Corrosion Of 316L Stainless Steel Research Articles

Investigation of pitting corrosion of 304L stainless steel in algerian manufacturing

Stainless steel structures are subjected to gradual deterioration of their fundamental qualities when subjected to both mechanical stress and harsh conditions. The objective of this work is to examine the influence of tension-induced cold deformation on the localized roughness corrosion of 304L steel in a 3% NaCl solution, which mimics the conditions of saltwater. The samples underwent corrosion testing using standardized and deformed tensile specimens of algerian industrial manufacturing at different deformation rates: 2.18%, 3.63%, 10.90%, and 16.36%. The results, which encompassed corrosion susceptibility, pitting tendencies, and repassivation potentials, were compared and examined in relation to the deformation rate. The findings suggest that when the deformation rates increase, all of these potentials decrease, except for the roughness potential, which shows a considerable decrease. This decline indicates a reduction in the material's ability to resist corrosion. The main reasons why stainless-steel samples exposed to the phenomenon of corroded pits fail in Algerian industrial manufacturing are directly related to their resistance and strength characteristics, which in turn affect the mechanical behavior of 304L steel and its electrochemical behavior in aggressive solutions.

A Study of the Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Bed Laser Additive Manufacturing

Commercially available 316L (1.4404) stainless steel is commonly used for industrial filtration due to its combination of good material properties, particularly its corrosion resistance, which is a critical factor for filters in corrosive (e.g., saltwater) environments. Recently, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has enabled new more complex and efficient filtration pieces to be manufactured from this material. However, it is critical to know how the corrosion resistance is affected by this manufacturing strategy. Here, the corrosion resistance of LPBF manufactured 316L stainless steel is compared with wrought 316L sheet. The corrosion of the samples in saltwater was assessed with asymmetric electrochemical noise, potentiodynamic polarisation curve, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The samples before and after corrosion were examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The LPBF samples had higher corrosion resistance than the sheet samples and were more noble. The corrosion resistance of the LPBF sample increased with time, while the wrought sample corrosion resistance reduced over time. The corrosion mechanism of both samples was stable with time, formed of a passive film process and a bared material process. This paper presents the first study about the temporal evolution of the LPBF 316L stainless steel corrosion mechanism.

Effects of excitation parameters on fretting wear and corrosion of 316L stainless steel under random impact-sliding condition

In heat exchanger applications, the random vibration due to fluid excitation can cause mechanical wear between tubes and supports. In corrosive environments, the synergy between wear and corrosion can make wear more severe. Therefore, this paper focused on the effects of excitation amplitude and excitation force ratio (drag force/lift force) on fretting wear and corrosion of 316L stainless steel under random impact-sliding conditions. The results showed that as the excitation parameters increased, the friction coefficient and total wear amount would increase, the open circuit potential (OCP) decreased and the polarization curve self-corrosion potential shifted negatively. All synergistic coefficients in this paper were greater than 1, indicating that there was an obvious positive synergy between wear and corrosion. In the fretting wear and corrosion process, pure wear always played a dominant role. Under impact-sliding conditions, as the excitation force increased, the rate of wear-promoted corrosion increased from 3.0 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−6 g/h, an increase of 6.67 times. However, the rate of corrosion-promoted wear decreased from 1.1 × 10−6 to 2.0 × 10−7 g/h, a decrease of 5.5 times, showing a certain self-limiting property. The total synergy rose slowly with the increase of excitation parameters. The wear mechanism of materials under impact is characterized by adhesive wear, while under impact-sliding conditions, the wear mechanism involves abrasive wear and corrosion wear.

Corrosion of 316L stainless steel in high temperature water and steam: effects of simultaneous proton irradiation

316L stainless steel was exposed to 320 °C hydrogenated water and 480 °C hydrogenated steam for 24 h and 72 h while simultaneously irradiated with 5.4 MeV protons to yield a damage rate of 7 × 10–7 dpa/s. Oxide films characterized in cross-section STEM revealed chemical and morphological differences. High levels of radiolysis in water resulted in significantly reduced corrosion rates while inducing dissolution of the inner oxide layer, whereas in steam the effects of radiolysis are insignificant. Conversely, displacement damage effects are negligible in water but significantly increase the corrosion rate in the steam condition through the growth of inner oxide porosity.

Corrosion of 316L stainless steel in high temperature water and steam: Mechanisms of corrosion

316L stainless steel was exposed to 320 °C hydrogenated or aerated water and 480 °C steam for up to 72 h to determine the aqueous corrosion mechanisms. The thermodynamics of the corrosion process are interpreted using a new concept called the excess volume which predicts stable formation of pores in the inner oxide layer. Corrosion rates are found to be correlated with inner oxide porosity. Inner oxide thicknesses were measured, and thermodynamic modelling was used to determine that the rate-limiting step of corrosion is fluid transport of oxygen via pores in the inner oxide layer.

Corrosion of 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion and powder metallurgy in pressurized water reactor primary coolant

Corrosion mechanism of 316 L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion-hot isostatic pressing (LPBF-HIP) and powder metallurgy-hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is studied with in-situ electrochemical impedance measurements coupled to detailed oxide film characterization. Quantitative analysis of impedance spectra using the Mixed-Conduction Model and estimation of local kinetic and transport parameters by interpretation of in-depth elemental composition profiles indicated lower corrosion and oxidation rates of LPBF-HIP and PM-HIP materials in comparison to conventional wrought 316 L. This owes to a higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, smaller grain size, the presence of nano-sized oxide particles and elevated Cr and Ni contents.

Susceptibility of 316L Stainless Steel Structures to Corrosion Degradation in Salivary Solutions in the Presence of Lactic Acid.

In the field of healthcare and dentistry, 316L stainless steel is widely used for its corrosion resistance. However, the presence of lactic acid in salivary solutions can affect its surface reactivity. This study employed electrochemical methods to investigate the influence of lactic acid on 316L stainless steel's corrosion resistance in Fusayama Meyer saliva and saliva doped with varying lactic acid concentrations. The results revealed a significant decrease in polarization resistance as the lactic acid concentration increased, despite a shift toward more positive corrosion potentials. Consequently, the study suggests that the lactic acid presence in salivary solutions should be considered when evaluating the corrosion susceptibility of 316L stainless steel devices.

Investigating molybdenum’s sulphur scavenging ability for MoS2 formation in preventing pitting corrosion of stainless steels

The addition of Mo enhances pitting corrosion resistance in 304L stainless steel. However, there is no consensus on the underlying mechanism. One possible explanation is that molybdenum converts sulfide to stable MoS2. This study investigates the effect of MoS2 inclusion on the corrosion of 304L stainless steel by introducing both MnS and MoS2 using spark plasma sintering. The reduction of MoS2 to Mo is observed during the sintering process, contradicting the assumption that the sulfide inclusions can be stabilised by forming MoS2. Therefore, MoS2 formation cannot explain the improved corrosion resistance of 304L stainless steel with the addition of Mo.

Pitting corrosion behavior and mechanism of 316L stainless steel induced by marine fungal extracellular polymeric substances

In this study, effect of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by fungus Aspergillus terreus on the pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steels (SS) was deeply investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis. Results demonstrated that adsorption of EPS can change surface wettability of 316L SS leading to a much more hydrophilic steel–water interface. EPS not only accelerates uniform corrosion but enhances pitting corrosion of 316L SS. EPS can promote the formation of metastable pitting corrosion and the subsequent growth of corrosion pits. The density of corrosion pits (>2 µm) reach (5.6 ± 0.5)× 103 pits/cm2 when EPS is 400 mg/L.

Regulation of localized corrosion of 316L stainless steel on osteogenic differentiation of bone morrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

Localized corrosion has become a concerning issue in orthopedic implants as it is associated with peri-implant adverse tissue reactions and implant failure. Here, the pitting corrosion of 316 L stainless steels (316 L SSs) was initiated by electrochemical polarization to simulate the in vivo localized corrosion of orthopedic implants. The effect of localized corrosion on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was systematically studied. The results suggest that pitting corrosion of 316 L SS reduced the viability, adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation abilities of BMSCs, especially for the cells around the corrosion pits. The relatively high concentrations of metallic ions such as Cr3+ and Ni2+ released by pitting corrosion could cause cytotoxicity to the BMSCs. The inhomogeneous electrochemical environment resulted from localized corrosion could promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation around the corrosion pits and cause oxidative stress of BMSCs. In addition, localized corrosion could also electrochemically interact with the cells and lead to cell membrane depolarization. The depolarized cell membranes and relatively high levels of ROS mediated the degradation of the osteogenic capacity of BMSCs. This work provides new insights into corrosion-mediated cell function degeneration as well as the material-cell interactions.

Synergistic inhibition effect of ultraviolet irradiation and benzalkonium chloride on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel caused by Aspergillus terreus

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a key factor that damages engineering materials in marine environments. One of the major concerns in this regard is the corrosion protection of stainless steel (SS) caused against fungal attacks. This study investigated the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and benzalkonium chloride (BKC) on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) induced by marine Aspergillus terreus in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This was accomplished by employing microstructural characterisations and electrochemical analysis to analyse the synergistic inhibition behaviour of the two methods. The results indicated that while UV and BKC demonstrated individual abilities to suppress the biological activity of A. terreus, their inhibitory effects were not significant. The combination of UV light and BKC was found to cause a further decline in the biological activity of A. terreus. The analysis revealed that the combination of BKC and UV significantly decreased the sessile cell counts of A. terreus by more than three orders of magnitude. The fungal corrosion inhibition effect of individual application of UV light or BKC did not yield satisfactory results owing to the low intensity of UV and low concentration of BKC. Furthermore, the corrosion inhibition of UV and BKC occurred mainly during the early stages. The corrosion rate of the 316L SS declined rapidly when the combination of UV light and BKC were used, indicating that UV light and BKC exert a good synergistic inhibitory effect on the corrosion of the 316L SS caused by A. terreus. Therefore, the results suggest that the combination of UV light and BKC can be an effective approach to control the MIC of 316L SS in marine environments.

Interaction of marine organisms on localized corrosion of 316L stainless steel in Dalian seawater

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the interaction of main marine organisms on localized corrosion of 316L stainless steel in the Dalian Sea area.Design/methodology/approachThe steel plate was immersed in the Dalian Sea area for nine months to observe the biofouling and localized corrosion. The local potential distribution on the steel plate covered by marine organisms was measured. The local electrochemical measurements were performed to facilitate understanding the interfacial status under different biofouling conditions. The local surface morphologies and corrosion products were characterized.FindingsThe localized corrosion of stainless steel is mainly induced by the attachment of barnacles on the steel. The mussels have no influence on the localized corrosion. The cover of sea squirts could mitigate the localized corrosion induced by barnacles. Both crevice corrosion and pitting corrosion were found beneath the barnacle without the covering of sea squirts. The pitting damage was more serious than the crevice corrosion in the Dalian Sea area. The probing of sulfur element indicates that the potential growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria at barnacle center.Originality/valueThe above findings revealed that the interaction of marine organisms has significant influences on the localized corrosion of stainless steel. The influences of macro-fouling and micro-fouling on localized corrosion are discussed.

Oral microbiota accelerates corrosion of 316L stainless steel for orthodontic applications

• Multi-species biofilms well attach to the surface of 316L SS. • Oral microbiota accelerates the corrosion of 316L SS. • Oral microbiota causes severe pitting corrosion of 316L SS. • Electroactive microorganisms are detected in the multi-species biofilms. In this work, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of 316L stainless steel (SS) caused by oral microbiota was investigated with HOMINGS 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, and electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. The results showed that oral microbiota from different subjects developed multi-species biofilms with significant differences in structure and composition of bacteria strains on the 316L SS coupons. In the presence of oral microbiota, more severe pitting corrosion and faster dissolution of metallic ions including Ni and Cr were observed. The biofilm considerably decreased the pitting potential of 316L SS from 1268.0 ± 29.1 mV vs. SCE (abiotic control) to less than 500 mV vs. SCE. The corrosion current density in the presence of oral microbiota from subject 1 (115.3 ± 83.3 nA cm −2 ) and subject 2 (184.4 ± 162.0 nA cm −2 ) was at least 4 times more than that in the abiotic medium (28.0 ± 2.3 nA cm −2 ). The electroactive microorganisms with the potential to facilitate corrosion via extracellular electron transfer found in oral microbiota may be mainly responsible for the accelerated corrosion.

The corrosion of 316L stainless steel induced by methanocossus mariplaudis through indirect electron transfer in seawater

The effect of methanogenic archaea (Methanococcus maripaludis) on corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel under different concentrations of organic electron donor (acetate) was investigated. The results showed that M. maripaludis can survive by utilizing 316L SS as an alternative energy source. The extracellular electron transfer from 316L SS relies on redox-active substances secreted by M. maripaludis. Corrosion of 316L SS is promoted along with decrease of acetate concentration. M. maripaludis causes severe pitting corrosion of 316L SS in the absence of acetate due to that more redox-active substances are secreted, which has little relationship with the M. maripaludis biofilm.

Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel used for Building Applications in Marine–Urban Atmospheres: A Case Study from Genoa, Italy

This study concerns the corrosion behavior of a 316L stainless steel railing installed in an aggressive marine–urban atmosphere, located about 400 m as the crow flies from the sea, in Genoa, a coastal city in northwestern Italy. Despite the well-known relevance of surface finishes in determining the degree of resistance to atmospheric corrosion, the initial surface finish of the material used could not be ascertained. Only 3 months after it was erected, the railing showed, upon visual inspection, reddish-brown halos and spotted deposits distributed diffusely all over the structure. To investigate the likely causes of these sudden and unexpected corrosion phenomena, the morphology of the corrosion and the surface chemical compounds were examined using microscopic (optical and scanning electron, with an electron probe microanalyzer equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer) and profilometry (no-contact three-dimensional optical profiling) techniques. The morphology of the steel surface finish on the specific material used for the structure was found to be unsuitable for its designated use in such an aggressive atmosphere. Chloride occurring along the constituent grain boundaries of the rough surface finish triggered intergranular corrosion, leading to grain fall out and subsequent significant localized corrosion.

THE INFLUENCE OF THIN MULTI-LAYER OXIDE COATINGS MADE BY EB-PVD, ON THE CORROSION OF 316 L STAINLESS STEEL

Corrosion is a process of destroying metals (alloys) under the chemical or electrochemical action of the environment. A valuable method to improve the corrosion resistance of metals and alloys working under extreme environments based on protecting the metal substrate with different ceramic materials has been proposed. Experiments were performed by Electron Beam – Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD), for deposition of multi-thin oxide layers of the type: Al2O3 / ZrO2 doped with Y2O3 / La2Zr2O7 / ZrO2 doped with Ce2O3, on 316L stainless steel laminated sheet substrates. The influence of multi-layer oxide coatings on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel was studied by electrochemical corrosion experiments (linear polarization) in NaCl solution of different concentrations (from 0.06M to 0.6M). To highlight the microstructural aspects on the elec-trochemically corroded samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. The coating adhesion was evaluated by scratch test. Complex multi-layer oxide coatings improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in dilute NaCl electrolyte solutions (0.06M and 0.2M). In contrast, for more concentrated NaCl solutions (0.4M and 0.6M), these thin multi-layer oxide coatings are more susceptible to corrosion than simple alumina coatings which have higher po-larization resistance and lower corrosion rates.

The Role of Displacement Damage in Irradiation Affected Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel

The Role of Displacement Damage in Irradiation Affected Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel

Effect of antiplatelet drugs on corrosion of 316L stainless steel for application to biomaterials

The corrosion of 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluid mixed with antiplatelet drugs was electrochemically investigated and characterized using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies and metal-free ion chromatography associated with inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Commercial antiplatelet drug ions Ca2+, PO43−, SO42−, K+, Mg2+, and Cl− produced various passive films on the 316L surface. Hydroxyapatite combined with the highest inhibitory-layer Cr(III), Fe(II), and O2− concentrations provided the most efficient corrosion prevention. Results suggest that antiplatelet drugs are vital for anticoagulation and for preventing corrosion of devices implanted in patients during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel O-functionalized aminated chitosan derivatives as antibacterial, antioxidant and anticorrosion for 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluid

Chitosan’s Schiff base derivatives are taking the attention of scientists as a promising biomaterial for various applications. In this study, O-functionalized aminated chitosan (O-F-Am-Ch) was coupled with 4,4-dimethyl amino-benzaldehyde and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to produce Schiff bases (I) and (II), respectively. The chemical and physical properties of the new derivatives were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) that show a significant band for C=C between 1400 and 1600 cm−1, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), which demonstrate an increase in the thermal stability of new derivatives than O-F-Am-Ch and scanning electron microscope (SEM) that indicates a slight increase in the rough structure of the surface. In addition, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays that examined the antioxidant properties of the new Schiff bases. The biocidal activity against four different bacterial strains [two gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and two gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus)] demonstrates significant improvement of the inhibition activity compare to O-F-Am-Ch with more activity against Gram-negative bacteria than that against gram-positive bacteria.As an implanted alloy, 316L stainless steel is used as a temporary biomaterial in different countries without any pretreatment. Our study focused on further improving the alloy features by investigating the protection efficiency of O-F-Am-Ch and the synthesized Schiff bases for the 316L stainless steel surface against corrosion in simulated body fluid (SBF). The corrosion inhibition of these compounds was investigated using two electrochemical methods (potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results suggested the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the compounds under investigation. Furthermore, they demonstrated a considerable dose-dependent inhibiting corrosion of 316L stainless steel in SBF, whereas the inhibition efficiency exceeds 77% at 1000 ppm for the Schiff bases II. In conclusion, the tested derivatives show promising properties to refine stainless steel for implant applications.

Ionic Liquid Modified Electrochemical Capacitor with Long‐Term Performance

AbstractIonic liquids are used, for example, as corrosion inhibitors for metals, steel, and metal alloys. The method of preventing corrosion through the whole group of these kinds of compounds, called inhibitors, is to use them as additives to aggressive environments, including aqueous electrolytes. In this article, we present the inhibitive effect of imidazolium ionic liquids with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzenesulfonate anion on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel in neutral medium. In addition, we demonstrate that when the ionic liquid is used as an additive to the electrolyte solution (1 M Na2SO4) of a symmetric carbon/carbon electrochemical capacitor with 316L stainless‐steel current collectors, the capacitor lifetime is significantly extended. The ionic‐liquid additive inhibits corrosion of the current collector surface and, in effect, prevents activated carbon porous space from being blocked by corrosion products.