1-day Delay Research Articles

Solid Tumour Models for the Assessment of Different Treatment Modalities: vii: Single vs Fractionated Doses of 5-Fluorouracil on Two Solid Tumours and Their Hosts

The effects of one large single dose of 5-fluorouracil (FU) have been compared to the same amount given in divided doses daily over a 3- or 5-day period. Comparison of the effects of single vs fractionated dosage was made on 2 types of experimental solid tumour with different growth, cell kinetic, histological and metastasizing properties. The tumour response was essentially the same for both the single and fractionated dose schedules.There were marked increases in animal mortality from drug toxicity following fractionated doses of FU compared to one large single dose. Mortality in animals with Tumour 3924A increased from 10% following one large single dose to 60% for animals given daily fractionated doses for 3 days, and 80% for animals given daily fractionated doses for 5 days. Total marrow reserve was measured by the total DNA content of tibial marrow. The nadir of 6 days for loss of total tibial marrow DNA following one large dose of FU was increased to 9 days for both fractionated schedules of FU. The 3-day delay in recovery of the marrow prevented recovery within the time frame necessary for animal survival. The inference from these experimental cancer-treatment studies is that daily fractions of chemotherapeutic agents such as FU result in increased morbidity and mortality, without benefit in the control of the solid tumour. The results question the advisability of the clinical practice of initially giving small daily "loading doses" of proliferation-dependent agents such as FU.These results emphasize the need for more precise information on the temporal relationship between the response and recovery of the host and the response and recovery of the solid tumour. They also emphasize the need for a better clinical understanding of the time sequence of solid-tumour recovery in relation to the time sequence of marrow recovery.

Use of Glyphosate in Sod Seeding Alfalfa(Medicago sativa)Establishment

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) did not reduce significantly the percent germination of either ‘Saranac’ or ‘Vernal’ cultivars of alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) grown in petri dishes. Glyphosate at 10−5M significantly reduced shoot length of both cultivars. Vernal alfalfa appeared to be more susceptible to glyphosate than the Saranac cultivar. Soil applications of glyphosate also had no effect on percent emergence of either cultivar and reduced plant height only of Vernal when applied to the soil at 17.9 kg/ha. Applications of glyphosate at 2.2, 4.5, and 9.0 kg/ha to a Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensisL.) sod in a simulated sod seeding alfalfa establishment study in the greenhouse reduced dry weight of both alfalfa cultivars; Vernal was affected more adversely than Saranac. Application of 2.2 kg/ha glyphosate in four management systems showed that a 3-day planting delay after spraying reduced growth inhibition of alfalfa seeded in treated sod. These results were similar to those obtained with paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) in these management systems. Kentucky bluegrass clippings treated with paraquat 3 days or less before contact with alfalfa seedlings significantly reduced seedling dry weight. Clippings treated with glyphosate did not reduce alfalfa seedling dry weights significantly.

Comparative Persistence of Dinitroaniline Type Herbicides on the Soil Surface

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period to evaluate the persistence of several dinitroaniline herbicides. Incorporation of these herbicides was delayed for 1, 3, and 7 days after application. Herbicidal activity was assessed by a sorghum bioassay, and by GLC analysis of soil samples. Herbicides least affected by a 2-day delay in incorporation were oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide, nitralin 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline, butralin 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine, dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralinN-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline, and penoxalinN-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine. Of the herbicides evaluated, trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-P-toluidine) and profluralinN-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine, were the least persistent after a 1-day incorporation delay. Losses of nitralin, butralin, dinitramine, fluchloralin, penoxalin, trifluralin, profluralin, benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), and isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylcumidine) increased dramatically when incorporation was delayed 3 or more days. Persistence on the soil fur-face under field conditions was demonstrated the most by oryzalin. After incorporation, dinitramine was least persistent. The effects of temperature in UV light and dark on loss of dinitroaniline herbicides were demonstrated in the laboratory by applying the herbicide to TLC plates of soil. While herbicide losses did occur in 24 h of UV light, differences in herbicide losses were not significantly different between butralin, penoxalin, profluralin, trifluralin, isopropalin, oryzalin, nitralin, fluchloralin, and benefin. Dinitramine was most affected by the UV light. Butralin, oryzalin, nitralin, isopropalin, and dinitramine were least affected by 45 C in the dark with losses of 2 to 10% in 24 h. Profluralin, benefin, and trifluralin were found most volatile with losses of 35%, 25%, and 18%, in 24 h respectively. With increasing moisture levels, no significant increased losses were detected for butralin, nitralin, oryzalin, penoxalin, and isopropalin at the greater moisture contents. There was a moderate increase in the loss of dinitramine with increased soil moisture. AT 33% initial soil moisture, fluchloralin, benefin, and trifluralin were rapidly lost (75 to 94% in 24 h at 30 C). The trifluoro-methyl group was a common structural component where moisture affected the compound's loss. Application of the intermediate to very volatile dinitroanilines to moist soil surfaces without soil incorporation as soon as possible is not feasible unless higher rates of herbicide are applied.

The influence of delayed mating on the reproduction of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)

Abstract The influence of delayed mating on reproduction was studied for its possible value in the control of Ephestia cautella . When mating of both sexes was delayed for progressively longer periods, fecundity and fertility were both reduced correspondingly until no adult progeny were produced when mating was delayed for 8 days. Fecundity was also reduced where mating was delayed for females only. Female longevity increased from 6.8 days with no delay to 11.4 days with an 8-day delay. The period during which females could lay fertile eggs nevertheless was reduced from 5.4 days with no delay to 3.0 days with a 6-day delay. The number of eggs laid within 1 or 3 days after mating was also reduced as the delay was increased. Physiological causes of reduced fecundity in the female are discussed. Delayed mating induced by causes such as high background levels of sex pheromone is considered in relation to the control of E. cautella .

Effect of the interferon inducer, dextran phosphate, on influenza virus infection in mice.

Intraperitoneal administration of dextran phosphate (MW 40,000) or DP 40, an interferon inducer, was shown to increase the survival rate of mice infected with 10 LD50 dose of influenza A2 virus (H2N2). In the treated mice, a 1-day delay was evident in the virus growth in lung, and production of HAI antibody, when compared to the nontreated or dextran-treated controls. More significant was the 2-day delay in the development of lung consolidation, which leads to 40% survival of the treated mice. Mediation of the protection by the interferon induced by DP 40 was indicated.

Activity of Hydra Cells in vitro and in Regenerating Cell Reaggregates

Hydra were disaggregated into single cells and maintained in a complex medium for a few days. The cells are capable of macromolecular synthesis, of processing RNA, and of carrying out the formation of a nematocyst capsule. Single cells can be centrifuged into aggregates which will develop into normal hydra. Changes in morphology and cell composition are described. Interstitial cells after a 1-day delay resume their normal mitotic and differentiation activity in the aggregates. The method provides new means for studying problems of cell differentiation in hydra.

One reason why we rarely forget a face

We wished to demonstrate that recognition memory for pictures depends at least in part on the perceiver’s construction of a coherent organized perception, rather than only on some independently ascertained stimulus variables. To do this, we used the very high contrast drawings of faces developed by Mooney. Each of these appears as what initially looks like a random assemblage of black and white elements. But is it possible for the perceiver to organize the components into a structure-a structure in which a face is seen. These pictures are useful in this context because of their organizational ambiguity-something happens in the perceiver, not in the stimulus itself. Adult Ss were initially shown half of the pictures, which they inspected one at a time, and were asked for each if they saw a face or not. For recognition testing, they were then shown all of the pictures, again one at a time, and asked to indicate for each one whether it was new or old and if they saw a face or not. Recognition testing was given either immediately after the inspection series or delayed 3 days. A third group of Ss was tested with the pictures upside down. Recognition in all cases was significantly better for an old picture if the S saw a face in it during inspection and recognition testing. Further, a new picture was more likely to be called “new” if it was seen as a face during recognition. These results were also found after a 3-day retention delay. These, plus subsidiary analyses, were taken as strong support for the intended demonstration that organizational properties of perceptual memory are important determinants of the adequacy of that memory.

Letter: Some effects of irradiation and delayed amputation upon regeneration in Tubularia crocea.

Tubularia crocea stems 10 to 15 mm long were cut from colonies and ligated at both ends to prevent regeneration. Observations of unirradiated specimens showed that by 40 hr after cutting all the T. crocea had regenerated. Observation for 7 days after a dose of 150,000 R, showed no regeneration of hydranths. When regeneration was allowed to take place at 22 deg to 24 deg C, a dose of 50,000 R delayed the process by about 1 day in specimens cut at 0 and 1 day after irradiation. Nine of the 10 stems cut at 1 day and 5 cut at 2 days after irradiation regenerated. When regeneration took place at 24 deg to 25 deg C, it was found that 6 of the 10 stems cut at one day and 2 of those cut at 2 days regenerated. Stems cut immediately after irradiation showed regeneration in 7 out of 10 cases, All controls regenerated, though at the higher temperature many of the controls and irradiated specimens fuiled to keep their regenerated hydranths, the irradiated stems losing regenerates faster. Some delay was also seen in stems receiving a dose of 5000 R and maintained at 22 deg to 25 degmore » C. Delayed amputation effects were also seen. A 1-day delay after irradiation reduced the number of stems completing regeneration by 10%; 2 days by 40%, and 3 days by 70%. (UK)« less

Cross-protection immunization by Plasmodium and Babesia infections of rats and mice.

SummaryIn three experiments it was shown that mice that had recovered from P. chabaudi infection were resistant to challenging B. rodhaini infections. Mice that were challenged 1 week after recovery appeared to be more resistant than those challenged after 5 weeks. On the other hand, mice recovered from P. chabaudi appeared to be as susceptible as control mice when they were challenged with P. berghei. There was, however, in each of three experiments a 2- to 3-day delay in the development of P. berghei parasitemia in the mice recovered from infection with P. chabaudi.In two experiments it was evident that rats that had recovered from P. berghei infection were resistant to challenge with B. rodhaini. Resistance of rats in the converse situation is less clear since the resistance of rats recovered from infection with B. rodhaini was obscured by extremely high P. berghei parasitemia in three of 10 recovered rats.The results of these experiments suggest that part of the immunizing mechanisms in both malaria and babesiosis are nonspecific and that the same mechanism probably pertains in both infections. It is suggested that the serum antigens in acute infections, which have been shown to be both nonspecific and immunogenic in previous work, are primarily responsible for the observed results.The fact that mice that had recovered from P. chabaudi infection resisted B. rodhaini, but did not resist with P. berghei does not indicate that P. berghei is a more virulent parasite. In our experience B. rodhaini is as lethal for mice as is P. berghei. We believe that the apparent lack of resistance of these mice to P. berghei is a manifestation other mechanisms, that is, the selection of “immunity-resistant” variants or mutants by the immunized mice.

Factors Affecting the Visual Recognition of Incomplete Objects: A Comparative Investigation of Children and Adults

In earlier investigations of the visual recognition of incomplete objects it was found that development, distance, and delay influenced recognition scores (Gollin, 1960, 1961). Development was defined in terms of indicators such as CA, MA, and IQ. Distance was defined in terms of a gradation of completeness of representation of meaningful objects and represents a generalization continuum. Fig. 1 shows examples of the objects. All five objects are shown although only Sets I, 111, and V were used in this experiment. The most incomplete objects are designated Set I and the most complete are designated Set V. There are 20 objects altogether, each represented with five degrees of completeness. The generalization distance from V to I is greater than the generalization distance from 111 to I. Delay is defined as the extent of time elapsing between completion of training and the onset of testing. In the earlier experiments, groups of different developmental status were trained by being exposed ro and naming Set I11 or Set V displays and subsequently tested for their ability to recognize the Set I representations of the objects.' Set I11 training groups recognized significantly more Set I displays than did Set V training groups. There were no significant differences in recognition score means between groups trained on Set 111, either as a function of development, or as a function of delay. However, when Set V representations were used for training, significantly higher Set I recognition score means were achieved by older groups. Also, groups tested after a 1-min. delay recognized significantly more Set I representations than did groups tested after a 1-day delay. Development and delay were found to be interactive with distance but not with each other. Thus, by increasing distance between training and test, the recognition scores of younger groups were depressed to a greater extent than those of older groups. Furthermore, by increasing delay between training and test, groups trained on the more 'distant' stimuli (Set V) recognized fewer Set I objects as delay increased. There was no interaction between delay and development. There had been reason to expect that the 1-day delay groups would achieve higher recognition scores than the 1-min. delay groups since Bindra and Cameron

Crimes: Effect of Non-Compliance with Statute Requiring 3-Day Delay between Plea and Judgment

Crimes: Effect of Non-Compliance with Statute Requiring 3-Day Delay between Plea and Judgment