2nd Position Research Articles

Ascorbate: a forgotten component in the cytotoxicity of Cu(II) ATCUN peptide complexes

AbstractIn 1983, Linus Pauling and colleagues reported about enhanced antitumor activity of the Cu(II) complex of the simplest ATCUN (amino terminal Cu(II) and Ni(II)-binding motif) peptide (NH2-Gly-Gly-His-COOH, GGH) in the presence of ascorbate as an additive. In the following 4 decades, structural modifications of this complex were implemented, however, anticancer activity could not be significantly increased. This has led to neglecting the ATCUN motif and its Cu(II) complexes as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, the addition of ascorbate with its positive effect on the anticancer activity has fallen into oblivion. In this work, we compared Cu(II) GGH with Cu(II) ATCUN peptides bearing β-Ala instead of Gly at the 2nd position of the peptide sequence regarding their in vitro complex stability and cytotoxicity (MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) apoptosis assay) towards three cancer cell lines (AGS, HeLa and NCI-N87). Such an exchange of amino acids led to an up to three-fold higher cytotoxic effect in the presence of ascorbate. We thus achieved a significant increase in the otherwise moderate cytotoxicity of Cu(II) ATCUN-like complexes. Lipophilicity assays (n-octanol/water coefficient, log P values) of the studied complexes were used to evaluate differences in the antiproliferative activity. Graphical abstract

The Brazilian State Water Resources Councils: diagnosis of civil society participation through criteria of access to information, parity, and decision-making procedures

The aim of the article was to investigate whether the Brazilian State Water Resources Councils, including the Federal District, ensure civil society participation through access to information, parity, and decision-making procedures. In this context, verification criteria were selected, with maximum score of 1 point assigned based on their suitability for the Councils, which were classified in terms of participation adequacy. The states that were deemed suitable, in descending order, were: Paraíba (1st position), Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo (2nd position), Amazonas, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, and Santa Catarina (3rd position), Bahia, Ceará, Federal District, Espírito Santo, and Mato Grosso (4th position), Rio Grande do Norte and Tocantins (5th position), and Alagoas (6th position). The states deemed unsuitable were: Acre and Pernambuco (7th position), Piauí and Roraima (8th position), Goiás and Sergipe (9th position), and Amapá and Maranhão (10th position). As for the criteria, the ones that scored the highest were: the presence of the website and Internal Regulations of the Councils, decision-making by the Council in plenary sessions, the presence of Meeting Minutes on the website, identification of the Technical Chambers of the Councils on these channels, adherence to the regular meeting schedule, identification of the members who make up the Councils, and parity among the three sectors that constitute them. It was concluded that the State Water Resources Councils need to ensure equal participation for civil society members in their discussions and deliberations as well as provide public access to the information generated.

Stable, aromatic, and electrophilic azepinium ions: Design using quantum chemical methods.

Cyclic nitrenium ions containing five-membered and six-membered rings are available, however, the seven-membered cyclic nitrenium ions (azepinium ions) are rare. The chemistry of these species is related to their stability originating from the aromaticity due to 6π electrons. Very few theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted on the azepinium ions. Related clozapine and olanzapine cations (diazepinium ions) were observed during drug metabolism studies. In this work, quantum chemical analysis has been carried out to estimate the stability, aromaticity, and electrophilicity of several derivatives of azepinium ions. A few of the designed azepinium ions carry ΔES-T values in the range of 50 kcal/mol favoring singlet state; π donating groups at the 2nd position increase the singlet-triplet energy differences. Most of the substituents reduce the NICS(1) values compared to the parent system. Ring fusion with heterocyclic five-membered rings generally increases the aromaticity and the stability of the azepinium ion ring systems. The electrophilicity parameters estimated in terms of HIA, FIA, and ω values indicate that it is possible to fine-tune the chemical properties of azepinium ions with appropriate modulation.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulations of Novel 2,3‐Disubstituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one Derivatives

AbstractThe rise of multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs) represents a significant challenge to healthcare, underscoring the need for novel antimicrobial agents. Quinazolinone compounds, noted for their diverse biological activities, particularly at the 2nd and 3rd positions, in conjunction with sulphanilamide and isatin derivatives, present a promising avenue for antibacterial development. This study focuses on the synthesis of novel 2,3‐disubstituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives from Schiff base intermediates GA3A and GA3B. The synthesis involved the reaction of 2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]‐oxazin‐4‐one with sulphanilamide, and the benzoxazinone intermediates were prepared by reacting anthranilic acid with benzoyl chloride. The antibacterial activities of the Schiff base intermediates and the final Mannich base compounds were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL using the agar well diffusion method, with Norfloxacin (50 µg/mL) as the reference standard. While all tested compounds exhibited lower antibacterial activity compared to the standard, GA4A1 showed enhanced efficacy against E. coli, achieving the highest docking score of 78.0352 against the E. coli protein (PDB ID: 1KZN). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the GA4A1‐E. coli complex stabilized after 40,000 ps, with root mean square deviation (RMSD) values ranging from 2.5 Å to 5 Å and low root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values between 0.05 Å and 0.2 Å, indicating the stability of the complex. These findings underscore GA4A1’s potential as a potent antimicrobial agent against E. coli.

Unveiling the Obscure Potential of O-Carborane Based IFLPs for CO2 Sequestration.

Sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is necessary to achieve a sustainable environment. However, the thermodynamic stability of the CO2 molecule poses a significant challenge to its capture, necessitating catalysts that can overcome this stability. The emergence of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has opened a new dimension in the development of organocatalysts for CO2 capture and utilization. To date, various FLPs have been developed for CO2 sequestration, yet the quest for robust FLPs continues. Based on the intriguing electronic effects of the carborane polyhedral, o-carboranes can be projected as a versatile bridging unit for intramolecular FLPs (IFLPs). In the present work, o-carborane based IFLPs i. e., 1-Al(CH3)2-2-P(CH3)2-1,2-C2B10H10, 1-B(CH3)2-2-P(CH3)2-1,2-C2B10H10, 1-Al(CH3)2-2-N(CH3)2-1,2-C2B10H10, 1-P(CH3)2-2-B(CH3)2-1,2-C2B10H10 abbreviated as AlP, BP, AlN and BN have been proposed for the activation of CO2 molecule. The density functional theory (DFT) based calculations and thorough orbital analysis have been carried out to extensively study the electronic structure of the o-carborane unit. The proposed IFLPs were systematically compared with their corresponding phenyl bridged analogues to assess the effect of o-carborane bridging unit on the reactivity of the acidic and basic sites. The results show that the o-carborane supported IFLPs are more reactive towards CO2 than the phenyl bridged IFLPs. Also, placing the basic site on the B atom at the 4th position of the o-carborane bridge rather than the C atom at the 2nd position results in more reactive IFLPs.

Understanding the visual search strategies of expert and novice coaches in futsal set pieces.

This study aimed to describe the fixation location and the time of the longer fixation of expert and novice futsal coaches before the ball was in play in futsal set pieces. A total of 10 experts (ages 48 ± 5) and 10 novice coaches (ages 40 ± 7) participated in the study. They observed that 38 video clips were created to mimic the attack and defensive set-piece moments of the game. Data were collected in a standardized video analysis task using the pupil invisible eye tracker and processed through the pupil cloud platform. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to evaluate differences in gaze duration between game moments (attack and defense set pieces) and groups (expert vs. novice). Gaze duration was also compared for gaze location between groups. For further comparisons, the game moments (attack and defense set pieces) and the gaze location were summarized in two-dimensional graphics using correspondence analysis. The results revealed higher values of gaze duration for attack and defense set pieces for the group of experts than for novices. When considering gaze duration, expert coaches had higher values than novices for the attacker 3, defender 3, barrier 1st, and barrier 2nd gaze locations. The correspondence analysis showed different strategies of visual search and, consequently, gaze locations for attack and defense set pieces. In particular, there was different correspondence for free kicks between the level of expertise and gaze location, while corner and sideline kicks revealed some correspondence between the groups and the gaze location. In free kicks, coaches should be particularly concerned about the relationship between attacker and defender three and the barrier 1st and 2nd line positions. In corner and sideline kicks, coaches should be particularly aware of the relationship between attackers' and defenders' positions.

Morphometric and DNA-based identification of horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille, 1802) and Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785) from Bangladesh coast

Horseshoe crabs are the living fossils of xiphosurans that have survived for over 200 million years without morphological change and records fossil dating back 500 million years. A study was conducted on morphometric and molecular characterization of horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille, 1802) and Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785) from Bangladesh waters. A total of ten samples of C. rotundicauda and one sample of T. gigas were collected from Dublar Char, Sundarbans and Cox’s bazar from June 2016 to May 2017 and February 2024, respectively. Among them, four specimens were male and seven female. Morphometric measurements were taken from all the collected samples and differentiated male and female based on the second pair of legs, the pedipalps. The species were genetically identified using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. An average length of about 670.5 bp nucleotide sequences were obtained. Average percentage of nucleotide frequencies were T (30.3), C (16.3), A (34.4) and G (19.0) for C. rotundicauda and T (34.45), C (22.01), A (27.91) and C (15.63) for T. gigas. GC content analysis showed that average GC 36.20% and AT 63.80%. The average GC content at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd codon position were 38.82%, 37.87% and 31.92% respectively. This is the first report of DNA barcoding of a living fossil C. rotundicauda and T. gigas from Bangladesh and will serve as baseline information for future research, conservation and management of this invaluable primitive creature. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1489-1494, 2024 (July)

English

The district Toba Tek Singh is located in the center of Punjab province. It occupies 2nd important position in national citrus production after Sargodha, with citrus orchard area of 11412 hectares and annual production of 160758 tons. Citrus productivity in Pakistan, in general, and Toba Tek Singh, in particular, is far below its its potential which could be attributed to several factors but poor soil health and inadequate soil fertility may be considered an important reason. A comprehensive nutrient indexing survey of thirty citrus orchards grown in different parts of district Toba Tek Singh was conducted to evaluate the soil characteristics and plant nutrient status. GPS coordinates of selected sites were recorded prior to sampling. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm, 21-40 cm and 41-60 cm depth using standard procedure. Five soil samples were collected from each site to get a composite sample for each depth. The leaf samples were collected from the 7-month-old non-fruiting branches of plants around the tree canopy during the month of September, 2022. Five healthy and uniform citrus trees were sampled from each site to get a composite leaf sample. The soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The soil and leaf samples were analyzed for macro and micronutrients. It was found that most of orchard soils of district Toba Tek Singh were moderately alkaline (pH 7.52-8.90), slight to strong calcareous (2-15% CaCO3), non-saline (0.77-3.0 dS m-1 EC) and low in SOM (0.23-1.49%) with low to medium nitrogen (0.01-0.06%) and phosphorus (0.58-10.52 mg kg-1) while medium to high potassium (56.47-315.34 mg kg-1). The sampled soils were low to marginal in boron (0.09-0.72 mg kg-1), copper (0.05-0.59 mg kg-1), iron (0.23-10.75 mg kg-1) and zinc (0.03-1.83 mg kg-1) while adequate in manganese (1.35-26.20 mg kg-1). Leaf analysis revealed that almost 50% orchards were deficient in phosphorus (0.05-0.23%) and potassium (0.40-1.76%), while having low to marginal values of copper (1.96-20.99 mg kg-1), zinc (4.13-31.96 mg kg-1), boron (3.12-95.40 mg kg-1), manganese (42.62-96.46 mg kg-1) but adequate iron (171-552 mg kg-1). The surveyed orchard soils were mostly alkaline calcareous, deficient in organic matter and having low to moderate macro and micronutrients.

Playing without goalkeeper: the use of an empty goal in high-performance men’s handball

ABSTRACT The study aimed to 1) assess the risk of conceding a goal in an empty net; 2) characterise the context when using the empty goal (EG) rule (4:1) in handball and 3) identify the performance variables that influence the EG attacks’ efficacy. A total of 974 EG attacks were sampled from 65 matches of the 2022 European Men’s Handball Championship. An observational tool was developed to analyse all EG attacks. Frequency analysis and the chi-square test have been performed to analyse the use of EG according to the match context. The binomial logistic regression was used to identify the variables that influence the EG attacks’ effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the goalkeeper was replaced mainly to maintain numerical equality. To create offensive superiority, the teams mostly used EG during the last quarter of the match playing under a small score disadvantage. The risk of conceding a goal in the empty net was higher if a team failed to score in previous possession. No relationship was found between the team’s final classification and the frequency of EG use, nor the efficacy of EG situations. Two variables have been identified as significant for the 6 × 6 + GK possession outcome: 2nd pivot position and shot zone.

The Research Growth Rate (2019-2020) of Forty Countries in the Field of Earth and Planetary Science Research

The project is designed to explore the research output of the world’s top forty countries in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences from 2010 to 2020. The data in the field of earth and planetary sciences for each country was retrieved from Scopus. Based on the number of publications (in 2020), the top three most productive countries are China (n = 39236), United States (n = 27889), and United Kingdom (n = 10784). However, based on the growth rate (for 2019-2020), the top three countries are Pakistan (n = 38.86), Indonesia (n = 31.36), and Finland (n = 22.00). In 2013-14 and 2010-11, Pakistan was in the 3rd position. While for the years (2015-2018) Pakistan occupied the 2nd position. This motivated us to decode the research productivity of Pakistan since independence (1947). The total number of publications was found to be 4972, where 8814 authors and 10445 institutes significantly contributed. The University of Peshawar was the most productive university with 584 publications. Pakistan produced 90.50 % (n = 4500) publications in the 21st century (after 2000). The astonishing growth could be attributed to several reasons, for example, the establishment of the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan, an increase in total expenditure on higher education, an increase in international collaboration, etc. At the same time (in 2020), Pakistan has a meagre global share of only 0.178 % (total global production is 2,790,854). This confirms that significant measures are needed to increase the overall productivity (both the number and quality of research publication.

Compositional Features and Codon Usage Pattern of Genes Associated with Parkinson's Disease.

Codon usage bias (CUB) is the phenomenon of non-uniform usage of synonymous codons in which some codons are more used than others and it helps in understanding the molecular organization of genome. Bioinformatic approach was used to analyze the protein-coding sequences of genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) to explore compositional features and codon usage pattern as no details work was reported yet. The average improved effective number of codons (Nc) and Nc prime were 42.74 and 44.26 respectively, indicated that CUB was low in these genes. In most of the genes, the overall GC content was almost 50% and GC content at the 1st codon position was the highest while GC content at the 2nd codon position was lowest. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis elucidated over-represented (p > 1.6) and under-represented codons (p < 0.6). The GTG (Val) is the only codon over-represented in all genes. Over-represented codons except (GTG) were A or T ending while under-represented codons (except ACT) were G or C ending. The codons namely TTA (Leu), CTA (Leu), ATC (Ile), ATA (Ile), AGT (Ser), AAC (Asn), TGT (Cys), TGC (Cys), CGC (Arg), AGA (Arg), and AGG (Arg) were absent in SNCA1 to SNCA8 genes. The codon TCG (Ser) was absent in all genes except UCHL1 and PINK1. Correspondence analysis (COA) revealed that the pattern of codon usage differs among genes associated with PD. Neutrality plot analysis indicated some of the points are diagonal distribution suggested that mutation pressure influenced the CUB in genes associated with PD.

A Complete Study of Synthesis of Glycoluril and Its Derivative by Using Different Greener Acids

AbstractThe synthesis of glycoluril and its derivatives is carried out using the greener acids. We have screened four different greener acids for this synthesis, namely, (1) ethan‐1,2‐diyl bis(hydrogen sulfate) (EDSA), (2) NMP‐HSO4 ionic liquids (NHIL), (3) choline chloride: p‐TSA( ChCl:p‐TSA) DES and (4) choline chloride: oxalic acid (ChCl:OA) DES. These acids are easy to make, safe to handle, environmentally benign and recyclable. Along with the glycoluril, different glycoluril derivatives are also prepared. We have also developed a novel glycoluril derivative in which we have introduced 4‐bromophenyl moieties at 2nd and 6th position of the glycoluril. Our developed method is a one‐step reaction with shorter reaction time and high product yield. All the acids are recyclable up to four cycles without considerable loss of the yield. A comparative study of the yield obtained with the four acids is also carried out.

Optimization of Indonesian Youth Knowledge In Stunting Prevention Assistance

The prevalence rate of stunting in Indonesia in 2021 reached 24.4%, surpassing the WHO standard of 20%. As a result, Indonesia is categorized as having a high stunting issue and holds the 2nd position in Asia. Efforts to reduce stunting are closely related to the role of health cadres. Indonesian youth play a crucial role as agents of change, having a 39.8% influence in community involvement. Kader Muda Sehat training, as an innovative program, aims to train young individuals to become health cadres, enabling them to contribute in assisting the targeted individuals affected by stunting.The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the Kader Muda Sehat training program in enhancing the knowledge of youths as health cadres in the Banyuresmi Subdistrict, Garut Regency. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental approach with one-group pre-test-post-test design. Kader Muda Sehat training was conducted over 7 sessions from December 2022 to January 2023, using a hybrid approach, online through Zoom meetings and offline in the Karyasari Village, Banyuresmi Subdistrict, Garut Regency, West Java. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, consisting of 18 young cadres who met the established inclusion criteria. Data collection of young cadre characteristics and knowledge was carried out using pre-test-post-test questionnaires. The research data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate, specifically the related samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test, utilizing SPSS Statistics V25.0 software. The results showed a p-value of 0.000 (0.000 &lt; 0.05), indicating a positive influence of Kader Muda Sehat training on the level of knowledge of young cadres regarding stunting prevention assistance. Based on results, it was concluded that there was an improvement in the youths' knowledge after receiving Kader Muda Sehat training about stunting prevention assistance. Kader Muda Sehat training is effective in enhancing youths' knowledge of stunting prevention assistance.

Groundwater conservation, and recycling and reuse of textile wastewater in a denim industry of Bangladesh

Bangladesh holds the 2nd position after China in the global apparel market in terms of denim export. In the textile industry clusters of Bangladesh, the groundwater level is depleting at an alarming rate due to overconsumption and mismanagement. The present study evaluates the groundwater conservation potential of a denim facility in Manikganj District through an effluent recycling and reuse approach. In this study, 100% treated wastewater and 10% treated wastewater mixed with softwater were utilized in the wet processing plant to dye and wash sample denim products and investigated for their fabric quality using seven parameters. The test results followed the requirements given by the North American and European fashion brands that source denim products from Bangladesh. The feasibility assessment of groundwater conservation through its high (100%) and low (10%) recycling rates indicated that the studied facility can potentially save around 619,230 m3 and 61,923 m3 of groundwater in a year, respectively.

PENERAPAN MODEL GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED PANEL REGRESSION PADA TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

South Kalimantan Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has the lowest poverty rate or percentage of poor people on the island of Kalimantan, even in Indonesia. The percentage of poor people in South Kalimantan Province in March 2022 was 4.49% or in the 2nd lowest poverty position in Indonesia, below the Bangka Belitung Islands Province and above the Bali Province. Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) is a local regression model with repeated data at location points for each observation at different times. This study aims to estimate the GWPR model parameters and test the significance of the GWPR model parameters to determine the factors that influence poverty in South Kalimantan Province. The independent variables used affect the dependent variable in the form of the Percentage of Poor Population, namely Life Expectancy, Open Unemployment Rate, Economic Growth, Average Years of Schooling and Number of Crimes. The analysis in this study is descriptive analysis using thematic maps, panel data regression analysis to determine the global model and GWPR by combining the panel data model with the GWR model. The results of this study show that the fixed effect model is a global model and the fixed bisquare weighting function is the best weighting function for estimating the GWPR model. Based on the GWPR model formed, there are 7 model groups based on significant independent variables. Hulu Sungai Utara and Hulu Sungai Tengah districts are districts where poverty in these areas is influenced by many variables compared to other regions in South Kalimantan Province.

An efficient synthesis of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted 1,3-thiazoles employing functionalized thioamides as thiocarbonyl precursors.

Herein, we report an efficient strategy to synthesize functionalized 1,3-thiazoles using alkyl 2-amino-2-thioxoacetates. Thioamides, the synthetic precursors, react effortlessly with electrophilic reagents and are transformed into a series of phenyl-, methyl-, and acyl-substituted thiazoles with high functionalization at the 2nd position through sequential C-S/C-N bond formation. Rapid reaction times under metal-free mild conditions is a noteworthy feature of the reported protocol. Given the intriguing biological significance of the synthesized molecules, we further performed a comprehensive evaluation of their potency against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor (PDB ID: 7mc6) using a molecular docking approach, with binding scores ranging from -4.3 to -8.2 kcal mol-1.

DNA Barcoding of Catfishes (Order: Siluriformes) with New Records of Two Species from Eastern Nepal

The freshwater bodies of Nepal host a great deal of fish diversity; however, the molecular study of Nepalese fish is still in its early stages. Conservation management tactics require knowledge of the real species composition, often impeded by descriptions of intermittent species based on traditional taxonomy. Catfish, one of the most overfished taxa on the planet, are abundant and heavily exploited in the eastern region of Nepal. Hence, actual catfish diversity in this region needs to be examined using a combined morphological and molecular DNA barcoding approach. In this study, we sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in Nepalese fish species for the first time and used it for molecular identification. Altogether, 99 specimens representing 29 species belonging to 21 genera and 8 families were successfully barcoded. They were found to be 98.5–100% identical to the known sequences deposited in the GenBank and BOLD databases. Of these, two species, Amblyceps arunachalense and Erethistoides sicula, were recorded for the first time in Nepal. Out of 29 species, one species was found to be Endangered, one species under Vulnerable, two species under Near Threatened, one species under Data Deficient, and 24 species under Least Concern. The intraspecific genetic distances within species ranged from 0 to 5%. The highest intraspecific genetic distances (Kimura 2‐parameter) were found among the individuals of two species, namely, E. sicula (4%) and Glyptothorax telchitta (5%), indicating the presence of putative (sub)species. The interspecific genetic distances among the catfishes in eastern Nepal ranged between 8.47% (between Glyptothorax trilineatus and G. cavia) and 26.38% (between Amblyceps arunachalense and Chaca chaca). The GC content at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd positions of the codons was found to be 42.4%, 49.3%, and 43.8%, respectively. These findings will support future initiatives for fish resource inventory, monitoring, and management. It is also an important input to the DNA barcode library of catfish in the eastern region of Nepal.

Assessment of Socio-Personal and Management Factors Affecting Farmer’s Income from Sericulture in West Bengal, India

Among all the agricultural practices, sericulture plays a vital role in income generation by the rural population worldwide. In India, West Bengal is such a state where sericulture had been introduced long back and farmers are being economically benefitted from it. Several factors associated with sericulture and allied activities becoming challenging here and hence income is being critically hampered. In this situation, our study was conducted to assess the farmer’s income in respect to a total of 21 socio-personal and management variables associated with sericulture. A total of 127 respondents were selected randomly at village level under the three districts of West Bengal i.e., Murshidabad, Nadia and South 24 Parganas. The independent 14 socio-personal and 7 management variables were statistically analyzed using path and regression analysis. Path analysis showed the direct effect on x17, x6, and x13 which have been substantial and occupied the 1st, 2nd and 3rd position respectively, in terms of modal values. The extracted regression equation showed that the variables x6, x13, x17, and x20 were critically affected on the predicted character income (y). However, based on the findings of this study, if the identified factors can be addressed in terms of income generation, the number of sericulture farmers and overall progress will increase in the future.

INVESTIGATION OF CENTERING PROBLEM IN THE CADMIUM ZINC TELLURIDE (CZT) CARDIAC CAMERA

Introduction: Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) Cardiac Cameras are a special SPECT cameras with solid state cadmium zinc telluride detectors. This diagnostic method applied in the evaluation of coronary artery disease is well designed for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Aim: CZT cardiac cameras have limited detector area. In patients who are morbidly obese or whose heart is not in its normal location in the body, the center of the heart and the isocenter of the device do not coincide. It is aim to investigate how these conditions affect the imaging performance of the CZT cardiac camera. Methods: A homogeneous and spherical ball with a diameter of 4 cm was used for the research. To be able to measure away from the center a wooden phantom with 8 cavities and a total length of 32 cm was designed. The center as reference point has been determined by matching the center of the device with the center of the sphere. For the next imaging, the image were taken by placing the spherical ball in the other cavities, respectively, without changing the center. Results: According to the results obtained, farther from the center, deviations from sphericity and differences in dose distribution were observed. Counts decreased by 1.5% in the 2nd position and 16% in the 3rd position relative to the center in the X-axis. A disaster area has been formed and the image area has been exited from the 4th imaging. Conclusion: It is very important to center the patient as much as possible, otherwise the doctor will misdiagnose.

Chargaff's second parity rule lies at the origin of additive genetic interactions in quantitative traits to make omnigenic selection possible.

Francis Crick's central dogma provides a residue-by-residue mechanistic explanation of the flow of genetic information in living systems. However, this principle may not be sufficient for explaining how random mutations cause continuous variation of quantitative highly polygenic complex traits. Chargaff's second parity rule (CSPR), also referred to as intrastrand DNA symmetry, defined as near-exact equalities G ≈ C and A ≈ T within a single DNA strand, is a statistical property of cellular genomes. The phenomenon of intrastrand DNA symmetry was discovered more than 50 years ago; at present, it remains unclear what its biological role is, what the mechanisms are that force cellular genomes to comply strictly with CSPR, and why genomes of certain noncellular organisms have broken intrastrand DNA symmetry. The present work is aimed at studying a possible link between intrastrand DNA symmetry and the origin of genetic interactions in quantitative traits. Computational analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human and mouse populations and of nucleotide composition biases at different codon positions in bacterial and human proteomes. The analysis of mutation spectra inferred from single-nucleotide polymorphisms observed in murine and human populations revealed near-exact equalities of numbers of reverse complementary mutations, indicating that random genetic variations obey CSPR. Furthermore, nucleotide compositions of coding sequences proved to be statistically interwoven via CSPR because pyrimidine bias at the 3rd codon position compensates purine bias at the 1st and 2nd positions. According to Fisher's infinitesimal model, we propose that accumulation of reverse complementary mutations results in a continuous phenotypic variation due to small additive effects of statistically interwoven genetic variations. Therefore, additive genetic interactions can be inferred as a statistical entanglement of nucleotide compositions of separate genetic loci. CSPR challenges the neutral theory of molecular evolution-because all random mutations participate in variation of a trait-and provides an alternative solution to Haldane's dilemma by making a gene function diffuse. We propose that CSPR is symmetry of Fisher's infinitesimal model and that genetic information can be transferred in an implicit contactless manner.