3D Carbon Framework Research Articles

Ti3C2Tx MXene/Graphene hybrid frameworks for constructing thermally conductive phase change composites with solar-thermal conversion ability

Application of three-dimensional (3D) carbon framework in phase change material (PCM) has aroused a tremendous interest. However, implementing a high alignment carbon framework with low interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) remain challenging. Herein, we demonstrated a synergetic effect strategy by Ti3C2Tx MXene and graphene nanoplate (GNP) to achieve a 3D thermally conductive framework with high alignment skeleton and low filler-to-filler ITR. Typically, the 3D anisotropic carbon framework is fabricated by unidirectional ice template freezing cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/GNP solution with the assistance of MXene. The abundant functional groups of MXene and the similar layered structure promote the dispersion stability of GNP in CNF aqueous solution, resulting in the significant improvement in GNP alignment and the filler-to-filler ITR. Therefore, the final phase change composites obtained by impregnating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into the framework achieves a satisfactory thermal conductivity (TC) of up to 3.49 W/m K at only 6.25 vol% filler loading. Combining the solar-thermal conversion ability of graphene and MXene, the PCM reveals a rapid energy conversion, transfer and storage capability. More importantly, the phase change enthalpy of the PCM can be as high as 164.3 J/g, with little change even after 50 heating-cooling cycles, and the existence of carbon framework can effectively prevent the leakage phenomenon in solid-liquid conversion process, ensuring its shape stability.

Mo2C-Co heterostructure with carbon nanosheets decorated carbon microtubules: Different means for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

The practical applications of lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) are hindered by notorious shuttle effect and sluggish conversion kinetics of intermediate polysulfides. Herein, Mo2C-Co heterogeneous particles decorated two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanosheets grown on hollow carbon microtubes (CCC@MCC) are synthesized. Three-dimensional (3D) carbon framework with Mo2C-Co heterogeneous particles combines the conductivity, adsorption and catalysis, effectively trapping and accelerating the conversion of polysulfides. As evidenced experimentally, the hetero-structured Mo2C-Co with high Li+ diffusion coefficient enables uniform precipitation and complete oxidation of Li2S. Meanwhile, CCC@MCC is found to have multiple application possibilities for lithium-sulfur batteries. As an interlayer, the cells deliver an excellent capacity of 881.1 mAh/g at 2C and still retain 438.2 mAh/g after 500 cycles under the low temperature of 0 ℃. As a sulfur carrier, the cell with a sulfur loading of 7.0 mg cm−2 exhibits a high area capacity of 5.3 mAh cm−2. This work provides an effective strategy to prepare heterostructured material and imaginatively exploit the application potential of it.

Nano-silicon embedded in 3D honeycomb carbon frameworks as a high-performance lithium-ion-battery anode

The fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb carbon frameworks, incorporating embedded silicon (Si) nanoparticles (NPs), is successfully achieved through a facile method involving mixing, carbonization, and acid pickling. The as-prepared Si@PVPC composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performances due to reasons as follows. (1) Honeycomb channels supply enough space to accommodate the expansion of Si NPs and so structural integrity of 3D honeycomb carbon frameworks are maintained during lithiation/delithiation processes. (2) Honeycomb channels offers fast transfer paths for Li-ion diffusion. (3) 3D carbon frameworks afford reliable and stable electric contact points. As a result, Si@PVPC electrodes show a capacity of 1294.3 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1400 cycles with a capacity retention of 85.5 %. Even at an ultrahigh current of 16 A g−1, Si@PVPC electrodes still show a capacity of 619.6 mAh g−1.

Synergistic Stabilization of Zn Metal Anodes by 3D Carbon Frameworks with Multiple Ion Channels Loaded with Zincophilic BaTiO3 Nanoparticles

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) suffer from rampant Zn dendrites growth, corrosion and sluggish transport kinetics, all of which have a serious impact on their performance and practical applications. Therefore, porous carbon nanofibers (BTO@PCNFs) loaded with BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO NPs) are constructed as a multifunctional interlayer for stabilizing the Zn anodes. Owing to the synergistic effect of BTO NPs and 3D porous carbon framework, this interlayer can achieve uniform electric field distribution, accelerate Zn2+ migration, and promote ion flux homogenization, thus leading to uniform Zn deposition. Meanwhile, the BTO@PCNFs interlayer demonstrates excellent anti‐corrosion effect, which can effectively prevent the side reactions. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of interlayers, the BTO@PCNFs multifunctional interlayers achieve a comprehensive optimization of the Zn anodes. The BTO@PCNFs‐Zn electrode exhibits lower nucleation overpotential (33.5 mV) at 0.5 mA cm−2. The Zn//Zn symmetrical cell with BTO@PCNFs interlayer exhibits ultra‐low overpotential (14 mV) and ultra‐long cycle life (5250 h at 0.5 mA cm−2). Even at high current density (30 mA cm−2), the BTO@PCNFs‐Zn electrode can be stably cycled for more than 830 h, achieving an ultra‐high cumulative capacity of 12 450 mAh cm−2. The multifunctional interlayers can provide a reference for the design of high‐performance Zn anodes.

Lignin‐Derived Functional Carbon Framework for Homogeneous Sodium Deposition

AbstractSodium metal batteries have become popular owing to their low redox potential, high theoretical capacity, and superior energy density. But the formation of sodium dendrites during electrochemical cycles diminishes the security and longevity of these batteries. In response to this challenge, we employ lignin as a carbon source to fabricate a three‐dimensional (3D) carbon framework current collector. This framework boosts an expansive specific surface area and a wealth of oxygen‐rich functional groups. These components serve to cushion the volume fluctuations of sodium metal throughout the electrochemical cycle, directing the even deposition of sodium ions. The as‐prepared anode displays a low overpotential of −7 mV and a stable cycling life of 400 hours at 0.5 mA cm−2. When coupled with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the full cell can achieve a capacity of 97.6 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 94.7 % after 60 cycles. This research shows that using lignin as a carbon source to prepare a 3D carbon framework current collector is an effective mean to inhibit the harmful effects of sodium dendrites on batteries.

3D nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks with hierarchical pores and graphitic carbon channels for high-performance hybrid energy storages.

In principle, hybrid energy storages can utilize the advantages of capacitor-type cathodes and battery-type anodes, but their cathode and anode materials still cannot realize a high energy density, fast rechargeable capability, and long-cycle stability. Herein, we report a strategy to synthesize cathode and anode materials as a solution to overcome this challenge. Firstly, 3D nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous graphitic carbon (NHPGC) frameworks were synthesized as cathode materials using Co-Zn mixed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). A high capacity is achieved due to the abundant nitrogen and micropores produced by the MOF nanocages and evaporation of Zn. Also, fast ion/electron transport channels were derived through the Co-catalyzed hierarchical porosity control and graphitization. Moreover, tin oxide precursors were introduced in NHPGC to form the SnO2@NHPGC anode. Operando X-ray diffraction revealed that the rescaled subnanoparticles as anodic units facilitated the high capacity during ion insertion-induced rescaling. Besides, the Sn-N bonds endowed the anode with a cycling stability. Furthermore, the NHPGC cathode and SnO2@NHPGC achieved an ultrahigh energy density (up to 244.5 W h kg-1 for Li and 146.1 W h kg-1 for Na), fast rechargeable capability (up to 93C-rate for Li and 147C-rate for Na) as exhibited by photovoltaic recharge within a minute and a long-cycle stability with ∼100% coulombic efficiency over 10 000 cycles.

Ultra-high-rate Bi anode encapsulated in 3D lignin-derived carbon framework for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors

Ultra-high-rate Bi anode encapsulated in 3D lignin-derived carbon framework for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors

In situ construction of biomass derived 3D carbon framework for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and Joule heating performance

The rapid development of highly integrated electronic devices urgently requires multifunctional materials with outstanding electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Herein, an integrated three-dimensional (3D) carbon framework is fabricated by encapsulating nickel nanoparticles into N-doped carbon nanotubes in situ grown in carbonized wood (Ni@NCNT-CW). The obtained Ni@NCNT-CW possesses ultra-efficient EMI shielding performance of 83.24 dB at X-band because of the synergetic interaction of the integrated hierarchically porous structure and consecutively conductive path. Simultaneously, the Ni@NCNT-CW exhibits self-extinguishing and excellent joule heating performance. This work highlights the great potentials of this facile strategy for in-situ preparation of cost-effectively integrated carbon framework based on natural wood for efficient EMI shielding and electrothermal conversion.

Polyethylene imine functionalized porous carbon framework for selective nitrogen dioxide sensing with smartphone communication

Highly selective and remotely communicable nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing may contribute to future Internet of Things in environmental monitoring. However, room-temperature NO2 sensing materials such as carbon materials is still less than satisfactory due to their insensitive interaction with target gas. Here, polyethylene imine functionalized three-dimensional (3D) carbon framework (PEI/C framework) has been developed for enhanced selective NO2 sensing, via combined template synthesis and subsequent doping. Typically, the 3D PEI/C framework is observed porous shape with irregular coating. Beneficially, the response of C framework to NO2 increases while those of interfering gases decrease after being functionalized with PEI. Remarkably, the sensor prototypes show a 100 ppb-concentration detection limit at room temperature. Theoretically, such excellent NO2 sensing is attributed to the large specific surface ratio of porous 3D PEI/C framework, in which PEI serves as an active layer for target NO2, while a passivated one for interfering gases. Practically, such PEI/C framework sensor prototype is simulated for NO2 sensing device and communicated with a smartphone, showing great potential in future intelligent environmental monitoring.

Zn,N co-doped 3D carbon frameworks constructed by in-situ polymerization-pyrolysis of fluid precursors and their applications in boosting atmospheric CO2 capture and fixation

Through the rational design of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][NTf2])-based multi-component fluid precursors, we present a novel and sustainable strategy for preparing Zn,N co-doped 3D carbon frameworks (Zn@CTDPOP-IL) via in-situ polymerization-pyrolysis of fluid precursors, and explore their applications in atmospheric CO2 capture and clean conversion into cyclic carbonates. The structure and performance of Zn@CTDPOP-IL frameworks were optimized by preparing them under different pyrolysis temperatures and fluid precursor compositions. It was found that the in-situ polymerization of aldehyde and amine components in fluid precursors was crucial for achieving a high specific surface area of carbon frameworks; [Bmim][NTf2] was used as both the solvent and catalyst for in-situ polymerization, as well as the soft template agent during subsequent pyrolysis process. The carbon frameworks also possess multiple Lewis acid/base active sites, exhibiting excellent CO2 adsorption (3340 μmol/g) and conversion performance under mild (40 °C, 0.1 MPa) and solvent-free conditions. The cyclic carbonate yield reaches up to 94 % with a selectivity of 99 %, which is attributed to the superior activation abilities of Lewis acid/base sites towards epoxide and CO2 respectively. The reusability and universality of the catalyst were further investigated, revealing its exceptional structural stability and satisfactory versatility. Finally, we elucidated a proposed cycloaddition mechanism catalyzed by multiple active sites in Zn@CTDPOP-IL. Compared to other reported porous carbon materials, the Zn@CTDPOP-IL frameworks developed herein are simple and environmentally friendly in preparation while exhibiting excellent dual functionality for CO2 adsorption and catalytic conversion, making them highly promising for cleaner treatment of low-pressure waste CO2 resource.

Co/N co‐doped flower‐like carbon‐based phase change materials toward solar energy harvesting

AbstractThe photothermal conversion capacity of pristine organic phase change materials (PCMs) is inherently insufficient in solar energy utilization. To upgrade their photothermal conversion capacity, we developed bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) derived Co/N co‐doped flower‐like carbon (Co/N‐FLC)‐based composite PCMs toward solar energy harvesting. 3D interconnected carbon framework with low interfacial thermal resistance, abundant carbon defects and high content of nitrogen doping, excellent localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Co nanoparticles, and light absorber Co3ZnC in Co/N‐FLC synergistically upgrade the photothermal capacity of (polyethylene glycol) PEG@Co/N‐FLC composite PCMs with an ultrahigh photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.8% under 0.16 W/cm2. Uniformly anchored Co and Co3ZnC nanoparticles in carbon framework guarantee excellent photon capture ability. Bridging carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 2D carbon nanosheets further accelerate the rapid transport of phonons by constructing cross‐connected heat transfer paths. Additionally, PEG@Co/N‐FLC exhibits a thermal energy storage density of 100.69 J/g and excellent thermal stability and durable reliability. Therefore, PEG@Co/N‐FLC composite PCMs are promising candidates to accelerate the efficient utilization of solar energy.

Electrocatalysis of Fe‐N‐C Bonds Driving Reliable Interphase and Fast Kinetics for Phosphorus Anode in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractPhosphorus exhibits high capacity and low redox potential, making it a promising anode material for future sodium‐ion batteries. However, its practical applications are confined by poor durability and sluggish kinetics. Herein, an innovative in‐situ electrochemically self‐driven strategy is presented to embed phosphorus nanocrystal (≈10 nm) into a Fe‐N‐C‐rich 3D carbon framework (P/Fe‐N‐C). This strategy enables rapid and high‐capacity sodium ion storage. Through a combination of experimental assistance and theoretical calculations, a novel synergistic catalytic mechanism of Fe‐N‐C is reasonably proposed. In detail, the electrochemical formation of Fe‐N‐C catalytic sites facilitates the release of fluorine in ester‐based electrolyte, inducing Na+‐conducting‐enhanced solid‐electrolyte interphase. Furthermore, it also effectively induces the dissociation energy of the P‐P bond and promotes the reaction kinetics of P anode. As a result, the unconventional P/Fe‐N‐C anode demonstrates outstanding rate‐capability (267 mAh g−1 at 100 A g−1) and cycling stability (72%, 10 000 cycles). Notably, the assembled pouch cell achieves high‐energy density of 220 Wh kg−1.

Synthesis of a one-dimensional carbon nanotube-decorated three-dimensional crucifix carbon architecture embedded with Co7Fe3/Co5.47N nanoparticles for high-performance microwave absorption

Low-dimensional cell-decorated three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical structures are considered excellent candidates for achieving remarkable microwave absorption. In the present work, a one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotube (CNT)-decorated 3D crucifix carbon framework embedded with Co7Fe3/Co5.47N nanoparticles (NPs) was fabricated by the in-situ pyrolysis of a trimetallic metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor (ZIF-ZnFeCo). Co7Fe3/Co5.47N NPs were uniformly dispersed on the carbon matrix. The 1D CNT nanostructure was well regulated on the 3D crucifix surface by changing the pyrolysis temperature. The synergistic effect of 1D CNT and the 3D crucifix carbon framework increased the conductive loss, and Co7Fe3/Co5.47N NPs induced interfacial polarization and magnetic loss; thus, the composite manifested superior microwave absorption performance. The optimum absorption intensity was −54.0 dB, and the effective absorption frequency bandwidth reached 5.4 GHz at a thickness of 1.65 mm. The findings of this work could provide significant guidance for the fabrication of MOF-derived hybrids for high-performance microwave absorption applications.

3D space-confined Co0.85Se architecture with effective interfacial stress relaxation as anode material reveals robust and highly loading potassium-ion batteries

Conversion-type transition metal chalcogenide anodes could bring relatively high specific capacity in potassium ion storage due to multiple electron transport reactions, but often accompanying huge volume changes and resulting in low cycle life and rapid capacity fading.While electrode materials are closely packed, the contact at the interface during potassiation/depotassiation is similar to point-to-point contact, generating strong stress to make self-aggregation occur. In this work, we constructed a 3D carbon framework to confine Co0.85Se nanocrystals in three-dimensional space, both fulfilling the requirements of the material's size in the nano-scale and providing the largest contact area for releasing stress. With this optimization, nitrogen-doped carbon confined Co0.85Se nanocrystals (Co0.85Se@NC) reach an ultra-stable cycle life over 4000 times with a specific capacity of 190.9 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1 and provide 155.6 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 in the rate capability test. It also renders the areal capacity up to 1.03 mA h cm−2 at 500 mA g−1 in the high-mass loading test. Furthermore, based on the finite element analysis, the 3D confinement strategy has the lowest interfacial stress, ensuring Co0.85Se nanocrystals with high structural integrity. This strategy can relieve the stress issue in the conversion-type anode and demonstrate superior electrochemical performance even at high-loading mass electrodes.

Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Impregnated Delignified Wood-Based 3D Carbon Framework for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a promising cathode active material capable of suppressing lithium polysulfide dissolution in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, due to the low S content in SPAN, achieving a high SPAN areal loading without compromising specific capacity and cycling stability would be required. To address this challenge, we took advantage of the inherent porous structure of natural wood and engineered carbonized delignified wood (CDW) frameworks using a delignification/low-temperature pyrolysis approach. The unique design of the SPAN-impregnated CDW (SPAN@CDW) electrode, wherein the interconnected pathways run in three dimensions, ensures effective electron and ion transport within the electrode. Biomass-derived SPAN@CDW cathodes exhibited an excellent rate capability compared to the popular synthetic 3D scaffolds, such as graphene foam cathodes, with discharge capacities >1000 mA h gs–1 at 1 C (1672 mA g–1). Electrodes with CDW pyrolyzed at 600 °C, and a S areal loading of ∼2 mg cm–2 exhibited a high specific capacity of ∼1350 mA h gs–1 after 500 cycles at 0.1 C, indicating good cycling stability. We also demonstrated the sustainable fabrication of SPAN@CDW electrodes with high SPAN loadings up to ∼35 mg cm–2, which could deliver a high areal capacity of ∼15.1 mA h cm–2 at 0.1 C.

Advanced electro-heat conversion properties of microcrystalline graphite-based composite phase change material with the three-dimensional framework

Form-stable composite phase change material (PCM) with high latent heat is widely used in thermal energy storage application. The skeleton structure and thermophysical properties of the supporting material are greatly important to the energy efficiency of the composite PCM. This work is to design the supporting material with specific 3D carbon framework for composite PCMs using the CaCO3-templated assembly technique, following to explore the electro-heat conversion ability of composites. Microcrystalline graphite is used as the skeleton, CaCO3 as the template, and monocrystal white sugar as the carbon source. By designing the content of template, the 3D framework structure of supports can be tailored. Results show the designed support material has a higher cumulative pore volume than the raw material of 64 %, leading to an increment of the loading capacity of 12–20 %, due to the formation of the cotton-shaped carbonization connection products. Then, the stearic acid-type composite shows the thermal conductivity is improved by 104.86 % than the pure PCM, causing faster heat storage and release rate. At last, it proved that the electro-heat conversion of the composite can be achieved at low trigger voltage. The conversion efficiency increases with the voltage rising and the bulk density improving, reaching to 75.61 % at a voltage of 4.5 V with a bulk density of 0.774 g cm−3.

Ti3C2/fluorine-doped carbon as anode material for high performance potassium-ion batteries

Potassium ion batteries (PIBs) attract increasing attention due to abundant natural storage of potassium resources in the earth’s crust, low cost, and high operating potential. However, larger radius of K+ compared to Na+/Li+, poor kinetics and unstable structure lead to inferior electrochemical performance for PIBs. Herein, we propose 3D fluorine-doped carbon@Ti3C2 MXene (3D FC@Ti3C2) composite as anode material for PIBs. In the composite, coating carbon can protect Ti3C2 from oxidation and self-stack, fluorine-doped carbon can afford more defects and introduce numerous active site that can strongly adsorb K+. In addition, the composite can enlarge the interlayer spacing, and the 3D interconnected carbon framework can enhance conductivity and alleviate the volume expansion during cycling. Benefiting from these synergetic effects, the 3D FC@Ti3C2 can obtain supernormal electrochemical property with high capacity of 288 mAhg−1 at 100 mAg−1 after 200 cycles and extraordinary cyclic stability of 174 mAhg−1 at 500 mAg−1 after 1000 cycles.

Embedment of graphene in binder-free fungal hypha-based electrodes for enhanced membrane capacitive deionization

Freestanding carbon electrodes that do not use binders are suitable for realizing high-performance capacitive deionization (CDI). Herein, we developed a freestanding and binder-free electrode derived from the fungal hyphae of Aspergillus niger with embedded graphene (G-FhEld) or activated carbon (AC-FhEld) for CDI. The carbonized fungal hypha fibers provided a stable 3D carbon framework with a hierarchical structure, and the embedded graphene or AC increased the conductivity, specific surface area, and amount of adsorption sites of the electrodes. When used in CDI cycles for desalination, the G-FhEld exhibited a gravimetric electrosorption capacity of 32.3 ± 1.7 mg/g and an average salt adsorption rate of 1.1 mg/(g·min) from low-salinity water (10 mM NaCl), outperforming AC-FhEld and the electrodes without graphene or AC. These values were considerably higher than those of most existing carbon electrodes. Fungal hyphae can be mass-produced from food waste and separated by simple filtration to prepare the precursors of the electrodes, and thus, G-FhEld is highly scalable for large-scale CDI applications. This research presents a facile, effective, and low-cost technique to fabricate carbon electrodes to realize enhanced desalination by CDI.

In situ synthesis of MoS2 nanoflakes within a 3D mesoporous carbon framework for hydrodesulfurization of DBT

Two new mesoporous carbon-supported Co-Mo hydrodesulfurization catalysts with different Co contents have been successfully prepared by one-step vacuum freeze-drying, followed by calcination under a nitrogen atmosphere and washing. Evans-Showell polyoxometalate (NH4)6[Co2Mo10O38H4]·7H2O was used as the Co-Mo precursor instead of the conventional precursors, and the obtained catalysts were structurally characterized by various technologies, including X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H2 temperature programmed reduction, CO temperature programmed desorption and low temperature N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm. The results show that MoS2 particles (4.6 nm and 4.5 slabs) are homogeneously dispersed in the mesoporous carbon framework with a narrow pore size distribution centered at 3.7 nm. The catalysts were evaluated by the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene, and the results show that the dibenzothiophene conversion, overall pseudo-first order rate constant and turnover frequency can reach 95 %, 5.4 × 10−6 mol g−1 s−1 and 6.1 × 10−3 s−1 at 300 °C, respectively, indicating higher catalytic activity than previously reported catalysts. The higher proportion of the CoMoS active phase can account for the higher catalytic activity. By using in situ-produced sodium chloride crystals and thiourea as hard templates and sulfidizing agents respectively, this study opens a new avenue for the simple and environmentally friendly preparation of hydrodesulfurization catalysts with the synchronization and riveting of MoS2 nanoflakes and 3D mesoporous carbon frameworks.

Ion/Electron Redistributed 3D Flexible Host for Achieving Highly Reversible Li Metal Batteries.

3D carbon frameworks are promising hosts to achieve highly reversible lithium (Li) metal anodes, whereas insufficient effects are attributed to their single electron conductivity causing local aggregating of electron/Li+ and uncontrollable Li dendrites. Herein, an ion/electron redistributed 3D flexible host is designed by lithiophilic carbon fiber cloth (CFC) modified with metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous carbon sheath with embedded CoP nanoparticles (CoP-C@CFC). Theory calculations demonstrate the strong binding energy and plenty of charge transfer from the reaction between CoP and Li atom are presented, which is beneficial to insitu construct a Li3 P@Co ion/electron conductive interface on every single CoP-C@CFC. Thanks to the high ionic conductive Li3 P and electron-conductive Co nanoparticles, the rapid dispersion of Li+ and obviously reduced local current density can be achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, insitu optical microscopy observations display obvious depression for volume expansion and Li dendrites. As expected, a miraculous average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.96% over 1100cycles at 3mAcm-2 and a low overpotential of 11.5mV with prolonged cycling of over 3200h at 20% depth of discharge are successfully obtained. Consequently, the CoP-C@CFC-Li||LiFePO4 full cells maintain a capacity retention of 95.8% with high CE of 99.96% over 500cycles at 2 C and excellent rate capability.