3-propane Sultone Research Articles

Novel synthesized microporous ionic polymer applications in transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil with short Chain alcohol

New suites of sulfonic acid-functionalized microporous ionic polymers (PIPs) catalysts were synthesized with polymer, alkyl bromides, and 1, 3-propane sultone via a two-step procedure. The synthesized microporous PIP catalysts were characterized using FT-IR, SEM-Mapping, XPS, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, solid NMR spectroscopy, and element analysis. Esterification of several fatty acids with ethanol, which was used as a model reaction in the stabilization of Jatropha curcas seed oil, was checked over functionalized PIP. We tested the catalytic performance of PIP-C8 on the synthesis of fatty acid esters via the transesterification of J. curcas seed oil with a mixture of short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, ethanol–to–diethyl carbonate (1;1 molar ratio), and ethanol–to–dimethyl carbonate (1:1 molar ratio) with 170 mg of PIP-C8 at reflux temperature with agitation. The PIP-C8 catalyst was particularly effective, having achieved yields of 85%, 94%, and 70% for J. curcas seed oil with ethanol, J. curcas seed oil with ethanol–to–DEC, and J. curcas seed oil with ethanol–to–DMC, respectively, under the optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst could be recycled more than five times without significant deactivation. Kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of oleic acid to an ethyl ester follows a first-order reaction. The best catalysts with microporous structure (average pore diameter: 1.7–1.9 nm, pore volume: 0.23–0.33 cm3 g–1) and –SO3H density (0.70–0.84 mmol/gcat) were obtained by 1, 3-propane sultone of the chemically activated. The results indicate that the site activity of functionalized microporous ionic polymer materials shows promising approach for the development of environmentally friendly technology.

Combined strategy of blending and surface modification as an effective route to prepare antifouling ultrafiltration membranes

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes blended with hydrophilic nanomaterials usually exhibit preferable overall performance including the membrane permeability and antifouling capability. However, the improvement in antifouling performance may be not outstanding due to the small amount of nanomaterial distributed near the membrane surface and the limited improvement in membrane hydrophilicity. Notably, excess addition of nanomaterials may lead to the decline in membrane permeability. In order to solve the above problem, we integrated the strategy of blending and surface modification to construct novel hybrid UF membranes. Novel nanohybrid was prepared via tannic acid (TA) coating on hydroxyapatite nanotubes (HANTs) and the subsequent grafting of zwitterionic polyethylenimine (ZPEI). The prepared nanohybrid (HANTs@TA-ZPEI) was incorporated with the polysulfone containing tertiary amine groups to fabricate hybrid membranes via the solution blending and the subsequent immersion-precipitation phase inversion process. Then the matrix was modified with zwitterions via the reaction of tertiary amine group with 1, 3-propane sultone. UF tests were conducted using the bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA) as the representative foulants. Results showed that both the permeability and the antifouling performance of the membranes achieved favorable promotion. Thereinto, the water flux of M-B0.4-Z membrane (pre blended with 0.4 wt% HANTs@TA-ZPEI in the casting solution and post-surface modified) exhibited 2.6 times that of the pristine membrane and the flux recovery ratio (FRR) for BSA and HA attained 93.4% and 96.1%, respectively. By the combination of blending and surface modification, both the membrane permeability and fouling resistant properties could attain remarkable promotion, which exerted the advantages of two methods and made up the deficiency of single blending method.

Synthesis of Generation-2 polyamidoamine based ionic liquid: Efficient dendrimer based catalytic green fuel production from yellow grease

A new series of acidic, dendrimeric polyamidoamine based polymeric ionic liquids of [PAMAM3256Cn] were synthesized with a second generation polyamidoamine dendrimer, alkyl bromides and 1, 3-propane sultone via a two-step procedure. The structure of functional ionic liquids was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polyamidoamine -1- dodecyl [PAMAM3256C12] catalyst was used for green fuel production via the transesterification of yellow grease. The influence of reaction variables on the green fuel yield was studied using this catalyst. The catalyst was effective having achieved a 93% green fuel yield from yellow grease after 6 h of reaction at 65 °C, using 306.8 mol (10 mmol) (wt % based on molar concentration of lipids) of [PAMAM3256C12] catalyst, a yellow grease-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:20 with a constant agitation speed 800 rpm. The catalyst was showed excellent stability for yellow grease transesterification over four cycles. Additionally, catalysts showed excellent transesterification activity of Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, and Pistacia chinensis oil, with green fuel yields of 90, 91, and 92%, respectively. The properties of green fuel were met the ASTM D6751-02 standards. Results indicate that the [PAMAM3256C12] catalyst system shows promising potential as a viable industrial-scale alternative.

Improving Cyclic Stability of LiMn2O4/Graphite Battery Under Elevated Temperature by Using 1, 3-Propane Sultone as Electrolyte Additive

Spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) based Li-ion battery (LIB) is attractive for hybrid/full electric vehicles because of its abundant resources and easy preparation. However, operation under an elevated temperature could cause severe capacity fading of the spinel cathodes. In this work, 1, 3-propane sultone (PS) is investigated as an electrolyte additive for improving the cyclability of the LiMn2O4/graphite LIB at elevated temperature. The charge and discharge measurement proves that PS can significantly enhance the cyclability of 053048-type LiMn2O4/graphite pouch cell at 60 ◦C. Compared to the cell without additive, the capacity retention of the cell using electrolyte with 5 % PS increases from 52 to 71% after 180 cycles. The improved cyclability is attributable to the modification of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on both positive and negative sides of the LiMn2O4/graphite cell by PS, which effectively prevents anode and cathode from structural breakdown and inhibits the electrolyte decomposition.

Synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymer, poly(N-3-sulfopropylaniline) and the study of its glucose sensing property

A water-soluble conjugated polymer, poly(N-3-sulfopropylaniline) (PSPA) with 7–10 controlled repeating units has been synthesized through oxidative polymerization of sulfopropylaniline (SPA) monomer, which is prepared by N-alkylation of aniline using 3-propane sultone. The glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal stability, molecular weight and size distribution of the synthesized polymer were investigated by DSC, TGA and MALDI TOFF respectively. The spectral (UV-Vis, PL, NMR, FTIR) analysis has been done to develop a facile colorimetric method to sense glucose (a biomarker of diabetes). The synthesized polymers could detect glucose up to nanomolar (10−9 M), which are 106 fold less than the level of a diabetic patient (4 × 10−3-9 × 10−3 M). It is also observed that the naked eye can sense up to decimolar (10−1 M) level. The polymerization process and the chemistry of colorimetric sensing are explained through spectral and cyclic voltammetry analysis. The polymerization and the sensing of glucose occurred through the electron transfer dependent color change processes.

A novel hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based copolymer with zwitterion: Synthesis, characterization, self-assembly behavior and pH responsive property

A novel zwitterionic hybrid amphiphilic copolymer containing polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxane (POSS), and poly(methacrylate isobutyl POSS)-b-poly (3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonaten-co-2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-co-styrene) (PMAiBuPOSS-b-P(DMAPS-co-DMAEMA-co-St)), was prepared by the ring open reaction of 1, 3-propane sultone with tertiary amine on the precursor polymer. This hybrid copolymer could self-assemble into spherical micelle with a relatively narrow size distribution. The micelle size exhibited a great dependence on pH, as the size of the micelles was of evidently decreases with the increase of the pH value. Controllable release of pyrene from the micelles was investigated by fluorescent emission spectra. Micelles with more zwitterionic units would lead to less pyrene release and longer equilibrium time. The protein adsorption resistance of the micelles was tested by mixing them with fetal bovine serum. The antifouling ability was improved by increasing the number of zwitterionic units as well as decreasing the number of DMAEMA units. This novel hybrid amphiphilic random copolymer with the pH-responsive and anti-protein-fouling ability, can be potentially used for drug carriers for controlled release.

Can PEI microgels become biocompatible upon betainization?

Polyethylene imine (PEI) microgels prepared via micro emulsion polymerization technique were treated with 1,3-propane sultone to obtained betainized PEI (b-PEI) microgels. The betainization reaction generated zwitterions on PEI microgel that are positive charges from quarternized amine groups of PEI, and the newly formed negative charges from SO3− groups from the modifying agent, 1,3-propane sultone offered interesting properties. The smaller size of b-PEI microgels that are obtained by simple filtration were increased with betainization from 512±14 to 1114±86nm. Also, the betainization of PEI microgel provided negative zeta potential values at high pH values as 9, 10, 11, and 12. Moreover, the b-PEI microgels render more effective dye absorption capabilities for anionic or cationic organic dyes such as Methyl Orange (MO) and Methylene Blue (MB) separately with the significant increase dye adsorption capacity of 354±31 and 274±19mg/g respectively. Moreover, antibacterial properties of b-PEI microgels tested on the E. coli ATCC 8739 and S. aureus ATCC 6538 were diminished whereas bare PEI has low MIC and MBC values (strong antibacterial properties). Interestingly, the PEI microgels known for their strong antibacterial and toxic nature found to be biocompatible upon betainization reaction. The biocompatibility test were carried with WST-1 tests and double staining methods. The cytotoxicity, apoptotic and necrotic cell tests were shown that PEI microgels induce no cytotoxicity up to 400μg/mL whereas PEI microgels possessed 50% toxicity at this concentration, suggesting that b-PEI microgels become biocompatible upon betainization with, 3-propane sultone.

Role of 1, 3-Propane Sultone and Vinylene Carbonate in Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) Formation and Gas Generation

Due to the uprising demand of energy storage in consumer electronics and electric vehicles, tremendous effort and interest have been drawn into the development of novel electrolyte additive blends in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the applications of LIBs have several critical limitations, including elevated temperature performance, calendar life performance, and safety. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI), generated from the electrolyte reduction on the anode surface during the first few cycles, is believe to be one of the key players improving LIBs thermal stability. Various attempts to screen ultimate electrolyte additive blends and produce robust SEI layer for better cyclability in lithium-ion batteries operations at elevated temperature have been widely reported. The graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 coin cells containing electrolytes with and without 1, 3-propane sultone (PS) and vinylene carbonate (VC) have been prepared and investigated. The electrochemical performance of the cells is correlated with ex-situ surface analysis of the electrodes conducted by FTIR and XPS, and in-situ gas analysis by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS). The results suggest that incorporation of both PS and VC results in improved capacity retention upon cycling at 55 °C and lower impedance. Ex-situ surface analysis and OEMS confirm that incorporation of PS and VC alter the reduction reactions on the anode inhibiting ethylene generation and changing the structure of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Incorporation of VC results in CO2 evolution, formation of poly(VC), and inhibition of ethylene generation. Incorporation of PS results in generation of lithium alkylsulfonate (RSO2Li) and inhibition of ethylene generation. The combination of PS and VC reduces the ethylene gassing during formation by more than 60 %.

Role of 1, 3-Propane Sultone and Vinylene Carbonate in Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) Formation and Gas Generation

The cycling performance, ex-situ surface analysis, and in-situ gas analysis of lithium ion batteries containing the widely used electrolyte additives VC and PS has been investigated. All of the electrolytes have good cycling performance at 25°C. However, the electrolytes containing additives have better discharge capacity retention and coulombic efficiency upon cycling at 55°C. Analysis of the differential capacity plots suggest that both VC and PS are reduced prior to the carbonates and alter the structure of the anode SEI. Ex-situ surface analysis confirms structural differences of the anode SEI. Electrodes cycled in the presence of PS contain lithium alkyl sulphonate (RSO3Li) on the surface of the anodes. The presence of the lithium alkyl sulfonate leads to higher lithium ion conductivity of the anode SEI. Electrodes cycled with added VC contain poly(VC) in the anode SEI. The presence of the poly(VC) leads to improved stability of the SEI. Anodes cycled with both VC and PS contain lithium alkyl sulphonate and poly(VC) which leads to an SEI with both high conductivity and high thermal stability. In-situ gas analysis shows that both additives, VC and PS, are able to reduce the ethylene evolution during SEI formation by nearly 70 %. The formation of poly(VC) for electrodes cycled in VC is accompanied by CO2 evolution. The presence of the lithium sulfonate for PS leads to a lower onset potential of ethylene evolution. For VC, the only gaseous byproduct during reduction is CO2, while PS shows no gaseous reduction products. The combination of both additives leads to a superposition of the described phenomena. The reduction of gas evolution during SEI formation would allow a faster and easier industrial formation procedure for Li-ion batteries.

Study of EVOH based single ion polymer electrolyte: Composition and microstructure effects on the proton conductivity

A comb-like EVOH based single ion polymer electrolyte (EVOH- g-SPEG) was synthesized by sulfonification of EVOH grafts 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol (C 4H 9O 2Cl)/2-[2-(2-chloroethxy) ethoxy] ethanol (C 6H 13O 3Cl) with 1, 3-propane sultone. The main chain of the comb-like polymer is hydrophobic polyethylene segments; the side chain is hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment, which can solubilize large amounts of inorganic salts. The sulfonic acid group was introduced onto the end of the PEG side chain. The acid form of SPE was successfully obtained by being dialyzed from the products with acid solution. The saturation water sorption of EVOH- g-SPEG membrane increased with the side chain length and the immersion time. The XRD results indicate that the water in SPE membrane region can destroy the membrane crystalline structure and the water absorption membranes are nearly amorphous. AFM phase images of the hydration membranes clearly show the hydrophilic domains, with sizes increasing from 10 to 35 nm as a function of the side chain length. A phase inversion could be observed when n ≥ 5, which was consistent with a rapid increase in water absorption. And the ion conductivity is also measured by AC impedance. The conductivity is greatly influenced by ion exchange capacity and water sorption. The comb-like EVOH- g-SPEG polymer electrolyte grafts with 2 PEG side chain provides the highest ionic conductivity (1.65 × 10 − 3 S cm − 1 ). The comb-like polymer could be a candidate as new polymeric electrolyte material for fuel cells and other electrochemical devices.

Toxicity mutability relationship of 1,3-propane-sultone in barley.

Relationship between 1, 3-Propane sultone (PS) induced toxicity measured as percentage seed lethality, seedling growth injury, spike sterility, survival in M1 and its mutagenic response was studied. Higher mutagenic response was obtained at concentrations of PS that caused 30-60% seed lethality, seedling growth injury and spike sterility. Further increase in toxicity as a consequence of rise in concentration had adverse effect on mutability of PS.

Stability and Filtration Characteristics of Surface-Modified Membranes of Alumina

Surface modified alumina membranes were examined in terms of stability in water and filtration characteristics to apply the membranes for membrane bioreactors. Surface modifications were carried out by the treatment of octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODS), γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) and 1, 3-propane sultone (PS) to control the zeta potential and surface free energy. The introduced functional groups from the treatment of silane coupling agents such as ODS and γ-APS were stable in water. While sulfo groups from PS were hydrolyzed and reduced to 1/3 under reflux for 20 hours, it were stable enough at room temperature for 8 hours enough to operate a short time filtration examinations. The relationship between zeta potential and restration of membrane permeability by backflush was predicted from DLVO theory. Low zeta potential for membrane predicts better permeation characteristics. It is confirmed that surface modification to control the zeta potential for negative improves the clogging characteristics of membrane.

Surface Modification of Alumina Membranes for Membrane Bioreactor

Alumina membranes were modified by the chemical treatment using trimethylchlorosilane (TMS), octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODS), γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) and 1, 3-propane sultone (PS) to control the zeta potential and surface free energy. Silane coupling agents such as TMS, ODS and γ-APS reacted with surface hydroxyl groups of alumina membrane and formed Al-O-Si bondings. PS was also incorporated into alumina surface by Al-O-C bondings. Reacted amounts of TMS, γ-APS and PS with surface hydroxyl groups were estimated as -3 molecules/nm2 by elemental analysis, whereas ODS was found to be reacted with 1.0 OH/nm2 hydroxyl groups of alumina. It may be considered that reacted amounts are restricted by geometrical arrangements of ODS on the alumina surface. Zeta potentials of surface-modified alumina membranes were controled to be anodic and cathodic by the introduction of sulufo groups from PS and amino groups from γ-APS, respectively. Low energy surfaces were produced by the introduction of alkyl groups like TMS and ODS.

Hyperthermic modulation of the seedling and genetic damage produced by a chemical mutagen in plants.

Experiments were conducted to find out the influence of hyperthermic treatments on the biological activity of 1, 3-propane sultone. Hyperthermic (35-45°C) pretre-atments for 1-4 hours gave significant protection against the biological damage pro-duced by the mutagen. Seedling injury was reduced from 36 to 8% and root injury totally eliminated. Chromosome aberrations in root tip cells were reduced by one half. Hyperthermic post-treatments, however, were ineffective.

Propane sultone mutagenesis in relation to treatment conditions.

Effects of concentration, treatment temperature and hydrogen ion concentration on biological activity of 1, 3-Propane sultone (PS) were studied in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Physiological as well as genetic effects of mutagen showed a linear increase with increase in the concentration of mutagen and its treatment temperature. Higher mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of PS was recorded following treatment with 6 mM and at 25°C. The effect of pH was apparent on root growth injury, as compared to seedling growth damage. A higher mutagenic efficiency was however, recorded at pH=4.6.