3-5years Of Age Research Articles

How old is too old to fight in boxing?

Professional boxing is a popular combat sport worldwide. It is a physically demanding sport, and professional boxers are usually in their mid to late 20’s. At around 35-years of age most boxers begin to show signs of physical decline. Boxers hence begin to retire from professional boxing around 35-years of age. Recently older combatants are entering the ring and cage to ply their trade. These are either former professional combatant who is choosing to come out of retirement or celebrities who are getting pitted against each other in exhibition boxing matches (popularly referred to as celebrity boxing). Many of these “combatants” are on the wrong side of 40, have little to no formal training in combat sports and poor physical conditioning. Boxing and MMA are referred to as combat sports. Neurological, orthopedic, and ophthalmological injuries are common. While some are life threatening others has the potential to cause lifelong disability. Boxers sometimes die in the ring due to acute traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH). Concern is hence raised for the health and wellbeing of these older athletes. Should an athlete above the age of 40 compete in professional boxing? How old is too old to fight in boxing?

TRAUMATIC BRAINSTEM INJURY DUE TO BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA: AN AUTOPSY CASE REPORT

Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients under 35-years of age and the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, but primary traumatic brainstem injury after blunt force trauma to the head is a rare event. A forensic autopsy was performed on a 35 years old female who was found dead in an apartment building with both her hands and feet tied together and mouth closed with duct tape. External examination showed the victim suffered from blunt force trauma to the head, face, both arms and legs. Internal examination of the body showed hematomas on the scalp, temporal muscles and deep neck muscles and organs, subarachnoid, intraventricular and brainstem haemorrhage and contusion, along with signs of asphyxiation. Trauma to the occipital region of the head not only can cause traumatic brain injury but can also cause trauma to the brainstem as a result from acute hyperflexion of the neck. Haemorrhages and contusions of the brainstem can lead to changes in the respiratory system, depending on the location of the lesions. Cause of death was concluded to be force trauma to the occipital region causing primary brainstem injury with the mechanism of death of asphyxia.

Obesity at Age 6 Months Is Associated with Shorter Preschool Leukocyte Telomere Length Independent of Parental Telomere Length

To assess whether early modifiable dietary factors and obesity measures are associated with leukocyte telomere length at 3-5years of age after controlling for the heritability of leukocyte telomere length in a prospective cohort of low-income Latina mothers and their children in San Francisco. We analyzed data from the Latinx, Eating and Diabetes cohort, a prospective study of 97 woman-infant dyads. We used linear regression models to evaluate associations between early dietary factors and obesity measures and child leukocyte telomere length at 3-5years of age. Multivariable models included child age at the time of telomere collection, breastfeeding at 6months (yes/no), obesity at 6months, maternal education, child sex, and maternal and paternal leukocyte telomere length. Data for 73 of the 97 children at 3-5years of age were analyzed. Any breastfeeding at 6months was positively associated (β=0.14; P=.02) and obesity at 6months was negatively associated (β=-0.21; P<.001) with leukocyte telomere length in bivariate analyses. In multivariable models including parental leukocyte telomere length, obesity at 6months was associated with a shorter leukocyte telomere length at 3-5years of age (β=-0.15; P=.02). Analyses of dietary factors showed high flavored milk consumption at 3years of age was associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length after adjustment for possible confounders. In a low-income Latinx population, obesity at 6months of age is negatively associated with cellular health at 3-5years of age after controlling for genetic factors (parental leukocyte telomere length) associated with leukocyte telomere length. Early life obesity may be more deleterious for cellular health than obesity later in childhood.

Association of state vision screening requirements with parent-reported vision testing in young children

To examine the relationship between state school vision screening requirements and the likelihood that children 3-5years of age receive vision testing. We obtained nationally representative data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health on children ages 3-5 (n=7,567) and used available sources to compile state policies that mandate childhood vision testing. We calculated the rates of parent-reported vision testing for each state and fit logistic regression models using survey-based estimation methods with nationally representative weights. Our models controlled for factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and insurance coverage. Additional analyses added comorbidities that may lead to an eye care provider referral. Parent-reported vision testing rates by state ranged from 41% to 84%. A significant association was found between the presence of state-level vision screening requirements and parent-reported vision testing, which remained after controlling for comorbidities (aOR=1.374; P=0.016). Of these comorbidities, arthritis, blindness, and very low birth weight were associated with a higher rate of vision screening (all P<0.05). The presence of a state-level school vision screening requirement is associated with increased parent-reported vision testing in children 3-5years of age. This suggests that state policy may ensure timely screening for amblyopia and other sight-threatening complications.

Medical conditions of Omer Seyfettin (1884-1920), the father of Turkish short stories, enshrined as a mystery.

Born in 1884 in Balıkesir, Turkey, Ömer Seyfettin was a leading figure among modern Turkish short story writers whose death in 1920 at the age of 36 led to long-term speculations about his fatal illness. In order to pay homage to his memory in the centennial of his death and to shed light on his later medical condition, this paper seeks to reexamine his last days from a medico-historical perspective. Our findings indicate that there was a notable decline in his health occurring after 1917 when he was confined to social isolation. A carbuncle was diagnosed in his posterior neck when he was 35-years of age and not satisfactorily treated. In late February 1920, he developed progressive symptoms over two weeks consisting initially of a headache, followed by fever, delirium, hallucinations, and diplopia. These clinical signs and symptoms are clinically suggestive of a septic encephalopathy presumably caused by staphylococcus aureus infection secondary to the carbuncle, or perhaps by one of the myriad causes of viral meningoencephalitis.

A multilevel analysis of craniofacial growth in subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion.

To analyse the craniofacial growth of a long-term semi-longitudinal sample of Caucasian subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion. A total of 144 Caucasian subjects (of North American and Italian origin) with untreated Class III malocclusion. Subjects aged 2years and 9months up to 21years and 7months were selected. A multilevel model was used to calculate growth curves for ten variables for both each individual subject and for the whole sample. There was a statistically significant increase for total mandibular length (Co-Gn. T2-T1=8.4mm), midfacial length (Co-A. T2-T1=3.4 mm) and lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me. T2-T1=3.8 mm). The multilevel analysis showed two points of acceleration of growth (about 3-5years of age and 11-15years of age) for seven out of ten variables. For Co-Gn and Co-A variables, males presented points of maximum growth delayed by 1year in comparison with females, with a greater duration (1year longer) and a greater total growth of about 5mm. Active mandibular growth continued for a long time after the pubertal spurt: increases in mandibular length ended at about 17years of age in females and at 21years and 7months in males. Untreated Class III malocclusion showed a specific growth curve, especially for the mandible, whose excesses added up over time. In males, the amounts of mandibular and midfacial growth during the whole observation time were greater and lasted longer than in females.

Socioemotional developmental surveillance in young children: monitoring and screening best identify young children that require mental health treatment.

Widely recommended socioemotional developmental surveillance methods include monitoring and development screening techniques. Currently, very little research has compared the effectiveness of monitoring and screening together, and existing research primarily focuses on the relationship between surveillance techniques and referrals or receipt of early intervention (EI). This study investigates the relationship between monitoring and screening and mental health treatment receipt in 3-5year olds. The authors conducted logistic regression analyses on data from the National Surveys of Children's Health (NSCH; 2007) and NSCH (2011/2012) on the odds of mental health treatment receipt in children aged 3-5years of age who either received (a) screening only, (b) monitoring only, (c) both monitoring and screening, or (d) no monitoring or screening. Sociodemographic control variables were also considered. In both 2007 and 2011/2012 datasets, monitoring and screening together was the best predictor of mental health treatment receipt. Neither screening alone nor monitoring alone was associated with mental health treatment receipt. Children who received monitoring and screening together had the greatest odds of treatment receipt compared with children receiving screening only, monitoring only, or no monitoring or screening.

Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: A case-population study

BackgroundInfluenza is a common cause of severe respiratory illness, but risk factors for hospitalisation in low income settings with a high HIV prevalence are not well described. We aimed to assess risk factors associated with influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalisation in South Africa. MethodsWe conducted a case-population study using data on risk conditions in patients hospitalised with SARI and the national prevalence of these conditions. Data on hospitalised cases were from the national SARI surveillance program while data on the referent population were from the latest national census or health and demographic surveillance surveys. FindingsFrom 2009 to 2012, we identified 3646 (7.9%) of 46,031 enrolled cases of SARI that were associated with influenza infection. Risk factors associated with hospitalisation included previous history of smoking [case-population ratio (CPR) 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–4.16], HIV infection (CPR 3.61, 95% CI 3.5–3.71), asthma (CPR 2.45, 95% CI 2.19–2.73), previous history of hospital admission in the past 12months (CPR 2.07, 95% CI 1.92–2.23), and tuberculosis (CPR 1.85, 95% CI 1.68–2.02). When stratified by age, there is increased risk of hospitalisation in those ⩽5yearsof age (CPR 3.07, 95% CI 2.93–3.21) and among those 35yearsof age and above (CPR 1.23, 95% CI 1.28–1.18). Male sex (CPR 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.88) and completion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedule in children <5yearsof age (CPR 0.74, 95% CI 0.71–0.77) were associated with decreased risk of hospitalisation. ConclusionThese results identify groups at high-risk for severe influenza who should be considered potential targets for influenza vaccination in South Africa and similar settings.

Clinical factors associated with moderate hyperopia in preschool children with normal stereopsis and visual acuity

A total of 117 children 3-5years of age with moderate hyperopia in at least one eye, age-normal unaided visual acuity, age-normal stereoacuity, no significant anisometropia or astigmatism, and no strabismus were enrolled in a 3-year randomized clinical trial to compare visual outcomes and ocular alignment in children assigned to immediate glasses or to observation and glasses if deterioration of visual acuity, stereoacuity, or alignment occurred. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate relationships among baseline characteristics. We found a moderate association between higher amounts of uncorrected hyperopia and greater accommodative lag (n=57; R=0.31; 95% CI, 0.05-0.53). Higher amounts of hyperopia were weakly associated with worse uncorrected distance visual acuity (n=117; R=0.24; 95% CI, 0.06-0.41), and better stereoacuity was weakly associated with better uncorrected near acuity (n=99; R=0.24; 95% CI, 0.04-0.42).

Motor Skill Competence and Physical Activity in Preschoolers: A Review.

Objectives Preschoolers 3-5years of age are in a crucial stage of motor skill competence. While preschoolers develop their motor skill competence through engagement in physical activity, a majority of them fail to meet guideline-recommended physical activity level. This study reviews scientific evidence on the relationship between motor skill competence and physical activity among preschoolers. Methods This systematic review followed the PRISMA framework. Keyword and reference search were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria included-age: 3-5years of age; setting: preschool environment (e.g., preschool, childcare, head start); main outcomes: motor skill competence and physical activity; study design: cross-sectional study, case-control study, retrospective cohort study, prospective cohort study, or randomized controlled trial; language: English; and article type: peer-reviewed publication. Results Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, including 6 randomized controlled trials and 5 cross-sectional studies. Studies were conducted in 5 countries: United States (5), United Kingdom (2), Australia (2), Switzerland (1), and Finland (1). Eight out of the 11 studies included in the review reported a significant relationship between motor skill competence and physical activity. The specific pattern and strength of the relationship tend to differ by gender, physical activity intensity, motor skill type, and day of the week (weekdays versus weekends). Conclusions An association has been consistently documented between motor skill competence and physical activity. Future research is warranted to elucidate the underlining causal link, examine potential heterogeneity, and determine the role of environment in the relationship between motor skill competence and physical activity among preschoolers.

Sugar consumption and dental caries experience in Kenya

There have been claims that dental caries experience and prevalence in Kenya has been increasing as a result of increased sugar consumption. A review of the literature in 1986 failed to link dental caries experience with an increase in gross national sugar consumption. Subsequently, a number of studies were conducted, necessitating further review to examine trends in dental caries experience and to relate this to changes in per capita sugar consumption. Studies conducted since 1980 for children 3-15years of age were examined. Dental caries prevalence and experience for 3-5years' (deciduous teeth) and 12years' (permanent teeth) age groups were analysed. Calculation of per capita sugar consumption was performed using gross national annual sugar consumption for 1969-2009 national population census years. There was a gradual increase in per capita sugar consumption, from 35.5g/day in 1969 to 60.8g/day in 2009. Dental caries experience in deciduous teeth for children 3-5years of age increased from a decayed, missing and filled teeth/decayed and filled teeth (dmft/dft) index of 1.5 in the 1980s to 2.95 in the 2000s. At 12years of age, caries experience for permanent teeth increased from a DMFT of 0.2 to a DMFT of 0.92 over the same period. Dental caries prevalence for both deciduous and permanent teeth also increased with time. These observations suggest that dental caries prevalence and experience increased with time, in parallel to an increase in per capita sugar consumption. However, a clearer understanding can be derived from longitudinal studies, based on actual household age-specific sugar consumption and dental caries incidence.

Global burden of dental condition among children in nine countries participating in an international oral health promotion programme, 2012–2013

The Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2 programme is a unique global partnership between FDI World Dental Federation and Unilever Oral Care which aims to provide measurable improvement of oral health on a global scale through encouraging twice-daily brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. It was based on international recommendations using the principles of health promotion within school for the implementation of preventive health strategies. This paper is an overview of the dental caries condition of children from 2012 to 2013 in nine countries included in four World Health Organisation (WHO) regions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in each country before the implementation of health-promotion measures focused on twice-daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste. The sample was based on stratified sampling according to the WHO pathfinder recommendations. From a total of 7,949 children examined, there were 517 children (1-2 years of age), 1,667 preschool children (3-5years of age) and 5,789 schoolchildren (6-13years of age). The prevalence and severity of primary dental caries, early childhood caries and temporary dental caries were described using decayed, filled teeth (dft), permanent decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) indices and the significant caries index (SCI). The major findings were a high prevalence of caries, identification of high-risk groups and inequality in the distribution of the severity of dental conditions. Aggregated data from this overview should provide justification for implementing an oral health programme. The main point is the need to retain and expand the community fluoridation programme as an effective preventive measure. At the individual level, the aggregated data identify the need for more targeted efforts to reach children early - especially among specific high-risk groups.

Commentary: Beyond stressful life events and depression? – reflections on Bogdan et al. ()

In light of continuing disagreement, even at the meta-analytic level, as to whether the gene-×-environment (G×E) interaction involving 5-HTTLPR and stressful life events (SLEs) predicts depression, Bogdan and associates (this issue, Bogdan etal., 2014) sought to extend research on what has become a highly controversial general (GxE) and specific (5HTTLPR X SLEs) arena of inquiry. Thus, rather than seeking to replicate this specific GXE interaction in another sample of adolescents or adults, these investigators shifted the developmental focus-to very young children, aged 3-5years of age. This re-direction was motivated by the kindling hypothesis which stipulates that the earliest episodes of depression might be especially sensitive to environmental adversity, with later episodes very much dependent on earlier ones and less a function of later-life environmental provocation. Thus, the investigators reasoned that the controversial G×E interaction might actually prove more evident and exert a more pronounced impact early in childhood than at older ages where they have been so extensively studied.

Established and Emerging Biomarkers in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma.

In an era of personalized medicine, disease specific biomarkers play an increasing role in the stratification of high-risk patient groups. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer with an ever-increasing global incidence, especially in patients under 35-years of age. Despite the excellent prognosis for patients diagnosed with early stage disease, metastatic disease still carries significant overall mortality. Biomarkers aim not only to identify high-risk patients, but also to provide potential therapeutic targets for differing patient subgroups. Furthermore, accessibility to tissue samples from a range of disease stages in malignant melanoma, unlike most other solid tissue tumours, provides the unique opportunity to explore the biology of tumour progression that may be relevant in the biology of cancer as a whole. Over the past decade, there have been major advances in targeted therapies, providing new avenues and hope to patients with this devastating disease. This review will focus on most up to date histological, serological and molecular biomarkers in malignant melanoma.

Prevalence and classification of rhinitis in preschool children in Portugal: a nationwide study

Information on rhinitis epidemiology in preschool children is scarce. To estimate, in children with 3-5years of age, current rhinitis prevalence, to describe rhinitis symptoms and associated sociodemographic characteristics, and to report allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) classification. Cross-sectional, nationwide, population-based study including children aged 3-5years. A multistep selection strategy was used to obtain a representative sample. Data were collected at kindergartens and parish centers by face-to-face interview to caregivers, using an adapted ISAAC questionnaire. 'Current rhinitis' (CR) was defined as the presence of ≥1 rhinitis symptom (repeated sneezing and/or itchy nose, blocked nose for >1h, or runny nose without having a cold/flu) in the last year. Rhinitis lasting ≥4days/week and ≥4 consecutive weeks was classified as persistent. Moderate-severe disease interfered 'a moderate amount' or 'a lot' in daily activities. Five thousand and eighteen children were included. CR prevalence was 43.4% [95% CI (42.0-44.8%); n=2179] and that of physician-diagnosed rhinitis was 11.7% [95% CI (10.8-12.6%); n=588]. Of children with CR, 67% reported blocked nose, 48% rhinorrhea, and 46% sneezing/itchy nose. Considering ARIA classification, 30% of the population had mild intermittent, 3% mild persistent, 7% moderate-severe intermittent, and 3% moderate-severe persistent rhinitis. Children with CR had more current wheezing, physician-diagnosed asthma, self-reported food allergy, and family history of allergic disease. These characteristics were also associated with persistent and moderate-severe rhinitis. This is the first nationwide population-based study reporting rhinitis prevalence and ARIA classification in preschool children. In this age-group, rhinitis is frequent and underdiagnosed. About 25% children with rhinitis presented moderate-severe disease.

Cerebral cavernous malformation: Clinical report of two families with variable phenotype associated with KRIT1 mutation

We report two families with a variable presentation in association with a KRIT1 mutation. The index patient in Family 1 was a 9-year old girl who presented with left hemi-dystonia and a cerebral cavernous malformation was identified in the right lentiform nucleus. The maternal grandmother presented with a spinal cavernoma, which was operated at 35-years of age. The mother presented with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood and underwent temporal lobe resection at 27-years of age. The second family has also presented variably with the youngest member of this family presenting with generalised tonic-clonic seizures at 18-months of age.We report both these families with variable presentation of an autosomal dominant condition and describe the phenotypic presentation in both these families in further detail and review the published literature on this condition.

Association of socio-economic status and dietary habits with early childhood caries among 3- to 5-year-old children of Belgaum city

To ascertain if there were any association of socio-demographic factors and dietary habits with early childhood caries (ECC). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,250 children 3-5years of age. A self-designed validated questionnaire was prepared comprising two parts, one pertaining to socio-demographic data and the other related to a 3-day diet diary. Socio-economic stratification was based on Kuppuswamy's classification. Diet history was obtained via a 3-day diet diary completed by the parents. A calibrated examiner conducted the oral examinations of the preschool children. Dental caries was assessed by using WHO criteria. Chi-square test and logistic regressions described the strength of the associations. The prevalence rate of ECC was 63.17%. Significant associations were obtained between ECC and age of the child, number of siblings in the family, mother's education, sucrose exposure in between meals, sucrose exposure at meals, total frequency of sucrose exposure, and total sweet score. However, non-significant association of ECC was observed with socio-economic status. Many of the socio-demographic and dietary factors were significantly associated with ECC. It would be appropriate to plan health education strategies for parents and care takers by inculcating socio-demographic factors with emphasis on reduced sucrose intake. ECC should be regarded as a serious public health problem.

Vocational choice, level, and consistency: An investigation of Holland's theory on an employed sample

Four-hundred men, classified into personality type and level on the basis of their full-time employment, completed six measures of interests and personality. These men, 25–35-years of age, also gave a brief occupational history and indicated their degree of satisfaction with their present employment in a test of Holland's theoretical statements and procedures concerning field, level, and consistency. The results indicated that the employed men (a) tended not to consistently possess the personality orientation appropriate to their jobs, (b) did not rate themselves on personality characteristics in accordance with Holland's theory, (c) tended to work at occupational levels predictable from the summation of intelligence and self-evaluation, and (d) when classified as “consistent,” using Holland's procedures, did not express greater job satisfaction or have greater job stability than individuals designated as “inconsistent.”