2nd Season Research Articles

Effect of Sulphur Application and some Foliar Feeding on Productivity and Roots Quality of Sugar Beet

A field experiment was conducted at El-Gemmeiza Agric. Res. Station, Gharbeya Governorate, Egypt during the two successive winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, to study the effect of sulphur ( 0, 40 and 80 kg/fad.) and three foliar spray treatments (mixture of FeSO­4 20%+MnSO43H2O 23%+ZnSO47H2O 23% +B as boric acid 17%) at 1%, blue green algae extract at 1 liter /fad. and yeast extract at 100 ml/liter water on growth , yield and root quality of sugar beet (cv Oskar poly) grown in a clay soil conditions. These treatments were arranged in a split plot in a complete block design with three replications. Sulphuer levels were randomly distributed in the main plots , while foliar spray treatments were randomly arranged in the sub plots. The interaction between sulphur at 80 kg/fad. and spraying with blue green algae extract at 1 liter / fad. gave the highest values of sugar beet shoots, roots and its components. While , the interaction between sulphur at 80 kg/fad. and spraying with the mixture of Fe+Zn+Mn+B at 1 % recorded maximum values of Fe, Zn, Mn and B in leaf tissues and roots. The increases in yield of sugar were about 32.8 and 56.3 % for the interaction between 80 kg S/fad. and spraying with blue green algae, 24.9 and 42.7 % for the interaction between 80 kg S/fad. and spraying with mixture of Fe+Zn+Mn+B over the interaction between 0 S and spraying with yeast extract in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Effect of magnetic saline irrigation water and soil amendments on growth and productivity of Kalamata olive cultivar

The field experiment was conducted at Al-Salam International for Development and Agricultural Investment private farm at 64 Kilometer (Cairo- Alexandria Desert Road), Egypt to study the effect of magnetic saline irrigation water (MW) and soil amendments; magnetic iron (MI) and Nile fertile (NF); on vegetative growth, fruit characteristics, nutrients statues in leaves, fruits and some soil properties, besides proline content in the leaves and fruits of Kalamata olive trees under soil salinity of 3430 ppm and water salinity of 3904 ppm during two successive seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018), and productivity at three seasons (2016-2017 / 2017-2018 and 2018-2019). The results showed that, MW and MI+NF enhanced vegetative growth significantly (shoot length, leaf density and leaf surface area), number of fruits/shoot, total yield/tree and fruit physical characteristics, as well as macro and micro nutrients content in leaves, fruits and soil during 1st and 2nd seasons. Proline content of leaves and fruits decreased in all treatments received (MW) compared to those of non magnetic saline irrigation (NMW). These results performed that, the soil irrigated with MW and amended with MI and Nile fertile achieved net income of about 36362.5 LE fed-1 (average tow growing seasons 2017 and 2018) for the olive grower in comparison with other treatments. It could be recommended to use MW and fertilization with MI (500 g/tree) +NF (2 kg/tree/year) under 3430 ppm soil salinity of and 3904 ppm water salinity to decrease salinity and enhance vegetative growth, yield characteristics and increase net income of Kalamata olive trees.

Sugar beet quality and juice purity of some sugar beet varieties (Beta vulgaris L.) grown in Toshka region, Egypt as effected by harvesting ages and storage conditions

The present study was carried out during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons at Desert Agricultural Research Station, Toshka, Aswan governorate, Egypt to find out the optimum harvesting age (165, 180, 195, and 210 days) for five multi-germ sugar beet varieties namely Oscar, poly, Athospoly, Sarah, Ravel and Friancesca. Addition to study the effect of post-harvest treatments and storage period on quality characteristics of tested sugar beet varieties. The results showed that the Ravel variety with an age of 195 days recorded the highest increase values of sucrose (20.39 and 19.70 %) as well as lowest decrease values with the age of 210 days (18.39 and 17.07%) during two seasons, respectively. Delaying the harvest age of sugar beet from 165 up to 195 and 210 days caused the increase in TSS % of sugar beet juice. Francesca variety produced the highest values of sugar beet juice TSS (22.75 and 22.45 %) in both seasons. Treatment by 1% Ca (OH)2 recorded the higher value of sucrose content during storage (16.84 and 17.85%) in both seasons. Ravel variety surpassed the other varieties in beet quality (88.84 and 84.78%) and juice purity (94.35 and 92.61%) while, the Oscar poly variety had the lowest mean values (81.71and 80.05%) and (91.10 and 89.88%) at different harvest ages in the two seasons, respectively. The lowest value of sucrose loss in molasses was obtained from Ravel and Francesca than the other varieties by (1.56 and 1.84%) whereas the highest loss value was obtained from Oscar poly variety by (2.10 and 2.21%) at different harvest ages in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

STABILITY OF SOME COMMON BEAN CULTIVARS UNDER DIFFERENT PLANT DENSITIES

A field experiment was carried out during two successive summer season at years 2016 and 2017 at privet farm, in Al-Rahmania district, El-Behira governorate, Egypt, to examine the magnitude of genotype-environment interactions over six different environments. The five commercial cultivars of common bean (Paulista, Valentino, Bronko, Nebraska, and Giza-6) were evaluated under six environments, i.e., combinations of one and two planting sides with densities (25, 20 and 15 cm). Pooled analysis of variance over all densities (environments) displayed significant to highly significant differences between genotypes and environment relative to studied traits, while significant genotypes × environment (G×E) were shown for each of plant height (cm), number of leaves/plant, number of pods/plant, pod yield/m2 and pod yield/feddan in both seasons as well as leaf area and each of number of branches, total chlorophyll and pod diameter in 1st and 2nd season, respectively indicating that genotypes responded differently to various environments which indicated a wide range of variability among the genotypes performance. The value of Regression coefficient “bi” approached nearly unity in some genotypes for some traits, indicating average response to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailed the different densities across both seasons. On the other hand, “bi” value was more than one (bi>1) for some genotypes and on contrary, regression coefficient was less than 1 (bi<1) for 4 genotypes at least two to six studied traits in both seasons. Conclusively, high potential response for Nebrasca genotype in favorable environments with adequate water and other input and reverse trend for Paulista cv which exhibited low yield, regression coefficient “b value” was less than 1 for yield and some traits, showing it is more productive under unfavorable environments. The studied cultivars under studied densities might be of prime importance fortraditional agricultural procedures for high yield and/or some of its important components.

Onion drought tolerance enhancement in calcareous soils based on using bio-stimulants

The current investigation was aimed to investigate the influences of different irrigation regimes, bio-stimulants and their interaction on onion yield and yield components, to improve plant growth under water stress, to reduce the negative effect of water stress. A split-plot desing was used, which the main plot was irrigation treatments (100% of crop evapotranspiration, 80% ETc and 60% ETc), while the bio-stimulants (control, yeast extract, potassium humate and yeast extract plus potassium humate) were assigned in sub-plot. The results showed that soil application of the biostimulants reduced the negative impact of water deficit compared to control. Yeast extract followed by yeast extract plus potassium humate recorded the highest plant height, diameter of neck and bulb, shoots fresh weight, fresh weight of bulb and total yield of onion during both seasons. With decreasing the required amount of water (at 80% ETc), the reduction percentage was only 5.18% and 4.65% when plants treated with yeast extract compared to 100% ETc in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. However, yeast extract at 80% ETc was higher in the total yield than untreated plants under 100% ETc irrigation regime by 16.37% and 16.03% during the first and second seasons. Moreover, the highest irrigation water use efficiency was recorded at an irrigation regime 80% ETc and yeast extract with no significant difference with yeast extract plus potassium humate. From obtained results, yeast extract and or yeast extract plus potassium humate could play an important role in increasing plant stress tolerance to water deficit irrigation.

IMPACT OF SOME GROWTH STIMULANTS IN COOPERATION WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF DUTCH FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL. SPP. VULGARE) PLANT

Fennel is an important medicinal, and aromatic plant occupied the first in the list of Egyptian exports of herbs and spices. Dutch fennel is described by a large percentage of anethole and a lower percentage of estragole than the Egyptian fennel, therefore, it is used as an antidote to some viral diseases. The present research aims to investigate the influence of various growth stimulants (amino acids, brassinolide, humic acid, salicylic acid, seaweeds extract and tap water as control) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as well as their combinations on vegetative growth, productivity and some chemical constituents of Dutch fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. spp. vulgare). This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory at the Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The greatest significant values of all studied parameters were gained by the combined treatment of seaweed extract at 2 ml/l with superior for the inoculum mycorrhizal fungi in 1st and 2nd seasons. The largest seeds oil percentage (2.22 and 2.24) was recorded by the combined treatment between seaweed extract combined with inoculum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The chemical constituents of Dutch fennel essential oil about ten components, the master components of essential oil constituents trans-anethole, estragole, and myrcene. In general, it could be recommended that the combinations of seaweed extract at 2 ml/l and inoculum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be achieved the greatest growth, productivity and chemical constituents of Dutch fennel.

INFLUENCE OF SOME PHOSPHORUS SOURCES AND BIOFERTILIZERS (EM AND PHOSPHOREIN) ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FIXED OIL PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF OENOTHERA BIENNIS L. PLANT

Evening primrose is a beautiful ornamental plant, but at the same time it has medicinal properties that make this plant of great value and importance. In this context, the present research aims to investigate the effect of phosphorus sources and biofertilizers (EM and phosphorein) on growth, flowering, seeds yield, chemical constituents, of Oenothera biennis L. plant. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The results indicated that, plants which were applied with phosphorus sources, biofertilizers as well as their combination treatments scored highly significant increases in all of studied characteristics of vegetative, flowering, seeds yield, chemical composition, fixed oil percentage, and fatty acids determination of the plant. The maximum values of most parameters mentioned above were gained by the combined treatment of monopotassium phosphate with EM in 1st and 2nd seasons. Additionally, the highest values of flowering parameters and P% were recorded by MAP treatment combined with phosphorein in both seasons. Furthermore, the highest seeds oil percentage (27.22 and 28.37) were recorded by the combined treatment between monopotassium phosphate and phosphorein, in the first and second seasons, respectively. The gained fixed oil composition four components were identified, i.e. palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. It can be concluded that the monoamonium phosphate (MAP) or monopotassium phosphate with EM or phosphorein were the best for improving growth, seeds yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of Oenothera biennis L. plant.

Effect of Irrigation Levels and Some Soil Applied Herbicides on Weeds, Water Use efficiency and Productivity of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Two field experiments were conducted during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 winter seasons in clay soil at El-Kanater El-Khiria, Horticulture research station to study the effect of two irrigation water regimes i.e. 75 & 100 % of potential evapotranspiration (ETc) under six weed control treatments by Pendimethalin (Stomp extra 45.5% CS at the rate of 1.7 l/fedden), oxyfluorfen (Roal 24% EC at the rate of 750 cm3/fed. and/ or supplemented with additional hand hoeing once and hand hoeing twice addition to unweeded check on weeds , garlic yield and their water relationship i.e. consumptive use (Cu) and water use efficiency (WUE).Experimental design was split plot where the two treatments of water regime were allocated in the main plots and weed control treatments in subplots in four replicates. The main findings show that the experimental field was infested by annual weeds for the unweeded check by 1.35 and 1.47 ton/feddan dry weight of weeds, exhibited yield loss of 16.1 and 15.1% of garlic yield per feddan than hand hoeing twice in both 2016 /2017 and 2017/2018 seasons, respectively.Also all various weed categories as well as various yield components and yield of garlic tended to increase significantly in both seasons with adding irrigation water by 100 % from potential evapotranspition (ETc) treatment, meanwhile, water use efficiency for irrigation treatments tended to increase by 75 % from potential evapotranspition (ETc) 19.9 and 25.2% of ETc in 2016 /2017 and 2017/2018 seasons, respectively, and economically feasible. The reduction in garlic yield under irrigation level by 75 % equal 7&4 % in 1st and 2nd seasons and can consider non mean full difference with saving irrigation water476 &579 cubic meter which equal two irrigation. While, water use efficiency for Stomp at 1.7 L/fed, Stomp + h. hoeing once, Roal at 075 L/fed, Roal+ h. hoeing once and h. hoeing twice tended to increase by 34.0 & 53.8 & 28.8 & 43.4 and 29.7%, respectively more than unweeded check in the first season and by 29.2 & 38.4 & 27.0 & 31.9 and 26.5%, respectively, more than unweeded check which attributed the reduction of weed competition for water consumption. All weed control treatments gave significant effect on controlling weeds and increased growth characteristics and bulb garlic yields. Stomp at 1.7 L/fed h plus hand hoeing once gave the highest increase in net income (LE) by 118.3 and 94.4% respectively, more than unweeded check. Regarding, the interaction between irrigation water levels and weed control treatments, there was a little significant effect with soil moisture 100 % and herbicide residue of Stomp and Roal herbicides which in weed control elements used in garlic bulb less than allowable level.

Effectiveness of Gypsum Particle Size and Vermicompost in Reclaiming Salt Affected Soils and Faba Beans Productivity فاعلیة استخدام احجام مختلفة من الجبس،والفیرم کمبوست فى استصلاح الاراضى المتأثرة بالاملاح وانتاجیة محصول الفول البلدی

Soil salinity is one of the environmental factors limiting the plant growth and soil productivity. Field experiment was conducted during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons in El Hamoul district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the effect of soil amendments via. VC and gypsumparticle size on some soil physical and chemical properties and faba beans productivity in salt affected soil. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replicates. VC with four rates; VC0, VC1, VC2 and VC3 were placed in main plots, while gypsum particle size with three sizes; G1, G2 and G3 was placed in sub-plots. The results revealed that the application of VC3 combined with the G3 recorded the highest decreases in soil ECe and BD (18.97% and 8.87%, respectively) compared to the initial soil values. While RSE, total porosity, OM, CEC and soil nutrient contents were increased with the same combination by (27.62, 9.78%, 48.94%, 22.42%, 18.00, 20.91 and 19.09%) respectively compared to the initial soil values. Also, the application of VC3 combined with G3 achieved the highest values of 100-seed weight (69.20 and 78.36 g), plant height (81.03 and 84.93 cm), pods yield (6.23 and 6.60 Mg.ha-1) and seeds yield (4.02 and 4.39 Mg.ha-1) of faba bean in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively as compared to G1. Data also, revealed that the G3 were more effective than G1 on reclaiming the salt affected soil and faba beans yield.

Simulation of Water Stress and Climate Change Impacts on Canola Yield, Seed Quality and Water Productivity at North Delta, Egypt محاکاة تأثیرات تغیر المناخ والإجهاد المائی على محصول وجودة بذور الکانولا وانتاجیة وحدة المیاه فی شمال الدلتا، مصر.

A field trial was conducted at Sakha Experimental Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during the two successive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 to calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model (Version 5). Two cultivars of canola (Serw4 and Serw6) were sown to study the influence of two irrigation regimes (50 and 70% of soil moisture depletion SMD). Then, AquaCrop model was calibrated using the dataset of 1st season and validated using the 2nd season dataset by different statistical indicators i.e. coefficient of determination (R2) and degree of agreement (d). Also, the simulation of climate change impact on canola yields was done. Results show that mostly, irrigation at 50% depletion from soil moisture gives higher values of seed and biomass yields (Mg ha-1) and canola water productivity compared to 70% depletion from soil moisture. This trend is found with both canola cultivars but the Serw4 records values better than Serw6. Also, results show that AquaCrop model (Version 5) is able to simulate well seed and biomass yield of canola cultivars as well as canola water productivity under different irrigation treatments at the studied region, where, values of R2 and d record a robust agreement among predicted and observed values. As for the simulation of climate change influence, the findings indicate that increasing temperature leads to increasing the reduction percentage of seed yield of different canola cultivars, and the reduction percentage with Serw6 was more than Serw4.

EFFECT OF SOME SAFETY GROWTH STIMULANTS AND ZINC TREATMENTS ON GROWTH, SEEDS YIELD, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, OIL PRODUCTIVITY AND FIXED OIL CONSTITUENTS OF CHIA (SALVIA HISPANICA L.) PLANT

This study was carried out at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratories of Horticulture Departments, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving growth, seeds yield, oil productivity and fixed oil constituents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants by some safety growth stimulants treatments i.e. chitosan, ascobien, humic and glutamic acids and micronutrients zinc (Zn) i.e., control (tap water), 100 and 200 ppm, as well as their combinations. Plants were sprayed with safety growth stimulants gave the significantly highest mean values for all studied characteristics i.e., plant height, number of branches per plant, plant fresh and dry weights, seeds yield/plant, weight of 1000 seeds, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, N, P, K, total carbohydrates, fixed oil percentage, and fatty acids determination of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants, with superior for humic acid at 5 ml/l followed by glutamic acid at 200 ppm in the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, ascobien at 200 ppm ranked the third values in this concern. Irrespective of control plants the lowest values of these parameters were scored by chitosan at 5 g/l in the 1st and 2nd seasons. As for zinc concentration treatments, there was appositive relationship between the values of abovementioned parameters and zinc concentration, hence as the concentration of zinc increased the values of these parameters increased till reached the highest increases at the highest concentration (200 ppm) in the two seasons. Furthermore, the combination of humic acid at 5ml/l showed to be the most effective one for inducing the highest values of these parameters especially those sprayed with the highest concentration of zinc (200 ppm). Chromatography analysis of chia fixed oil revealed the identification of seven components. The main component was α-linolenic acid (37.28 to 39.72%). The major components were α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. It can be concluded that humic acid at 5 m/l with Zn at 200 ppm was the best treatment for improving growth, seeds yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant.

Effect of Saline Water Stress in the Presence of Silicon Foliar Application on Growth, Productivity and Chemical Constituents of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) under Egyptian Conditions

The pot experiment was carried out during two successive seasons (2016/2017 &amp; 2017/2018) to study the effect of five levels of salinity and three levels of silicon (Si), as a foliar-spray application as well as their combinations on growth, productivity and chemical constituents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants. Results showed that there was a negative relationship between vegetative growth measurements i.e., plant height, fresh weight and dry weight, flowering growth and yield parameters i.e., main inflorescence height, main inflorescence weight, inflorescences weight, seeds weights, weight of 1000 seeds and calculated seeds yield /m2 and root growth measurements i.e. root length, root weight and root diameter values and salinity treatments in both seasons. Hence, as the concentrations of salinity increased, the values of these parameters decreased to reach the maximum decreasing at the high concentration (4.69 dS m-1). Therefore, the combination treatment between 0.68 dS m-1 salinity concentration and 2000 ppm silicon scored the highest values of these parameters, in the 1st and 2nd seasons. Meanwhile, the maximum values of N, P and K contents were recorded by the combination treatment between 0.68 dS m-1 salinity concentration and 2000 ppm silicon in both seasons. Whereas, the highest values of free proline, sodium and chloride content were gained by the high concentration of salinity 4.96 dS m-1 especially those received silicon at 0 ppm in both seasons. Conclusively, the highest growth, productivity and chemical constituents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant, it is preferable to grow the plants under saline water irrigation concentration at (0.68 dS m-1) and spray with silicon at 2000 ppm.

Effect of Phosphorus, Boron and Magnesium Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Grown in a Sandy Soil

Two field experiments were conducted in a sandy soil at Um Saber village, Kom Hamada, (latitude of 30.52° N and longitude of 30.79° E), El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons to find out the optimal levels of phosphorus, boron and magnesium to get the highest yield and quality of sugar beet. Sugar beet variety Hamza was sown. RCBD in a split-plot arrangement was used to lay out 27 treatments, represented the combinations of three phosphorus (P) levels (15, 30 and 45 kg P2O5/fed), three foliar levels of boron B (zero, 75 and 150 ppm) and three magnesium Mg levels (zero, 5 and 10 g MgSO4.7H2O/l). Raising P-level to 30 kg P2O5/fed considerably increased sucrose%, extracted sugar% (ES%), quality index (QI), sugar yield/fed in the 2nd season, as well as root diameter, root fresh weight/plant (RFW) and root yield/fed, while, sugar lost to molasses (SLM%) was markedly decreased. Increasing B-level to 150ppm appreciably increased RFW, sucrose%, ES%, QI, root and sugar yields/fed. Raising Mg-fertilizer level to 10 g/l sharply increased RFW, sucrose%, ES%, QI, root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons, while SLM% substantially reduced in the 2nd one. Effects of the significant interactions among phosphorus, boron and magnesium levels on the studied traits were discussed. Under the environmental conditions of this study, adding 30 kg P2O5/fed to the soil + spraying 150 ppm boron + spraying 10 g MgSO4.7H2O/l could be recommended to attain economical root and sugar yields/fed, as well as the best quality of sugar beet.

Impact of Foliar Spray by Proline on the Production and Quality of Quinoa under Saline Soil Conditions at Toshka Region

High Salinity on the soil is one of the widespread environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station Farm of Water Studies & Research Complex (WSRC), National Water Research Center, located in Toshka Region-Abu-Simbel, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons to evaluate the effect of four proline concentration (0.0, 25,50 and 75 ppm) and number of application (once=30 days after planting (DAP), twice=30 and 45DAP and thrice times=30, 45 and 60 DAP) on growth, yield and quality traits of quinoa plant grown in saline soil. Using a strip-plot in RCBD with three replications. Results revealed that the Growth, yield and quality traits of quinoa were significantly increased by high proline concentration with 75ppm compared to the other concentrations in both seasons. Increased number of proline adding times had a significant effect on growth, yield and quality traits of quinoa in both seasons, except plant height and shoot fresh weight plant-1 in the two seasons and number of leaves plant-1 in the second season.There were significant effects of the interaction between proline concentrations and spray times on growth, yield and quality traits of quinoa crop except for plant height, shoot fresh weight plant-1 and protein% in both seasons, for ach% in 2nd season and saponine% in 1st season. From the above-mentioned results, it concluded that the plants spraying three times with proline at 75ppm recorded the highest growth, yield, quality and net return of quinoa under salt-affected soil conditions at Toshka, Egypt.

Prognosis of elite basketball players after an Achilles tendon rupture

ObjectiveProfessional Basketball players are at high risk of Achilles tendon rupture. Despite this, there remains limited research into the factors affecting rehabilitation and the long term outcomes of these players. Our aim is to quantify the effect of a player’s Achilles tendon rupture on their post-injury performance, and also to explore for correlations between their recovery timeline and pre-injury characteristics. Creation of an injury timeline of past incidents will allow injured players to better track their progress and also inform them about the probable impact on their careers. HypothesisPlayers with Achilles tendon rupture injury will exhibit decreased performance compared to their pre-injury self and their non-injured peers after recovery. MethodsProfessional basketball players who sustained a unilateral Achilles tendon rupture from 1992 to 2016 were collected. 12 players met our inclusion criteria and their Player Efficiency Ratings (PER) were obtained as primary outcome measures; matched controls were chosen based on the PER, Age and playing position. The players’ index season PER was compared against the PER during the 10 games immediately following the players’ return and the PER of their post-injury peak performing season. The same data analysis was performed against their control group. To investigate the factors affecting the recovery and long-term consequences of their injury, we correlated the variables of Age, BMI, Time of Injury and pre-injury PER with the player’s time to return to play and their post-injury PER. Results2 out of 12 players failed to return to playing in the elite professional league following an Achilles Tendon Rupture, others returned after a mean recovery time of 10 months. When compared to players’ index PER, the mean PER reduction during the 10 games immediately following the players’ return was 7.15 (P < .000). Players on average took 1.8 seasons to reach their post-injury peak performance, with only 1 player returning to his pre-injury performance. Others suffered a mean PER reduction of 3.5 (P = .004) when compared to their index PER and 5.4 (P = .045) against their matched controls. ConclusionAchilles tendon rupture can be a career-ending injury for professional basketball players. They are expected to miss 10 months for rehabilitation and reach their post-injury peak performance level at the 2nd season back. The post-injury peak performance is significantly worse than the pre-injury level, but is similar to matched non-injured players.

Influence of Emamectin Benzoate ; Emamectin Nanoformulations and some Weather Factors on the Population Fluctuations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The experiment conducted during (2016/ 2017 and 2017/ 2018) at Fac. of Agric. Farm, Assiut Univ. on tomato hybrids to survey arthropods, determine reduction of Tuta absoluta by Proclaim® 5% (S0= 0.3 mm) and nano-formulations (S1= 17.43± 8.20nm and S2= 9.75± 3.86nm) by (120 gm/ Fadden) after 5th, 7th, and 10th days of post-treatment under some weather factors (WF): [Daily Maximum Temperature (DMax.T), Daily Minimum Temperature (DMin.T), and Daily relative humidity (DRH%)]. Survey presented nine insect species under nine genera, three mites, three predators and one parasitoid. The highest grand means for mines and immature stages in 18th of Jan., 2017 and 14th of March, 2018, and lowest in 3rd of Nov., 2016 and 4th of Dec., 2017. Meteorological data in 1st season were significant with mines and no significant with larvae on hybrids. In 2nd season, mines regulated by DMax.T (0.447) and DRH% (-0.621) for Vera, and DRH% (-0.540) for 010 with no significance between weather factors and larvae on hybrids. S2 in the 1st season highly reduced larvae after 10th days (103 ± 18.40 and 69.14 ± 14.21; for Vera and 010), and the lowest by S0 for Vera (10.40 ± 2.22) after 7th days; and 22.40 ± 1.78 for 010 in 5th days. In 2nd season, highest reduction by S2 (78.64 ± 1.27 and 105.00 ± 6.34 for Vera and 010 in 10th days; and lowest by S2 in Vera after 7th days (17.00 ± 0.61); and S1 for 010 after 5th days (29.64 ± 0.81).

Response of Wheat to Mineral Nitrogen Levels and Foliar Application with Alga Extract

Two field experiments in the form of strip- plot design with four replications were conducted at the Experimental Station Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The aim of study was to determine the response of wheat cv. Gemmiza 11 to different nitrogen fertilizer levels (40, 50, 60 and 70 kgN/fed) and foliar spraying with alga as extract biofertilizer (1, 2, 3 g/L and without spraying). Data indicate that significant differences among nitrogen fertilization levels and foliar concentrations with alga extract for all studied characters in the two seasons. It can be summarized that fertilizing wheat with 70 kg N/fed as well as spraying with alga extract as biofertilizer at 3 g/L to give the highest averages of number of days to heading, plant height , spike length , number of spikes/m2, number of grains/spike, 1000- grain weight, biological yield and harvest index and also scored maximal values for grain yield (24.15 and 22.78 ardab/fed) and (24.22 and 23.15 ardab/fed), respectively for both seasons. More, the interaction effect show significant differences on plant height and biological yield in both seasons and spike length in the 2nd season only.From the obtained results in this study ,it can be concluded that planting wheat ,Cv Gemmiza 11 and mineral fertilizing with 70 KgNfed and twice foliar spraying with alga extract at the rate of 3gL to maximize wheat productivity under the environmental conditions of EL Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

Physiological and phenotypic characters of sweet marjoram in response to pre-harvest application of hydrogen peroxide or chitosan nanoparticles

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Chitosan nanoparticles (CH NPs) represent a promising tool for improving the productivity and quality of marjoram herbs [Majorana hortensis, Moench.]. In this paper, we investigated the response of sweet marjoram to the foliar application of CH NPs and H2O2 during two successive seasons 2017 and 2018. Three concentrations of CH NPs, being “0.0325, 0.065 and 0.13 mM” and of H2O2 at 2.5, 5 and 10 mM as well as control were applied. Vegetative growth characters, total microbial load, essential oil (%) and its components were recorded. Whereas, fresh herbs of each treatment packaged and stored at 0 ± 5 °C and 90–95 % Relative Humidity (RH) for 21 days where the quality parameters were determined at weekly intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days. In 1st season, plants treated with H2O2 at 10 mM showed a pronounced increase in plant height, number of branches, fresh weight and oil % by 35 cm, 13 branches, 306.44 g/plant and 0.49 % respectively, compared to control of being 26.67 cm, 6.33 branches, 122.03 g/plant and 0.41 %, respectively. Additionally, the packed treated fresh herbs with 10 mM H2O2 presented the lowest value of weight loss (%), minimum decreased in total chlorophyll content and essential oil%, moreover, a significant minimum of both O2 % decreasing with CO2% increasing as compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the 2nd season had the same trend. This means, the pre-harvest H2O2 (10 mM) application have good potential strategy to improve the marjoram productivity with extend its shelf life period.

Impact of Different Application Methods and Concentrations of Ascorbic Acid on Sugar Beet under Salinity Stress Conditions

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses which affected on plant growth and reduces plant productivity. Antioxidants compounds considered as one of the methods and strategies to ameliorate the deleterious effects of salinity stress on plants to reduce the effect of oxidative stress. Field experiment was carried out at Sinnuris District which located mainly adjacent to Lake Qarun (saline soil) at El Fayoum Governorate (latitude 29°20 and 29°30 N and longitude 30°43 and 30°56 E) during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 growing seasons to study the effect of relation between three application methods (seed soaking, foliar spraying and seed soaking plus foliar spraying together) and four concentrations (without treatment, tap water, 100 ppm and 200 ppm of ascorbic acid) of ascorbic acid on some biochemical and physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as growth, yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, L.) under salt stress conditions. The treatments were arranged in a strip-split plot design with three replications. The vertical plots were occupied with three application methods while, the horizontal plots were devoted to four ascorbic acid treatments.Results showed that application of soaking sugar beet seed in ascorbic acid (AsA) plus foliar spraying at 50 and 70 days from sowing significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoides, LAI, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities , yield components and sucrose % in both seasons while juice impurities (K, Na and α -Amino -N) were decreased and significantly increased root yield by (9.19, 9.63%) and sugar yield by (13.43, 15.59%) compared to AsA applied as a seed soaking or foliar spray in the 1st season and the same trend was attained in the 2nd season.Applying 200 ppm of ascorbic acid was more effective and significantly increased root and sugar yields and sucrose % and caused more reduction in juice impurities in comparison to the control, in both seasons.Higher stomata area, lower stomata density and stomata closure% were recorded by seed soaking plus foliar spraying with 200 ppm AsA treatment for upper and lower surface of sugar beet leaf. Applying seed soaking plus foliar spraying by 200 ppm of ascorbic acid significantly increased root yield by (6.99 and 4.54 ton/fed) and sugar yield by (2.19 and 2.06 ton/fed) over that gained by untreated plants in the 1st and 2nd seasons.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUANTITY AND SOME ANTIOXIDANTS ON YIELD AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF SNAP BEAN GROWN UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at EL-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of irrigation water quantity (1000, 1500 and 2000 m3/fed.) and foliar spray with some antioxidants (salicylic cid at 200 ppm, ascorbic acid at 300 ppm beside control treatments ( sprayed with tap water ) on growth, plant water relationship, yield and pod quality of snap bean cv, Bronco. The most important findings could be summarized as follows: The interactions between irrigation of snap bean plants at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant, increasing chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (a+b) in leaf tissues, average pod weight , yield / plant and total pods yield/fed., and TSS in green pods. However, the interaction between irrigation water quantity at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with ascorbic acid at 300 ppm recorded the highest values of total and free water (%) in leaf tissues and total carbohydrates and Vit. C in green pods in both seasons, whereas interaction treatment between 1000 m3 water/fed., without antioxidants resulted in the highest values represented bound water and proline amino acid in leaf tissues and total fiber contents in green pods. On the other hand, the interactions between irrigation water quantity at 1000 m3 water/ fed., and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of water use efficiency (2.692 and 2.731 kg green pods/m3 water) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.