3D Block Research Articles

Determination of Specific Surface of Rock Grains by 2D Imaging

Specific surface is an important parameter for predicting permeability of porous rocks. Many digital methods have been invented to extract the rock properties via imaging such as Micro-CT. With utilizing 3D volume data, this helps in precise investigation; however, it is neither economically efficient nor can be applied for different situations. In this study, a new approach is developed to estimate rock specific surface using 2D thin section images with micron resolution. One specific conclusion of this study is that there is specific ratio between the specific perimeter of 2D images and the specific surface in the 3D real rock structure. To further investigate this ratio several 3D blocks of rock volume data have been virtually cut in every possible angle and the value of specific perimeter calculated for each obtained 2D thin section. Finally, the predicted value of specific surface for 6 rock types is compared with the real values calculated from the original 3D data. Result indicates acceptable precision of this approach for sandstone rocks whereas not applicable for carbonate rocks.

One-stop microfiber spinning and fabrication of a fibrous cell-encapsulated scaffold on a single microfluidic platform

This paper provides a method for microscale fiber spinning and the in situ construction of a 3D fibrous scaffold on a single microfluidic platform. This platform was also used to fabricate a variety of fibrous scaffolds with diverse compositions without the use of complicated devices. We explored the potential utility of the fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications by constructing a fibrous scaffold encapsulating primary hepatocytes. The cells in scaffold were cultured over seven days and maintained higher viability comparing with 3D alginate non-fibrous block. The main advantage of this platform is that the fibrous structure used to form a scaffold can be generated without damaging the mechanically weak alginate fibers or encapsulated cells because all procedures are performed in a single platform without the intervention of the operator. In addition, the proposed fibrous scaffold permitted high diffusion capability of molecules, which enabled better viability of encapsulated cells than non-fibrous scaffold even in massive cell culture.

North Oman fault geometries in outcrops, analogues and subsurface

Abstract North Oman offers a rare opportunity for making outcrop observations of faults developed in carbonate formations that are also producing reservoirs in the subsurface. It is possible to look in great detail at fault geometries and associated fault damage zones, both in map view and cross-sections. These observations allow the establishment of geometrical concepts and rules to be established that allow the interpretation of seismic faults and the building of coherent static models. This paper highlights how the combination of the input from outcrops, a database of sandbox analogue models and high quality seismic data enables the development of conceptual geometrical models of faults. These conceptual geometrical models support interpretation and modelling strategies and workflows for the construction of geo-cellular models. In the first part of this paper, the challenge faced by the geo-modeller is described. A description of the vertical segmentation of faults in cross-section is provided. A summary of these observations is sketched as a series of 3D block diagrams. Finally, the mechanisms of fault initiation and growth through time reviewed to highlight the particular 3D segmented nature of faults in carbonate.

Fault Slip Rates and Seismic Moment Deficits on Major Active Faults in Middle and South Parts of the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

AbstractAs the pathway for southeastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau, the middle and south parts of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau are characterized by widespread active faults, and intensive and frequent seismic activity. In this paper, we use the spherical linear block theory constrained by geodetic observations from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations to estimate fault slip rates of active faults in this area. A 3D geometric block model is established based on previous relevant studies of active blocks. Using these received slip rates and optimal locking depths of faults, the rates of moment accumulation on the major faults are estimated. And then we compare them with the seismic moment released on each fault using the historical earthquake catalog. The results show that there are six faults or fault segments with large moment deficits in the research area, which would be helpful for research of middle‐long term earthquake hazard.

조선 선체 블록 모델의 재사용을 위한 AVEVA Marine Scheme 기반 모델링

For the reuse of the existing 3D block model of a ship, we analyze the hull modeling process using AVEVA Marine which is a representative CAD (Computer-Aided Design) system for the shipbuilding. In the AVEVA Marine environment where the design engineer makes 3D model on the 2D view that is so-called 2.5D, it cannot be possible to copy to reuse the block model just simply copying the 3D feature model itself like in the general mechanical CAD system or Smart Marine 3D which are on the basis of the 3D model representation. In this paper, we analyze the scheme file where the 3D model is defined in AVEVA Marine so that we develop the program for the block copy and the translation using this scheme file. It is significant that this program can be immediately available as a real-world application on the AVEVA Marine environment.

Numerical Analysis of Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticle

The plasmonic properties of metallic dielectric nanoparticles exhibit a highly sensitive dependence on geometry, due to the interaction between Primitive Plasmon modes associated with the surfaces of the nanoparticle. Changes in nanoparticle geometry that reduce symmetry alter the interactions between Plasmon modes and give rise to modified, and altogether new, plasmonic features. Plasmons are density waves of electrons created when light hits the surface of a nanoparticle under precise conditions. The wavelength of incident light is greater than size of particle. To overcome this problem we have examined the optical properties: near-field and far-field; scattering, absorption, extinction and field enhancement for block shape core shell nanoparticle for 200 frequency values. Size of the 3D block is {60; 60; 60} and the wavelength is 400- 900nm.

Studying children's tactile problem-solving in a digital environment

Given that modern children have grown up with numerous digital interactive devices it is essential to understand how the digital environment might affect children's cognitive development. As an extension of previous studies, this research investigates the cognitive effects of tactile interaction on children's problem solving. In order to explore the cognitive development of children with respect to tactile interaction, we compared furniture arrangements by elementary school students of 3D blocks and pencils. A protocol analysis was adopted for examining the ways in which children used the two different tools. The results of this study show that tactile interaction supports children's problem solving. This research implies that children in early education need to experience a wide range of digital devices utilizing rich sensorial dimensions as such devices stimulate divergent thinking, affecting cognitive developmental trajectories.

SPH-DEM Modeling of the Hydraulic Stability of 2D Blocks on a Slope

AbstractThe numerical simulations of wave interactions with armor blocks on rubble-mound breakwaters will enable a stronger understanding of breakwater failure and therefore increased malfunction prevention. This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) SPH-DEM model, which combines smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the discrete-element method (DEM) to simulate the wave-structure interaction on a slope and predict the hydraulic stability of the 2D structure. A particle method combined with a Riemann solver evaluates the hydrodynamic loads on the discrete blocks, while a multisphere DEM describes the movement of the solids from the wave attacks. An interfacial force-balance condition enables coupling between the fluids and the solids. A series of experimental tests were conducted to validate the SPH model. The simulation of water entry of the wedge was compared with previous experiments. The wave interactions with massive cross-shaped blocks on a slope were also simulated in 2D. Numerical results are ...

Impact of Laser-Processed X'tal Cube Detectors on PET Imaging in a One-Pair Prototype System

The X'tal cube is our original PET detector, which is being developed to achieve isotropic 3D positioning detectability. The X'tal cube is based on a 3D segmented crystal block for which all surfaces are covered with photo-detectors. Previously, instead of our initial approach of gluing segmented pieces of crystals, we successfully constructed a crystal block segmented by laser processing, and we developed the X'tal cube with the laser-processed 3D square grids of 2 mm length. In this paper, we extend the laser processing to 3D square grids of 1 mm length. The volume of a 1-mm crystal segment is 1/8 of that of a 2-mm crystal segment. We also evaluate imaging resolution performance with a newly developed one-pair prototype system to simulate a ring-type scanner, while our previous reports were limited to development and evaluation of a single detector. In particular, we compare 1-mm X'tal cube detectors to 2-mm X'tal cube detectors. The one-pair prototype system consisted of two X'tal cubes, two rotating stages, and a 192-channel data acquisition system. Each X'tal cube consisted of the LYSO cubic crystal block of 18 × 18 × 18 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> in which the 3D grids of 1 mm pitch were fabricated by internal laser processing. The 4 × 4 arrays of multi pixel photon counters were optically coupled to each surface of the crystal block. The detector positions were automatically controlled to simulate a ring-type PET with a 14.6 cm diameter. Data were collected for all assumed detector positions and then a sinogram was obtained. The data were reconstructed using filtered backprojection. The average spatial resolution of the 2-mm X'tal cube was 1.9 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) over the field-of-view (FOV). On the other hand, the average spatial resolution of the 1-mm X'tal cube was 1.3 mm FWHM over the FOV. By applying deconvolution with the assumption that the point source was a Gaussian function of 1.0 mm FWHM, we estimated the average spatial resolution of the 2-mm X'tal cube and the 1-mm X'tal cube as 1.6 mm FWHM and 0.83 mm FWHM, respectively. The average spatial resolution of the 1-mm X'tal cube was improved approximately 48% compared to the 2-mm X'tal cube. In conclusion, we confirmed the potential of the X'tal cube for uniform and high resolution imaging.

CSD correction as a tool for estimating 3d block size distribution.

For the headrace Moglicë-Grabovë, part of Devoll Hydropower Project in Albania, two different techniques of tunnelling are planned: DS TBM for the Flysch series starting in Moglicë and Drill &amp; Blast for the Ophiolite section, starting in Grabovë. A major question concerning the tunnelling seems to find the point where DS-TBM excavation from the Moglicë side should stop to “wait” for the Drill&amp;Blast excavation from the Shemsit access tunnel side. Assumed that the so called “block in matrix” rock mass is very unfavourable, respectively disqualifying for TBM excavation. These mixtures of hard blocks embedded in weaker and finer matrix that are very difficult to characterize, frequently challenge the engineering geologists with the characterization, design and construction problems associated with them. Evaluating Block Size Distribution in the BiM rock zone of this project area has been only the first step in characterizing all the geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass which will influence a decision that has major economic consequences. CSDCorrections 1.39 is the program used to convert the two dimensional data gathered from thin sections, outcrops, photographs etc. to true three dimensional crystal size distributions (CSD).

3D Fracture Network and Block Analysis of the South End-Slope of Antaibao Coal Mine

Based on actual measurement of fractures in south end-slope of Antaibao Coal Mine which adopted open-pit and underground mining, the fractures were grouped by directions, and for each group, distribution functions of direction, length and other geometric parameters and density on the observation window were calculated respectively. The statistic results showed that the fracture orientation followed Fisher distribution and the trace length followed lognormal distribution. According to the fractures number, the mean traces length and standard deviation, as well as one-dimensional density of each group, 3D fracture network was simulated with Monte-Carlo method. Then the block theoretical model was built according to the fracture model, and the block distribution of the south end-slope was analyzed and forecast.

Differentiating two- from three-dimensional mental rotation training effects

Block videogame training has consistently demonstrated transfer effects to mental rotation tasks, yet how variations in training influence performance with different stimuli remains unclear. In this study, participants took mental rotation assessments before and after a 3-week training programme based on 2D or 3D block videogames. Assessments varied in terms of dimensionality (2D or 3D) and stimulus type (polygon or body). Increases in videogame scores throughout training were correlated with mental rotation improvements. In particular, 2D training led to improvements in 2D tasks, whereas 3D training led to improvements in both 2D and 3D tasks. This effect did not depend on stimulus type, demonstrating that training can transfer to different stimuli of identical dimensionality. Interestingly, traditional gender differences in 3D mental rotation tasks vanished after 3D videogame training, highlighting the malleability of mental rotation ability given adequate training. These findings emphasize the influence of dimensionality in transfer effects and offer promising perspectives to reduce differences in mental rotation via designed training programmes.

THU0428 Validity and reliability of 3D us for detection of erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using MRI as gold standard

BackgroundUse of ultrasound (US) in rheumatology has increased over the last decade. Until recently, the only US modality used was 2D, which has been shown to be more sensitive for...

Validity and Reliability of 3D US for the Detection of Erosions in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using MRI as the Gold Standard

To test the reliability and validity of a 3D US erosion score in RA using MRI as the gold standard. RA patients were examined with 3D US and 3 T MRI over the 2nd and 3rd metacarpophalangeal joints. 3D blocks were evaluated by two investigators. The erosions were estimated according to a semi-quantitative score (SQS) (0 - 3) and a quantitative score (QS) (mm²). MRI was evaluated according to the RAMRIS score. For the estimation of reliability, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used. Validity was tested using Spearman's rho (rs). The sensitivity and specificity were also calculated. 28 patients with RA were included. The ICC for the inter-observer reliability in the QS was 0.41 and 0.13 for the metacarpal bone and phalangeal bone, respectively, and 0.86 and 0.16, respectively, in the SQS. The ICC for the intra-observer reliability in the QS was 0.75 and 0.48 for the metacarpal bone and phalangeal bone, respectively, and 0.83 and 0.60, respectively, in the SQS. The correlation with MRI for the metacarpal bone was significant, with values of 0.73 (p = 0.0001) (SQ) and 0.74 (p = 0.0001) (SQS). For the phalangeal bone, bad correlation was found: 0.28 (p = 0.145) (SQ) and 0.26 (p = 0.57) (SQS). The sensitivity and specificity for the metacarpal bone were 86 % and 85 % respectively. For the phalangeal bone they were 60 % and 97 %, respectively. Good inter- and intra-observer reliability and correlation with MRI were seen in the assessment of erosions with 3D US in the metacarpal bone, while the results were low and insignificant for the phalangeal bone, indicating that 3D US still has room for improvement.

ChemInform Abstract: Novel Bismuth Oxophosphate Halides [Bi8O8][BiO2](PO4)2X (X: Cl, Br) Based on Oxocentered 2D Blocks and Their Relationships to the Aurivillius Phases.

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of Bi2O3, CoO, WO3, BiPO4, and CsCl or RbBr in a molar ratio of 7:2:1:4:60 (gold capsule, 850 °C for 6 h; controlled cooling).

Building the Model of Near-Level Coal Deposit

Based on the theory of regular block model constructing of open pit mine, a regular column model was used for a near-level coal deposit to build model. Taking column as unit, inverse distance method was used to valuate. The relevant attributes of each coal deposit in each column was recorded, containing elevation, thickness, coal quality parameters of each coal seam. Based on the ground surface contour, surface level of column model was estimated. According to the problem meeting in the practical application, virtual drill holes, angle exclusive and quadrant method were used to deal with faults, seam boundary and cluster-effect. The application showed that using regular column model could describe the location and thickness variation of seam well and solved the problem which was difficult to calculate the volume of coal and rock accurately when 3D regular block model had coal combined with rock modules.

Surface micelles obtained by selective adsorption of AB and AC diblock copolymers

We developed a theory of surface micelles obtained by the selective adsorption of AB and AC diblock copolymers on a plane surface. Corona-forming A blocks are strongly adsorbed on the surface and consist of a monomer thick layer (2D blocks). The B and C blocks aggregate, forming a three-dimensional core of the micelles. We predict the stability of different kinds of micelles including homogeneously mixed B and C blocks in the core; a double compartment core (structures like boiled egg, fried egg and Janus) and pure AB and AC micelles. The kind of micelle depends on the interactions of the blocks with the environment (substrate and air) and each other, on the fraction of AB and AC macromolecules and the composition of the copolymers. Diagrams of the states of the micelles are constructed.

Parietal Priorities: Maintenance versus Manipulation in Working Memory

Event Abstract Back to Event Parietal Priorities: Maintenance versus Manipulation in Working Memory Gemma Lamp1*, Bonnie Alexander1, Robin Laycock1, David P. Crewther2 and Sheila G. Crewther1 1 La Trobe University, Australia 2 Swinburne University, Australia Background Over the years, neuroimaging analysis has revealed a fronto-parietal network of sites responsible for working memory (WM). While conceptual models of WM separate maintenance of stimuli from attention, whether this separation is apparent in the brain is questionable. This separation was explored by utilizing a simple maintenance only 1-back task and also an equivalent task with manipulation demands added. Methods During the maintenance only task, participants were presented with 3D block shapes and asked to indicate whether they were a repeat of the shape previously presented. The maintenance plus manipulation task was exactly the same except that repeated block shapes were rotated 90⁰ on a vertical axis, requiring participants to mentally rotate the shapes. A sample of 16 healthy volunteers (9 female; m=23.94 years ± 2.49) completed the tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results The maintenance only task revealed a largely right lateralized network of fronto-parietal sites, consistent with previous research. However with the added demand of manipulation, activation became more parietal and bilateral. Post hoc analyses also revealed a significant positive correlation between the activated parietal signal in the maintenance plus manipulation task and the behavioural measure of accuracy. Discussion These findings emphasize the parietal contribution to the manipulation component of the task and delineate it from the maintenance component. It can be concluded that WM potentially draws on areas as needed by the task demands, in this situation with more attention directed to the visual spatial task recruiting more parietal activation across hemispheres. Keywords: fMRI, n-back, working memory, parietal, mental rotation Conference: ACNS-2013 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 28 Nov - 1 Dec, 2013. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Attention Citation: Lamp G, Alexander B, Laycock R, Crewther DP and Crewther SG (2013). Parietal Priorities: Maintenance versus Manipulation in Working Memory. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2013 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2013.212.00097 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Sep 2013; Published Online: 25 Nov 2013. * Correspondence: Ms. Gemma Lamp, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, gemma.lamp@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Gemma Lamp Bonnie Alexander Robin Laycock David P Crewther Sheila G Crewther Google Gemma Lamp Bonnie Alexander Robin Laycock David P Crewther Sheila G Crewther Google Scholar Gemma Lamp Bonnie Alexander Robin Laycock David P Crewther Sheila G Crewther PubMed Gemma Lamp Bonnie Alexander Robin Laycock David P Crewther Sheila G Crewther Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Uranyl–3d block metal ion heterometallic carboxylate complexes including additional chelating nitrogen donors

Eight uranyl–3d block metal ion heterometallic carboxylate complexes including additional 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands were obtained, mainly under hydrothermal conditions, and their crystal structures were determined. The carboxylate ligands were chosen so as to provide a large range of nature and geometry of the carbon skeleton, and number of donor atoms. In the three complexes [Ni(bipy)3]2[UO2(NO3)3]2[UO2(HCO2)(NO3)2]2 (1), [Mn(bipy)3][(UO2)3(CH3CO2)(NO3)O2(OH)(bipy)]2 (2) and [Ni(bipy)3][UO2(Hcbtc)]2·5H2O (3, H4cbtc = trans,trans,trans isomer of 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid), the [M(bipy)3]2+ cation acts as a counter-ion and the uranyl-containing species are zero-, one- or two-dimensional, respectively. The chains in 2 are notable for the presence of cation–cation interactions connecting di- and tetranuclear subunits. Genuine heterometallic complexes are formed in all the other cases, in which the 3d metal ions are chelated by either one or two bipy or phen molecules and are also bound to additional carboxylate donors. These five complexes, [UO2Cu(thftc)(bipy)(H2O)]·2H2O (4, H4thftc = (2R,3R,4S,5S)-tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acid), [(UO2)2Cu(pydc)3(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O (5, H2pydc = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid), [(UO2)2Ni(Hcit)2(bipy)2(H2O)] (6, H4cit = citric acid), [UO2Cu(citml)(NO3)(phen)(H2O)]2·H2O (7, H3citml = D(−)-citramalic acid), and [(UO2)2Mn(ml)2(bipy)2]·H2O (8, H3ml = DL-malic acid) are all polymeric, with a dimensionality of one (5–7), two (4) or three (8). The 3d metal cation is either terminal (4, 6 and 7) or involved in the building of the polymer (5 and 8). The complexes of the closely related ligands Hcit3−, citml3− and ml3− all contain {[UO2(L)]2}2− dimeric subunits, which are assembled into chains with decorating 3d metal ions in 6 and 7, while bridging manganese(II) ions in 8 connect chains running along two different directions to generate a three-dimensional framework. This series of complexes illustrates the different roles (counter-ion, decorating species, network node) that can be played by the 3d cations in uranyl–organic assemblies, with complex 8 in particular exemplifying neatly the expected dimensionality increase.

Underground Geological Database Management System for Mapping Process Improvement, Case Study of Deep Ore Zone (DOZ) Mine, PT Freeport Indonesia

The Deep Ore Zone (DOZ) is the underground (UG) mine which is located on the East ErstbergSkarn System (EESS) of Grasberg-Ertzberg Au-Cu district in Tembagapura Papua. The DOZ mine is operated by block cave mine method with average of daily production is 80 ktpd ore. Geological information is the important information required for planning, developing, and monitoring the underground mine.This project was initiated in 2007 using the commercial database management software. The objective of the project is to establish the common and centralized underground geology data as well as improve the information transparency. Geological data recording in every draw points is to collect information of rock types proportion, grade and dilution estimates, water condition, clay contents. Solid data integration would help in 3D block model versus the drawn material reconciliation as well as mine planning processes.The first phase of UG geology database management system was successfully to accelerate the creation of routine geological report and improve data and report quality. The second phase of this project was designed to integrate the geo-science data for UG operation support. The paper will be devoted to the management system of geological data collected from production in order to map the characteristics of rock. This may subsequently be used in order to improve all processes including mine planning, production scheduler, draw order, mud rush potential anticipation and mud rush mitigation.