it to four-dimensional reconstruction of gated SPECT perfusion studies. The new algorithm, called RBI-MAP, is based on the rescaled block iterative EM (RBI-EM) algorithm. We develop RBI-MAP based on similarities between the RBI-EM, ML-EM and MAP-EM algorithms. RBI-MAP requires far fewer iterations than MAP-EM, and so should result in acceleration similar to that obtained from using RBI-EM or OS-EM as opposed to ML-EM. When complex four-dimensional clique structures are used in the prior, however, evaluation of the smoothing prior dominates the processing time. We show that a simple scheme for updating the prior term in the heart region only for RBI-MAP results in savings in processing time of a factor of six over MAP-EM. The RBI-MAP algorithm incorporating 3D collimator-detector response compensation is demonstrated on a simulated Tc gated perfusion study. Results of RBI-MAP are compared with RBI-EM followed by a 4D linear filter. For the simulated study, we find that RBI-MAP provides consistently higher defect contrast for a given degree of noise smoothing than does filtered RBI-EM. This is an indication that RBI-MAP smoothing does less to degrade resolution gained from 3D detector response compensation than does a linear filter. We conclude that RBI-MAP can provide smooth four-dimensional reconstructions with good visualization of heart structures in clinically realistic processing times.