Cyanidin-3-glucoside Research Articles

Chemoprotective Potential of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colorectal Cancer: Modulation of NF-κB and Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase Pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health challenge, with approximately 1.8 million new cases diagnosed annually and a mortality toll exceeding 881,000 lives each year. This study aimed to evaluate the chemoprotective efficacy of Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) in a rat model of CRC induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Rats were stratified into groups and administered C3G at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg following DMH exposure to initiate CRC. Key parameters, including organ weights, tumor burdens, and biochemical markers, were meticulously assessed. Administration of C3G significantly restored body weight while reducing the weights of colon and spleen tissues. Moreover, C3G treatment substantially suppressed tumor incidence and weight in DMH-induced CRC rats. Biochemical analysis revealed that C3G markedly reduced levels of CFA, CA19.9, LDH, and nitric oxide (NO). It also modulated lipid profiles, antioxidant activities, and the expression of both Phase I and II enzymes. Inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17, were significantly downregulated. Notably, C3G inhibited inflammatory markers such as COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, and NF-κB while promoting Caspase-3, -6, and -9 activity. Furthermore, it regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic axis, reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Cyanidin-3-glucoside demonstrated potent chemopreventive effects against colorectal cancer in this experimental model. Its mechanism of action is likely mediated through modulation of NF-κB and the Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in CRC management.

Enhancing milk-based drinks with lyophilized guar gum-coated cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-loaded nano-nutriosomes: Physicochemical and antioxidant characterizations.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a flavonoid compound recognized for its diverse biological properties. It is considered one of the most promising flavonoids due to its potential health benefits. Still, its use in functional foods, particularly beverages, is limited due to degradation and instability under various environmental conditions. Recent advancements involving novel freeze-dried guar gum-coated nano-nutriosome (FD-GG-NS) carriers have demonstrated effective strategies to address these challenges. The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a novel freeze-dried guar gum-coated nano-nutriosomes that would improve the physicochemical stability and antioxidant activity of C3G in milk-based beverages. The results exhibited that C3G was successfully encapsulated in freeze-dried NS and GG-C3G-NS, with good encapsulation efficacy (>91.02 %) and particle sizes varied from 175.27 to 186.60 nm within a respectable range of PDI (<0.3). Firstly, to investigate the optimum concentration 0.4 % was shown to be the best concentration due to improved stability and dietary fiber content. The FD-GG-C3G-NS in milk drinks improved the color, turbidity, ζ-potential, and sensory assessment while declining apparent viscosity and acidity with improved antioxidant activity during storage for 15th days at 4 °C. Thus, integrating C3G into functional dairy drinks using guar gum-coated nano-nutriosomes has broad prospects in the food industry.

Paternal Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Diet Improved High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet-Induced Intergenerational Inheritance in Male Offspring's Susceptibility to High-Fat Diet-Induced Testicular and Sperm Damage.

High-fructose and high-fat diet (HFHFD) has been associated with impaired spermatogenesis, leading to decreased sperm quality and increased male infertility, with similar effects observed in offspring. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a recognized food antioxidant, has shown promise in protecting in male reproduction and modulating epigenetic modifications. However, its potential role in ameliorating intergenerational inheritance induced by HFHFD remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of paternal HFHFD on reproductive injury of offspring and the protective effect of C3G. Paternal mice were subjected to 12weeks of HFHFD induction and C3G treatment was conducted for 8 weeks. Offspring obtained via in vitro fertilization were fed either a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD). Our findings indicate that while the paternal HFHFD did not result in observable reproductive impairments in paternal mice, it did affect offspring testicular function through intergenerational inheritance, rendering them more susceptible to testicular damage and reduced sperm counts when exposed to an HFD. Notably, C3G intervention significantly mitigated these effects, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic compound for alleviating the impact of paternal intergenerational inheritance on male fertility resulting from HFHFD. These results underscore the importance of further exploring the mechanisms underlying intergenerational inheritance and the potential of interventions such as C3G in mitigating its effects, with implications for both basic research and clinical practice.

C3G improves lipid droplet accumulation in the proximal tubules of high-fat diet-induced ORG mice.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) represents an escalating public health with no effective treatments currently available. Abnormal lipid metabolism and lipid droplet deposition in the kidneys are key contributors to ORG. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) has shown potential in regulating lipid metabolism and may offer reno-protective effects; however, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms in ORG remain unclear. An ORG mouse model was established, followed by an 8-week C3G intervention. The mice were divided into three groups: normal control (CT) group, ORG group, and C3G treatment group. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics of feces-serum-kidney, and kidney single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of C3G. Compared to CT mice, ORG mice exhibited elevated serum CHO, TG, Cys-C, UACR, urinary Kim-1, and NAG levels, along with glomerular hypertrophy and tubular injury. These biochemical and pathological indicators improved following C3G treatment. Fecal 16S analysis revealed reduced gut microbiota diversity in ORG mice compared to CT mice, while C3G intervention increased gut microbiota diversity. Metabolic profiling of feces, serum, and kidney indicated reprogramming of glycerophospholipid metabolism in ORG mice, ameliorated by C3G treatment. Further analysis demonstrated that abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolites correlated with blood lipids, urinary protein, urinary tubular injury markers, and gut microbiota, specifically Lachnospiraceae and Blautia. Additionally, scRNA-seq analysis identified activation of the PPARγ/CD36 pathway in proximal tubule cells (PTCs) of ORG mice. C3G improved abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism and alleviated injury in PTCs by inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway. C3G reduces lipid droplet accumulation in the PTCs of ORG mice by modulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway. These findings offer new insights and therapeutic targets for ORG.

Bioavailability of Anthocyanin Cyanidin-3-Glucoside from Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Extract after Co-Administration with Allyl Isothiocyanate in Rats

Black rice (BR) is beneficial for the health of animals and humans. Herein, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a major anthocyanin constituent of BR, in male rats. After its intravenous administration, C3G was rapidly distributed throughout the body and disappeared from the plasma. Its cumulative urinary excretion accounted for less than 20% of the dose administered. After a single dose of BR extract (C3G40) containing C3G was orally administered (300 mg C3G/kg body weight), the C3G plasma concentration peaked at 30 min and then rapidly declined within 4 h. The extent of the cumulative urinary excretion of C3G, together with the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma C3G concentration, indicated a bioavailability of approximately 0.5-1.5%. These results suggest that C3G was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in rats; however, its plasma concentration was very low. We also examined the enhancing effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a pungent component of wasabi, on the gastrointestinal absorption of C3G in rats. Following the co-administration of C3G with AITC dissolved in PEG200, the urinary excretion and AUC of C3G were 4.5- and 2.7-fold higher than those in the control group (without AITC) (p<0.01), respectively. This is the first study to show that the gastrointestinal absorption of BR anthocyanins is promoted by AITC.

Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

Purple corn pericarp, a processing waste stream, is an extremely rich source of phytochemicals. Optimal polyphenol extraction parameters were identified using response surface methodology (RSM) by combining a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. After DES characterization, Plackett-Burman design was used to screen five explanatory variables, namely, time, Temp (temperature), water, Amp (amplitude), and S/L (solid-to-liquid ratio). The total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total polyphenol concentration (TPC), and condensed tannin (CT) concentration were the response variables. After identifying significant factors, the Box-Behnken design was utilized to identify the optimal extraction parameters. The experimental yields under the optimized conditions of time (10 min), temperature (60 °C), water concentration (42.73%), and amplitude (40%) were 36.31 ± 1.54 g of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), 103.16 ± 6.17 g of gallic acid (GA), and 237.54 ± 9.98 g of epicatechin (EE) per kg of pericarp, with a desirability index of 0.858. The relative standard error among the predicted and experimental yields was <10%, validating the robustness of the model. HPLC analysis identified seven phytochemicals, and significant antioxidant activities were observed through four distinct assays. Metabolomic profiling identified 57 unique phytochemicals. The UAE technique combined with DES can efficiently extract polyphenols from purple corn pericarp in a short time.

Effects of black soybean peel anthocyanins on the structural and functional properties of wheat gluten.

Wheat gluten (WG) is a crucial cereal protein commonly utilized in the food, biological and pharmaceutical industries. However, WG is poorly soluble in water, resulting in poor functional properties, which restrict its application in the food industry. As a result, there is an urgent need for improving the properties of WG. This study was conducted to examine the functional properties of WG after binding with black soybean peel anthocyanin extract (BAE). Results showed that BAE enhanced the solubility, water-holding and antioxidant capacity, foaming properties and emulsifying activity of WG, while decreasing the emulsion stability. The degree of hydrolysis of WG and retention rate of BAE became higher in the digested WG-BAE complex than in the control groups. Additionally, an analysis was conducted on the mechanism of interaction between cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and WG/gliadin (Gli)/glutenin (Glu). The secondary structure of WG/Gli/Glu was altered after adding C3G. C3G had high affinity for WG/Gli/Glu since their binding constants were greater than 104 L mol-1. The primary binding forces between C3G and WG/Gli were hydrophobic interactions, whereas the main interaction forces between C3G and Glu were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. Moreover, C3G increased the thermal stability and changed the network structure of WG/Gli/Glu. This study revealed that BAE effectively enhanced a range of functional properties of WG. The interaction between WG and BAE also improved the bioavailability and nutritional value of them. Furthermore, the interaction mode between BAE and WG was investigated. These findings lay a foundation for utilizing gluten-anthocyanins in the food sector. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Potential Role of Bioactive Compounds of Purple Corn as Breast Cancer Drug Candidates Through Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (Cdk6): An In-Silico Approach

Cancer is characterized by disorderly cell proliferation. Upregulation and activation of the Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (CDK6) signalling pathway can induce uncontrolled proliferation of breast cancer cells. Therefore, inhibition of CDK6 persists to be developed as a target for the design and development of potential drugs to treat breast cancer. This study aims to predict the biofunction of anthocyanin compounds from purple corn extract as Cyclin- Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (CDK6) inhibitors in silico. The research methods used include data mining, ligand and receptor preparation, molecular docking, docking visualization, and data analysis. Our results show that six compounds of purple corn extract (cyanidin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, peonidin, and peonidin-3-glucoside) can bind CDK6 at the C-terminal and N-terminal domains. The binding pattern indicated that cyanidin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, peonidin, and peonidin-3-glucoside bind to the identical site CDK6 residues as Palbociclib (control). This finding indicated that compounds from purple corn are most likely competitive inhibitors of CDK6. Peonidin-3-glucoside showed the lowest binding energy of -282.5 kcal/mol, close to palbociclib (-329.4 kcal/mol).

Evaluation of Whitening Effects and Identification of Potentially Active Compounds Based on Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis in Different Chrysanthemum Cultivar Extracts.

Chrysanthemum is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Chrysanthemum extracts are rich in bioactive compounds; however, there are few reports evaluating the whitening effects of organic chrysanthemum extracts. This study assessed the antioxidant and whitening effects of organic extracts from the petals of five chrysanthemum cultivars from Guangdong, China. Significant differences were observed among the five cultivars across various parameters, including IC50 values for tyrosinase inhibition activity, DPPH and ABTS values, UV absorption, and SPF values. Additionally, there were notable variations in total flavonoid, total phenolic, and chlorogenic acid contents. The BJ cultivar extract exhibited strong antioxidant capacity and superior whitening effects, containing the highest levels of total flavonoids, total phenolics, and chlorogenic acid. Correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between total flavonoid content and IC50 of DPPH, and between chlorogenic acid and both IC50 of ABTS and SPF. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of three representative cultivars (BJ, WYHJ, and JSHJ) identified 22 compounds potentially related to antioxidant and whitening effects. Compounds significantly correlated with multiple antioxidant or whitening indicators (p < 0.05, r > 0.8) included tangeritin, hydroquinone, eupatilin, quercetin 3-(6″-malonyl-glucoside), biochanin A, and cyanidin 3-glucoside. These compounds may play crucial roles in the antioxidant and whitening effects of chrysanthemum extracts. The results highlight the promising antioxidant and whitening properties of chrysanthemum extracts, with certain genotypes, such as BJ, showing potential as superior raw material sources.

Vasculo-Protective Effects of Standardized Black Chokeberry Extracts in Mice Aorta.

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa <Michx.> Elliot) represents a rich source of dietary polyphenols and other bioactive phytochemicals with pleiotropic beneficial cardiovascular effects. The present study was aimed at evaluating the ex vivo effects of two black chokeberry extracts (BChEs), obtained from either dry (DryAr) or frozen (FrozAr) berries, on oxidative stress and vascular function in mice aortic rings after incubation with angiotensin 2 (Ang 2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucose (GLUC) in order to mimic renin-angiotensin system activation, inflammation and hyperglycemia. The identification of phenolic compounds was performed by means of liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled with mass spectrometry using the electrospray ionization interface. The BChE obtained from the FrozAr was rich in cyanidin glucoside, rutin and caffeic acid, while the one obtained from the dried berries was rich in rutin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. Mice aortas were dissected and acutely incubated (12 h) with Ang2 (100 nM), LPS (1 µg/mL) or GLUC (400 mg/dL) in the presence vs. absence of the two BChEs (1, 10, 50, 75, 100, 500 µg/mL). Subsequently, the tissues were used for the assessment of (i) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide production (using two methods, spectrophotometry and immunofluorescence), (ii) H2O2 scavenger effect and (iii) vascular reactivity (using the organ bath/myograph system). After exposure to Ang2, LPS or GLUC, both types of extracts decreased the H2O2 and superoxide levels in a concentration-dependent manner starting from either 50 µg/mL or 100 µg/mL. Also, in the highest concentrations (100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL), both extracts elicited a significant scavenger effect on H2O2 (similar to catalase, the classic H2O2 scavenger). Moreover, at 100 µg/mL, both extracts were able to significantly improve vascular relaxation in all stimulated aortic rings. In conclusion, in mice aortas, black chokeberry extracts in acute application elicited a concentration-dependent vasculo-protective effect through the reduction of oxidative stress and the alleviation of endothelial dysfunction in ex vivo conditions that mimic cardio-metabolic diseases.

Anti-Allergic Effects of Lonicera caerulea L. Extract and Cyanidin-3-Glucoside on Degranulation and FcεRI Signaling Pathway of RBL-2H3 Cells

(i) Background: The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases highlights the need for effective treatments. Lonicera caerulea fruit has been recognized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects, but the mechanisms underlying its anti-allergic properties remain unclear. (ii) Objective: This study aims to evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) contents of Lonicera caerulea extract (HR2302-30E) and to investigate its antioxidant and anti-allergic activities. (iii) Methods: Using an IgE-stimulated RBL-2H3 cell model, we assessed the effects of HR2302-30E and C3G on mast cell degranulation, β-hexosaminidase and histamine release. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)β/γ and the phosphorylation of Src family kinases (Syk, Fyn). We also examined the phosphorylation of downstream factors phospholipase Cγ, protein kinase Cδ, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. (iv) Results: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and C3G contents of HR2302-30E were 18.73 mg GAE/g, 11.83 mg QE/g, and 7.02 mg/g, respectively. In IgE-activated mast cells, HR2302-30E and C3G inhibited β-hexosaminidase and histamine release. Western blot analysis revealed reduced expression of FcεRIβ/γ and decreased phosphorylation of key downstream signaling molecules. Conclusions: These findings suggest that HR2302-30E and C3G modulate FcεRI signaling, indicating their potential as natural anti-allergic agents.

Comparison on chemical, structural, thermal, functional and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides and phenolics co-extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) peels by different eco-friendly hybrid technologies

This project aimed to compare the characteristics of the polysaccharides and phenolics simultaneously isolated from the peels of mangosteen using two hybrid methods: ultrasound-microwave (UMAE) and enzyme-ultrasound assisted extraction (EUAE). The polysaccharides extracted from mangosteen peels had dark brown to yellow color and rough surface with irregularly shaped particles, an accomplished purification of 92.5-94.8%, medium degree of esterification (48-53%), two molecular weights (0.12 to 2.42 x 105 Da and 11.66 to 13.24 x 105 Da), thermal profiles of two endothermic peaks and one exothermic peak, and monosaccharide profiles rich in arabinose, glucose, and galactose. However, UMAE polysaccharides possessed higher methoxyl content (6.4%), anhydrouronic acid content (69%), but lower solubility (69%), equivalent weight (540 g/mol), total phenolic content (25.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)), anthocyanin content (37.5 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)/100 g DW), and antioxidant activity (24.9 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW) than EUAE ones (1.22%, 15%, 91%, 2300 g/mol, 42.1 mg GAE/g DW, 65.3 mg C3G/100 g DW, and 44.64 mg TE/g DW, respectively). Regarding the phenolics, both techniques produced the products with quite similar antioxidant properties in terms of total phenolics (222.7-230 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoids (62-78 mg rutin equivalent/g DW), anthocyanin (95-108 mg C3G/100 g DW). However, EUAE phenolic extract exhibited higher α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin content (approximately 50% higher) than UMAE one, leading to its higher antioxidant activity. In conclusion, both extraction methods provide eco-friendly ways to obtain valuable products from mangosteen peels with potential health benefits and diverse applications.

Untargeted metabolomics profiling of purple rice phenolics and their antioxidant activities

Phenolics in three purple rice varieties were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using untargeted metabolomics, and their antioxidant activities were also investigated. Jixuenuo showed the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content among the three varieties. Ninety-three phenolics across four categories (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans) were identified, with Jixuenuo showing the highest anthocyanin content. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) accounted for over 90% of total anthocyanin content. The volcano plot analysis identified 53 differential phenolics, 22 of which were classified as major. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in flavonoids biosynthesis pathways. Jixuenuo showed significantly enhanced biosynthesis in the pathways for cyanidin, dihydromyricetin, epicatechin, C3G, myricetin, and rutin. Correlation analysis indicated that these flavonoids were significantly positively correlated with antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These findings suggest that specific flavonoids in Jixuenuo may serve as markers for evaluating the antioxidant potential of purple rice.

Enhanced anti-inflammatory effects and metabolic profiles of cyanidin-3-glucoside via nanoliposomal encapsulation in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 co-culture system

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) has been found to prevent/treat intestinal disease and maintain gut homeostasis. Numerous studies have proved that nanoliposomes can improve the absorption and utilization of food nutrients. However, the impacts of C3G nanoliposomes (C3G-NL) are still unkown. This study investigated the effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside nanoliposomes (C3G-NL) on intestinal inflammation and permeability using a Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture model. ELISA and qPCR results showed that C3G-NL reduced pro-inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, while inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK pathway. C3G-NL also improved intestinal barrier integrity by increasing transepithelial electrical resistance and upregulating tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-1). Additionally, C3G-NL enhanced C3G metabolism, leading to the formation of intermediary metabolites like chalcone and dihydroflavonols, which contributed to the synthesis of other anthocyanins (delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin). Overall, C3G-NL helps mitigate inflammation and restore tight junction integrity via metabolic regulation.

New Insights into pH-dependent Complex Formation between Lignosulfonates and Anthocyanins: Impact on Color and Oxidative Stability.

Anthocyanins have limited application as natural colorants and antioxidants due to their color loss and instability under certain conditions. This research explores the formation of a complex between lignosulfonates (LS) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) using a multitechnique approach as well as the effect on C3G's red color, oxidative stability, and antioxidant activity in acidic mediums. All data revealed pH-dependent LS-C3G interactions. The thermodynamic parameters showed weak noncovalent interactions, mainly electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effect, with a higher association constant determined at pH 3. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential experiments further corroborate evidence of these LS-C3G interactions. Fluorescence quenching and lifetime experiments revealed static and dynamic quenching at pH 1 and 3, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy demonstrated a bathochromic shift upon complex formation and a hyperchromic effect at pH 3 and 4, as a consequence of the improved red color of C3G. Electrochemical results suggested that at pH 3 the LS enhances C3G stability by protecting its oxidizable moieties over time, as well as improving the antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin in the complex.

Effect of Fluridone on Roots and Leaf Buds Development in Stem Cuttings of Salix babylonica (L.) 'Tortuosa' and Related Metabolic and Physiological Traits.

The herbicide fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-trifluoromethyl (phenyl)]-4(1H)-pyridone) interferes with carotenoid biosynthesis in plants by inhibiting the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene. Fluridone also indirectly inhibits the biosynthesis of abscisic acid and strigolactones, and therefore, our study indirectly addresses the effect of reduced ABA on the roots and leaf buds development in stem cuttings of Salix babylonica L. 'Tortuosa'. The stem cuttings were kept in distilled water (control) or in a solution of fluridone (10 mg/L) in natural greenhouse light and temperature conditions. During the experiments, morphological observations were carried out on developing roots and leaf buds, as well as their appearance and growth. After three weeks of continuous treatments, adventitious roots and leaf buds were collected and analysed. Identification and analysis of anthocyanins were carried out using micro-HPLC-MS/MS-TOF, while HPLC-MS/MS was used to analyse phenolic acids, flavonoids and salicinoids. The fluridone applied significantly inhibited root growth, but the number or density of roots was higher compared to the control. Contents of salicortin and salicin were several dozen times higher in leaf buds than in roots of willow. Fluridone increased the content of salicortin in roots and leaf buds and declined the level of salicin in buds. Fluridone also declined the content of most anthocyanins in roots but enhanced their content in buds, especially cyanidin glucoside, cyanidin galactoside and cyanidin rutinoside. Besides, fluridone markedly decreased the level of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaf buds. The results indicate that applied fluridone solution reduced root growth, caused bleaching of leaf buds, and markedly affected the content of secondary metabolites in the adventitious roots and leaf buds of S. babylonica stem cuttings. The paper presents and discusses in detail the significance of fluridone's effects on physiological processes and secondary metabolism.

Phenolic Metabolites Protocatechuic Acid and Vanillic Acid Improve Nitric Oxide Bioavailability via the Akt-eNOS Pathway in Response to TNF-α Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Endothelial Cells.

Background/Objectives: Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability secondary to excess-superoxide-driven oxidative stress is central to endothelial dysfunction. Previous studies suggest that phenolic metabolites may improve NO bioavailability, yet limited research is available in response to an inflammatory mediator. Therefore, we assessed the effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and its phenolic metabolites protocatechuic acid (PCA) and vanillic acid (VA) on NO bioavailability in a TNF-α induced inflammatory environment. Methods: Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were supplemented with either C3G, PCA, or VA at 1 μM for 24 h before being stimulated with TNF-α 20 ng/mL for an additional 24 h. Measurements included cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite concentrations, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt at the mRNA and protein level. Results: Phenolic metabolites did not increase the eNOS expression or nitrite levels in the unstimulated environment; rather, the metabolites mediated NO bioavailability in response to TNF-α induced oxidative stress, with increased viability, eNOS mRNA, phosphorylation, and nitrite levels. Conclusions: Phenolic metabolites, in the presence of TNF-α, can improve NO bioavailability at physiologically relevant concentrations via the Akt-eNOS pathway. This demonstrates that the induction of inflammation is a prerequisite for phenolic metabolites to promote protective properties in endothelial cells by activating the Akt-eNOS pathway.

Acylated Anthocyanins From Black Carrots and Their Related Phenolic Acids Diminish Priming and Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in THP-1 Monocytes.

Excessive activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to chronic inflammation. Thus, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by anthocyanins may prevent inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the present study determines the influence of a black carrot extract (BCE) with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids on the NLRP3 inflammasome. THP-1 monocytes are pretreated with a BCE, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), or hydroxycinnamic acids. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is initiated by priming THP-1 monocytes with lipopolysaccharide and/or activating the NLRP3 inflammasome with nigericin. Flow cytometry is used to assess apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation, as well as ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. Caspase-1 activity is measured using a bioluminescent assay, and cytokine concentrations are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). C3G and phenolic acids diminish ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. In addition, C3G and phenolic acids attenuate ASC speck formation. Furthermore, the BCE and C3G decline caspase-1 activity. Consistently, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion are reduced upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The present study shows that a BCE with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids diminish priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 monocytes.

Green extraction and partial purification of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts with high amounts of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial effects.

The aim of this study is to develop roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts with high amounts of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial effects using green extraction technique. Roselle extract prepared by ultrasonic extraction with 80% ethanol and 1% hydrochloric acid (RSUEH) promoted the highest yield and high total phenolic (5.21±0.05g% gallic acid equivalent of dried extract), total flavonoid (1.29±0.06g% quercetin equivalent of dried extract), and total anthocyanin contents (0.21±0.00 and 0.44±0.00g% cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent of dried extract determined by pH-differential method with standard calculation and pH-differential method with standard curve of cyanidin 3-glucoside, respectively). From the validated high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, delphinidin-3-sambubioside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside were found to be the major anthocyanins in roselle extract. This extract exhibited moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect (EC50 289.61±0.16µg/mL) and strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the range of 0.15±0.05 to 4.64±0.07mg/mL and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 1.66±0.06 to 7.11±1.05mg/mL. From partial purification, fraction 28 (F28) contained higher amounts of all analyzed phytochemicals than roselle extracts and promoted stronger DPPH scavenging effects (EC50 54.88±2.23µg/mL). F28 showed antibacterial activity with IC50 values against all tested bacteria in the range of 0.19±0.07 to 4.69±0.09mg/mL, and the MIC values ranged from 2.46±0.08 to 6.24±0.09mg/mL.

Interactions with peanut protein isolate regulate the bioaccessibility of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside: Multispectral analysis, simulated digestion, and molecular dynamic simulation

Anthocyanins are susceptible to degradation owing to environmental factors. Combining them with proteins can improve their stability; however, the interaction mechanism is difficult to elucidate. This study used multispectral and molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking methods to investigate the interaction mechanism between peanut protein isolate (PPI) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). The UV absorption peak and PPI turbidity increased, while the fluorescence intensity decreased with greater C3G content. Protein secondary structure changes suggested that PPI and C3G coexisted in spontaneous covalent and non-covalent interactions via static quenching. The complex structures were stable over time and C3G stably bound to the peanut globulin Ara h 3 cavity through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, PPI enhanced the C3G antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility by increasing its retention rate during in-vitro simulated digestion. This study elucidates the binding mechanism of PPI and C3G and provides insight into applications of the complex in food development.