3D Camera System Research Articles

A study on in-situ characterization technology development for clearance verification of radioactive waste from nuclear decommissioning

Although the clearance level of every radioactive nuclide was published by the IAEA to promote the recycling and reuse of decontaminated radioactive waste worldwide, technical and regulatory issues have always been raised around the application of the criteria. Therefore, several countries are developing in-situ characterization equipment or apparatus for on-site verification to check if the clearance criteria is met.In this study authors developed a pilot radiation detection and measurement system using in-situ characterization technology to solve the issues, which consists of a 3D scanning camera system and a built-in Monte Carlo simulation program. Measurement results show that MDA (Minimum Detectable Activity) of the current design was indisputably below the clearance level and built-in Monte Carlo simulation package closely predicts the measurements results with the error of less than 5%. This implicates that it can determine with enough margin whether the radioactivity level of decontaminated metallic components meets the clearance criteria at decommissioning site or not.Practically when we measure the radioactivity from gamma ray source mass attenuation always takes place during the photon transports through the medium. In fact, the reduction depends on the material, shapes, and radioactive sources. In this study the reduction factors were experimentally examined according to the influencing parameters and the results were saved as DCF (Density Correction Factor) in the data base. As expected, it turned out that the factor is somewhat affected by medium material and radioactive sources, but it is basically proportional to the distance of gamma ray passage.It is expected that upgraded design with more accurate and reliable instruments can make it easier for regulators to accept the application of the in-situ characterization technology on-site.

Total body weight estimation by 3D camera systems: Potential high-tech solutions for emergency medicine applications? A scoping review.

Weight estimation is required in adult patients when weight-based medication must be administered during emergency care, as measuring weight is often not possible. Inaccurate estimations may lead to inaccurate drug dosing, which may cause patient harm. High-tech 3D camera systems driven by artificial intelligence might be the solution to this problem. The aim of this review was to describe and evaluate the published literature on 3D camera weight estimation methods. A systematic literature search was performed for articles that studied the use of 3D camera systems for weight estimation in adults. Data on the study characteristics, the quality of the studies, the 3D camera methods evaluated, and the accuracy of the systems were extracted and evaluated. A total of 14 studies were included, published from 2012 to 2024. Most studies used Microsoft Kinect cameras, with various analytical approaches to weight estimation. The 3D camera systems often achieved a P10 of 90% (90% of estimates within 10% of actual weight), with all systems exceeding a P10 of 78%. The studies highlighted a significant potential for 3D camera systems to be suitable for use in emergency care. The 3D camera systems offer a promising method for weight estimation in emergency settings, potentially improving drug dosing accuracy and patient safety. Weight estimates were satisfactorily accurate, often exceeding the reported accuracy of existing weight estimation methods. Importantly, 3D camera systems possess characteristics that could make them very appropriate for use during emergency care. Future research should focus on developing and validating this methodology in larger studies with true external and clinical validation.

Targeting ankle proprioception: A novel, valid, and reliable approach to measuring ankle proprioception for clinical implementation: Suggested short title: Targeting ankle proprioception

Ankle proprioception is vital to maintain balance but proprioceptive measurement is challenging in clinic. A new clinical measure of ankle proprioception, measuring joint position error (JPE), was designed and tested for validity and reliability. A total of 20 young healthy adults attended 2 visits. Subjects performed a repositioning task with a laser affixed to the foot, projected to a wall target, for all four planes of ankle motion. Laser JPE was calculated and validated against a 3D motion capture camera system. Average ankle laser JPE was 4.25° (±1.20) across all motions. Laser JPE was strongly associated with camera JPE, with over 95 % agreement. Laser JPE also showed excellent agreement within person and across days (ICC≥0.91). These strong results, combined with ease of setup and procedures, suggest our new measure of ankle proprioception is clinically feasible and appropriate.

Comparative Clinical Trial of Dermapen Microneedling and Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Dermapen Microneedling Alone in the Treatment of Stretch Marks in Egyptian Adults

Abstract Background Striae distensae are common skin lesions affecting up to 90% of pregnant women, and many adolescents and men. They pose a psychological burden to many people and no known treatment is completely effective for them. The current treatment options are limited by significant side effects, operator skill, cost, prolonged treatment period, or a combination thereof. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), along with microneedling (MN), are promising dermatologic procedures with a wide range of applications, excellent safety profiles, yet only partially understood mechanisms of action. Aim of the Work to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of MN with PRP versus MN alone in the treatment of striae distensae. This work included 40 patients who were divided into left-side lesions (MN alone) versus right-side lesions (PRP + MN). PRP was prepared using single-spin technique, and applied topically just before MN on right-side lesions. An automated MN pen device was used on both sides. Patients and Methods This was a prospective case control study with a split-body design which included 40 adult patients with striae distensae. The patients were recruited from the outpatient dermatology clinic in Ain Shams University hospitals, Cairo. Miravex Antera TM 3D Camera system measured the efficacy by indentation and roughness indices, and patients’ subjective improvement and reported side effects were recorded and analysed. Results A significant improvement was illustrated in both MN and MN + PRP sides in both the indentation and roughness indices measured by the Antera 3D camera system, and most patients reported subjective improvement in color (62.5%), smoothness (97.5%), size (82.5% vs 85%), and general appearance (92.5% vs 90%). Side effects including pain and erythema affected virtually all cases, while pruritis, edema, bleeding, and tram-tracking were less common and short-lasting. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation affected about 20% of patients and lasted more than one month in about half of those affected. No significant difference was found between MN and MN + PRP in efficacy or side effects. Conclusion Microneedling offers an effective, cheap, and relatively safe treatment option for striae distensae. Miravex Antera TM 3D Camera system is a powerful objective method of documenting lesions and following up the treatment process. Platelet-rich plasma did not offer additional benefit over microneedling alone.

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more likely through holes in permethrin-treated than in untreated nets

In addition to killing, mosquito nets treated with permethrin have been claimed to repel mosquitoes, reducing their success in passing through a holed net. We have tested this hypothesis by tracking mosquitoes in a modified World Health Organization tunnel test. In the original assay, mosquitoes are released at one end of the tunnel and have to pass through a holed piece of net to reach the bait at the other end. The mosquitoes are left in the tunnel overnight, while mortality and feeding rates are scored the following morning. Since the original test does not reveal how mosquitoes move within the tunnel, we combined the tunnel with a 3D video camera system. We tracked susceptible and permethrin-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. as they moved in the tunnel and interacted with an untreated or a permethrin-treated net (Olyset Net®). Surprisingly, while permethrin increased the mortality and reduced blood-feeding rates, twice as many mosquitoes passed through the holes of the permethrin-treated net. The flight trajectories reveal that upon exposure to the permethrin-treated net, both mosquito colonies showed increased ‘excitation’, thereby augmenting their chance of getting through the holes in the net. The study underlines the complexity of behavioural modes of action of insecticides.

Leveraging 3D convolutional neural network and 3D visible-near-infrared multimodal imaging for enhanced contactless oximetry.

Monitoring oxygen saturation ( ) is important in healthcare, especially for diagnosing and managing pulmonary diseases. Non-contact approaches broaden the potential applications of measurement by better hygiene, comfort, and capability for long-term monitoring. However, existing studies often encounter challenges such as lower signal-to-noise ratios and stringent environmental conditions. We aim to develop and validate a contactless measurement approach using 3D convolutional neural networks (3D CNN) and 3D visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) multimodal imaging, to offer a convenient, accurate, and robust alternative for monitoring. We propose an approach that utilizes a 3D VIS-NIR multimodal camera system to capture facial videos, in which is estimated through 3D CNN by simultaneously extracting spatial and temporal features. Our approach includes registration of multimodal images, tracking of the 3D region of interest, spatial and temporal preprocessing, and 3D CNN-based feature extraction and regression. In a breath-holding experiment involving 23 healthy participants, we obtained multimodal video data with reference values ranging from 80% to 99% measured by pulse oximeter on the fingertip. The approach achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.31% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.64 in the experiment, demonstrating good agreement with traditional pulse oximetry. The discrepancy of estimated values was within 3% of the reference for of all 1-s time points. Besides, in clinical trials involving patients with sleep apnea syndrome, our approach demonstrated robust performance, with an MAE of less than 2% in estimations compared to gold-standard polysomnography. The proposed approach offers a promising alternative for non-contact oxygen saturation measurement with good sensitivity to desaturation, showing potential for applications in clinical settings.

Development of Augmented Reality Vision for Osteosynthesis Using a 3D Camera.

We developed a 3D camera system to track motion in a surgical field. This system has the potential to introduce augmented reality (AR) systems non-invasively, eliminating the need for the invasive AR markers conventionally required. The present study was performed to verify the real-time tracking accuracy of this system, assess the feasibility of integrating this system into the surgical workflow, and establish its potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of orthopedic procedures. To evaluate the accuracy of AR technology using a 3D camera, a forearm bone model was created. The forearm model was depicted using a 3D camera, and its accuracy was verified in terms of the positional relationship with a 3D bone model created from previously imaged CT data. Images of the surgical field (capturing the actual forearm) were taken and saved in nine poses by rotating the forearm from pronation to supination. The alignment of the reference points was computed at the three points of CT versus the three points of the 3D camera, yielding a 3D rotation matrix representing the positional relationship. In the original system, a stereo vision-based 3D camera, with a depth image resolution of 1280×720 pixels, 30 frames per second, and a lens field of view of 64 specifications, with a baseline of 3 cm, capable of optimally acquiring real-time 3D data at a distance of 40-60 cm from the subject was used. In the modified system, the following modifications were made to improve tracking performance: (1) color filter processing was changed from HSV to RGB, (2) positional detection accuracy was modified with supporting marker sizes of 8 mm in diameter, and (3) the detection of marker positions was stabilized by calculating the marker position for each frame. Tracking accuracy was examined with the original system and modified system for the following parameters: differences in the rotation matrix, maximum and minimum inter-reference point errors between CT-based and camera-based 3D data, and the average error for the three reference points. In the original system, the average difference in rotation matrices was 5.51±2.68 mm. Average minimum and maximum errors were 1.10±0.61 and 15.53±12.51 mm, respectively. The average error of reference points was 6.26±4.49 mm. In the modified system, the average difference in rotation matrices was 4.22±1.73 mm. Average minimum and maximum errors were 0.79±0.49 and 1.94±0.87 mm, respectively. The average error of reference points was 1.41±0.58 mm. In the original system, once tracking failed, it was difficult to recover tracking accuracy. This resulted in a large maximum error in supination positions. These issues were resolved by the modified system. Significant improvements were achieved in maximum errors and average errors using the modified system (P<0.05). AR technology using a 3D camera was developed. This system allows direct comparisons of 3D data from preoperative CT scans with 3D data acquired from the surgical field using a 3D camera. This method has the advantage of introducing AR into the surgical field without invasive markers.

Use of a 3D camera for automated patient positioning for chest-abdomen-pelvis CT scans: Effect on positioning accuracy and patient dose

Introduction3D positioning cameras that automate the positioning of patients with respect to the CT isocentre have been developed and are in common use in CT departments. This study aimed to compare the performance of radiographers and a 3D camera system with respect to positioning accuracy and the effect on patient radiation dose for chest-abdomen-pelvis scans. MethodsPatient positioning and dose data obtained from a dose management system was evaluated over a two-month period for patients positioned with (CAMon) and without (CAMoff) the positioning camera. Median vertical and lateral offset values were compared between the groups whilst doses were evaluated as a function of patient water equivalent diameter (WED) for the thorax and abdomen-pelvis acquisitions for both cohorts. ResultsRadiographers demonstrated high levels of positioning accuracy, however significant improvements in median vertical offset were identified for the CAMon cohort for both thorax (8 mm vs. 17 mm (p = 0.001)) and abdomen-pelvis (7 mm vs. 16 mm (p = 0.003)) scans. The percentage of patients positioned within 5 mm of the isocentre was 39.0% and 16.1% for the CAMon and CAMoff cohorts. For CAMoff scans, 77.4% of patients were positioned below the isocentre, but this was reduced to 45.8% for CAMon scans. No significant changes in dose as a function of WED were identified related to the camera use (thorax: p = 0.569, abdomen-pelvis: p = 0.760). ConclusionUse of a 3D camera delivered significant improvements in the accuracy and reproducibility of patient positioning when compared with radiographers. Implications for practiceImprovements in positioning accuracy were observed at the research site and hence positioning camera use has the potential to become standard practice in CT to help ensure appropriate doses are delivered to patients according to their size.

Feed intake in housed dairy cows: validation of a three-dimensional camera−based feed intake measurement system

Measuring feed intake accurately is crucial to determine feed efficiency and for genetic selection. A system using three-dimensional (3D) cameras and deep learning algorithms can measure the volume of feed intake in dairy cows, but for now, the system has not been validated for feed intake expressed as weight of feed. The aim of this study was to validate the weight of feed intake predicted from the 3D cameras with the actual measured weight. It was hypothesised that diet−specific coefficients are necessary for predicting changes in weight, that the relationship between weight and volume is curvilinear throughout the day, and that manually pushing the feed affects this relationship. Twenty-four lactating Danish Holstein cows were used in a cross-over design with four dietary treatments, 2 × 2 factorial arranged with either grass-clover silage or maize silage as silage factor, and barley or dried beet pulp as concentrate factor. Cows were adapted to the diets for 11 d, and for 3 d to tie-stall housing before camera measurements. Six cameras were used for recording, each mounted over an individual feeding platform equipped with a weight scale. When building the predictive models, four cameras were used for training, and the remaining two for testing the prediction of the models. The most accurate predictions were found for the average feed intake over a period when using the starting density of the feed pile, which resulted in the lowest errors, 6% when expressed as RMSE and 5% expressed as mean absolute error. A model including curvilinear effects of feed volume and the impact of manual feed pushing was used on a dataset including daily time points. When cross-validating, the inclusion of a curvilinear effect and a feed push effect did not improve the accuracy of the model for neither the feed pile nor the feed removed by the cow between consecutive time points. In conclusion, measuring daily feed intake from this 3D camera system in the present experimental setup could be accomplished with an acceptable error (below 8%), but the system should be improved for individual meal intake measurements if these measures were to be implemented.

Three-dimensional imaging of the forearm and hand: A comparison between two 3D imaging systems.

The conventional treatment for distal radius fractures typically involves immobilization of the injured extremity using a conventional forearm cast. These casts do cause all sorts of discomfort during wear and impose life-style restrictions on the wearer. Personalized 3D printed splints, designed using three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems, might overcome these problems. To obtain a patient specific splint, commercially available 3D camera systems are utilized to capture patient extremities, generating 3D models for splint design. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing a new camera system (SPENTYS) to capture 3D surface scans of the forearm for the design of 3D printed splints. In a prospective observational cohort study involving 17 healthy participants, we conducted repeated 3D imaging using both the new (SPENTYS) and a reference system (3dMD) to assess intersystem accuracy and repeatability. The intersystem accuracy of the SPENTYS system was determined by comparison of the 3D surface scans with the reference system (3dMD). Comparison of consecutive images acquired per device determined the repeatability. Feasibility was measured with system usability score questionnaires distributed among professionals. The mean absolute difference between the two systems was 0.44 mm (SD:0.25). The mean absolute difference of the repeatability of the reference -and the SPENTYS system was respectively 0.40 mm (SD: 0.30) and 0.53 mm (SD: 0.25). Both repeatability and intersystem differences were within the self-reported 1 mm. The workflow was considered easy and effective, emphasizing the potential of this approach within a workflow to obtain patient specific splint.

Korean Cattle 3D Reconstruction from Multi-View 3D-Camera System in Real Environment.

The rapid evolution of 3D technology in recent years has brought about significant change in the field of agriculture, including precision livestock management. From 3D geometry information, the weight and characteristics of body parts of Korean cattle can be analyzed to improve cow growth. In this paper, a system of cameras is built to synchronously capture 3D data and then reconstruct a 3D mesh representation. In general, to reconstruct non-rigid objects, a system of cameras is synchronized and calibrated, and then the data of each camera are transformed to global coordinates. However, when reconstructing cattle in a real environment, difficulties including fences and the vibration of cameras can lead to the failure of the process of reconstruction. A new scheme is proposed that automatically removes environmental fences and noise. An optimization method is proposed that interweaves camera pose updates, and the distances between the camera pose and the initial camera position are added as part of the objective function. The difference between the camera's point clouds to the mesh output is reduced from 7.5 mm to 5.5 mm. The experimental results showed that our scheme can automatically generate a high-quality mesh in a real environment. This scheme provides data that can be used for other research on Korean cattle.

Repeatabilities of individual measures of feed intake and body weight on in-house commercial dairy cattle using a 3-dimensional camera system

In this study a 3-dimensional (3D) camera system was set up to measure individual feed intake of dairy cows in a commercial in-house setting. The system was developed to identify the cows while eating, predict body weight based on the curvature of the back of the cow, and quantify the amount of feed eaten by the cow at each visit of eating. The identification of the cow was based on recognizing the patterns, colors, and curvatures of the back from a reference database obtained in a corridor after milking, where images were taken of all cows with a simultaneous reading of the electronic ear tag. Body weight is predicted using the curvatures of the back of the cow. Feed intake is quantified as the difference in surface of the feed a cow can reach before and after a visit is initiated. This estimate is in liters but converted to kilograms, using the density of the feed in the specific herd. A total of 9,142 cows were measured in 19 herds across 3 breeds: Jersey (2,513 cows), Red Dairy Cattle (2,813 cows), and Holstein (3,816 cows). Mean daily feed intake was higher for Red Dairy Cattle (61.72 kg) and Holstein (64.59 kg) than for Jersey (55.74 kg). Repeatability estimates for daily feed intake as a weekly average was 0.62, 0.65, and 0.63 for Jersey, Red Dairy, and Holstein cattle, respectively. Mean body weight was higher for Red Dairy (647.9 kg) and Holstein (683.8 kg) than for Jersey (469.6 kg). Repeatability estimates for body weight as a weekly average was 0.83, 0.85, and 0.88 for Jersey, Red Dairy, and Holstein, respectively. The perspectives in having such records available is huge both for the farmer and for the dairy industry. The records can both be used for improving management in farms on an individual cow level and herd level, but also for genetic evaluation and selection as well as testing feeding regimens. Feed intake can be measured on an individual level using a 3D camera system.

Objective Assessment of Syndesmosis Stability Using the Hook Test.

The hook test is a widely used intraoperative method for assessing syndesmosis stability. However, there are no recommendations regarding the force required to perform this test. Furthermore, the reliability of the test is unclear. Ten experienced surgeons performed hook tests on a cadaver bone model. The applied forces were recorded in a blinded manner. In addition, standardized hook tests with defined forces (50, 80, and 100 N) were performed on 10 pairs of cadaver lower legs and the syndesmosis was sequentially destabilized. Diastasis of the syndesmosis was recorded using an optical 3D camera system. A median force of 81 N (Range: 50 N-145 N) was applied. A proportion of 82% of the tests showed a force < 100 N. The data showed good intraraterreliability and poor interraterreliability. In the standardized investigation of the hook test on the cadaver bone model, both the force and the instability of the syndesmosis had a significant influence on the syndesmosis diastasis. Nevertheless, even with maximum instability of the syndesmosis, diastasis > 2 mm could only be measured in 12 of the 19 evaluable specimens. The widely used hook test shows a high variability when performed in practice. Even in a standardized manner, the hook test cannot detect a relevant syndesmosis injury.

Validity of an inertial measurement unit for the assessment of range and quality of movement during head and thoracic spine movements

BackgroundPatients with spinal pain often exhibit movement limitations and altered motor control, which can be challenging to measure accurately in clinical practice. Inertial measurement sensors present a promising new opportunity to develop valid, low-cost, and easy-to-use methods for assessing and monitoring spinal motion in a clinical setting. AimThis study aimed to investigate the agreement of an inertial sensor and a 3D camera system for assessing the range of motion (ROM) and quality of movement (QOM) in head and trunk single-plane movements. MethodsThirty-three healthy, pain-free volunteers were included. Each participant performed movements of the head (cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion) and trunk (trunk flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion), which were simultaneously recorded by a 3D camera system and an inertial measurement unit (MOTI, Aalborg, Denmark). Agreement and consistency were analyzed for ROM and QOM by determining intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean bias, and with Bland-Altman plots. ResultsThe agreement between systems was excellent for all movements (ICC between 0.91 and 1.00) for ROM and good to excellent for the QOM (ICC between 0.84 and 0.95). The mean bias for all movements (0.1–0.8°) was below the minimum acceptable difference between devices. The Bland-Altman plot indicated that MOTI systematically measured a slightly greater ROM and QOM than the 3D camera system for all neck and trunk movements. ConclusionThis study showed that MOTI is a feasible and potentially applicable option to assess ROM and QOM for head and trunk movements in experimental and clinical settings.

Comparison of a high-definition three-dimensional digital camera system with a conventional state-of-the-art operation microscope for microsurgical anastomoses

Since its clinical implementation, microvascular surgery has depended on the continuous improvement of magnification tools. One of the more recent developments is a high-definition three-dimensional (3D) digital system (exoscope), which provides an alternative to the state-of-the-art operating microscopes. This study aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this technology and compare it with its predecessor. The study included 14 surgeons with varying levels of experience, none of which had used a 3D optical system previously. Six of these surgeons performed five arterial and five venous anastomoses in the chicken thigh model with both the VITOM 3D exoscope-guided system and the Pentero operating microscope. These anastomoses were then evaluated for their quality and anastomosis time. The participants and the other eight surgeons, who had used the digital 3D camera system for microsurgical training exercises and vascular sutures, answered a questionnaire. The anastomosis time and number of complications were lower with the conventional microscope. Participants rated the image quality with the conventional microscope as higher, whereas the field of view and ergonomics were favorable in the digital 3D camera system. Exoscopes are optics suitable for performing simple microvascular procedures and are superior to classical microscopes ergonomically. Thus far, they are inferior to classical microscopes in terms of image quality and 3D imaging.

ECG Electrode Localization: 3D DS Camera System for Use in Diverse Clinical Environments

Models of the human body representing digital twins of patients have attracted increasing interest in clinical research for the delivery of personalized diagnoses and treatments to patients. For example, noninvasive cardiac imaging models are used to localize the origin of cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarctions. The precise knowledge of a few hundred electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode positions is essential for their diagnostic value. Smaller positional errors are obtained when extracting the sensor positions, along with the anatomical information, for example, from X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) slices. Alternatively, the amount of ionizing radiation the patient is exposed to can be reduced by manually pointing a magnetic digitizer probe one by one to each sensor. An experienced user requires at least 15 min. to perform a precise measurement. Therefore, a 3D depth-sensing camera system was developed that can be operated under adverse lighting conditions and limited space, as encountered in clinical settings. The camera was used to record the positions of 67 electrodes attached to a patient’s chest. These deviate, on average, by 2.0 mm ±1.5 mm from manually placed markers on the individual 3D views. This demonstrates that the system provides reasonable positional precision even when operated within clinical environments.

PyMCGPU-IR Monte Carlo code test for occupational dosimetry.

PyMCGPU-IR is an innovative occupational dose monitoring tool for interventional radiology procedures. It reads the radiation data from the Radiation Dose Structured Report of the procedure and combines this information with the position of the monitored worker recorded using a 3D camera system. This information is used as an input file for the fast Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCGPU-IR in order to assess the organ doses, Hp(10) and Hp(0.07), as well as the effective dose. In this study, Hp(10) measurements of the first operator during an endovascular aortic aneurysm repair procedure and a coronary angiography using a ceiling suspended shield are compared to PyMCGPU-IR calculations. Differences in the two reported examples are found to be within 15%, which is considered as being very satisfactory. The study highlights the promising advantages of PyMCGPU-IR, although there are still several improvements that need to be implemented before its final clinical use.

Agreement between a 3D camera system and an inertial measurement unit for assessing the range of motion, head repositioning accuracy and quality of movement during neck and head movements

Purpose : Altered head range of motion (RoM) and head repositioning accuracy (HRA) are commonly reported in neck pain. However, the quality of motion (QoM) is currently not easy to assess clinically. This study investigated the agreement of head rotation recordings using a 3D camera system compared to a commercially available inertial measurement unit (MOTI). Materials and methods : Thirty participants, mean age 26.5 years old (SD 4.4), partook in this study. Participants wore a Headband with MOTI and markers for 3D motion capture analysis during head rotations. The two systems recorded active head RoM in rotation, HRA, and QoM. Agreement of RoM, HRA and QoM data was compared between the two systems using Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 2.1) and Bland-Altman plots. Results : Good to excellent agreement between the two systems was seen for RoM (ICC: 0.998), HRA (0.75–0.88) and QoM (ICC: 0.911–0.913). The Bland-Altman plots revealed a systemic offset where the MOTI device measured higher values for RoM (mean bias: −0.56 ± 0.65°), HRA (mean bias: 0.48 ± 0.76°) and QoM (mean bias: −16.9 ± 51.6 A.U.). Conclusion : The present study found that the MOTI device can accurately measure RoM, HRA and QoM during head rotation. MOTI may be preferred over a 3D camera system for clinical use.

3D camera augmented Autonomous Mobile Robot for intralogistics purposes

AMRs (Autonomous Mobile Robots) are driverless vehicles programmed to perform a variety of tasks and are often used to transport goods or materials. However, there can be several problems with the driving performance of this type of vehicle. Safety in the workplace is important everywhere, but there are some areas that are particularly exposed to safety risks. Limited visibility is the main cause of accidents at work. Yet, robots can map these dangerous areas with their sensors. We will present a mobile robotic sensor development that can be implemented to increase the security of robotic warehouses. Testing is necessary in order to check the quality of existing defects in safety elements before delivery and to carry out a risk assessment. Our goal was to add a safety element to the robot to prevent the most common problem, namely it is colliding with a forklift truck, hitting objects outside the sensor planes or hanging in. Based on our experience with robots over the years, this has been a big challenge, as we have had several such collisions. Therefore, we selected and installed a modern 3D camera system and tested its compliance with the safety requirements and the difference between the safety level of a robot without 3D sensor (Alpha) and a robot with 3D sensor (Beta), based on the knowledge of the installed camera.

USE OF THE OMRON F150-3 CAMERA FOR THE POSITIONING OF RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED PARTS

The article discusses the development of a testing workplace for the handling of 3D objects. The workplace is equipped with an industrial SCARA robot, an intelligent input conveyor, pallet and depalletizing equipment, a vibrating feeder and vibrating trays, switch effectors, universal gripper, and other components. The workplace is also equipped with two OMRON F150-S1 cameras, which are used to create a 3D camera system. The article describes how the 3D camera system is used to determine the position of objects on the conveyor belt. The system first uses the density averaging function to determine the average optical density of the region without any objects. This value is then used as a threshold to determine whether an object is present in the workspace. If an object is present, the system uses the gravity and area functions to calculate the X and Y coordinates of the object from the center of the measuring platform. The system then uses the edge position function to calculate the Z coordinate of the object