2nd Half Research Articles

Anonymity, Piracy and Counterfeiting in the Polish Language Publications in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 2nd Half of the 16th Century

On the grounds of the bibliographic analysis of the publications in the Polish language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century, this article reconstructs the phenomena of anonymity, counterfeiting and piracy. In this country, the life of the printed media was fairly liberal and hardly restricted at all. In the course of political and religious struggles, authors, translators, publishers and compilers frequently preferred to conceal the data on the real authorship and typography in their publications. Political and religious factions had to consider the opinion of the ruler and their seniority; therefore, only anonymous impact on the public opinion allowed ensuring the defense of one’s attitudes and the desired impact on the society. This strategy of anonymity was protecting the stakeholders from getting into trouble, while also expanding the scope of commercial activity for the typographers. The phenomenon of piracy was also being promoted by the different legal regulation of the printed media in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, and, due to the physically vast distances, the feeling of impunity developed. The authors and typographers were acting honestly in such cases when the published literature contained no controversial materials, or when they had the solid backing of the powers, and also in the cases when legal protection of the printed media was ensured.

ნიკო ნიკოლაძე და სარკინიგზო მშენებლობა, როგორც ქუთაისის განვითარების ფაქტორი

From the second half of the 19th century, the Government of tsarist Russia, expressing the political and economic, first of all, military-strategic interests of its country, began the construction of a railway in Transcaucasia. The construction of the railway was also important for Georgia, it meant the victory of capitalist industry, its rapid development and the visible growth of local markets. Among the main cities of Georgia, only Kutaisi remained without the main line of the Transcaucasian railway. The article describes the contribution made by the great public figure, great Georgian N. Nikoladze to the construction of the railway in Kutaisi and the construction of the Kutaisi - Tkibuli railway line. From the 2nd half of the 19th century, the government of tsarist Russia, expressing the interests of its country's capitalism, started the construction of railways to Transcaucasia. This measure was aimed to transform Georgia and Transcaucasia into a key base of sales of products and a source of raw materials. The construction of the railway was also important for Georgia, and it meant the victory of capitalist industry, its rapid development and the exponential growth of local markets. The issue of railway construction in Kutaisi is closely connected with the name of a prominent public figure and great Georgian N. Nikoladze, who had not only talent of a painter, but also talent of an industrialist and a statesman. According to the original project, the Transcaucasian railway line was supposed to pass through: Senaki, Kutaisi, Kvirila and Gori, but during the construction, this project was changed for various reasons by society of capitalists constructing the road, and Kutaisi was bypassed by the main Transcaucasian line. It was withdrawn from the city at a distance of 8 miles. Naturally, this provoked the appropriate reaction of urban society, because all this severely shortened economic life of the city. In 1871, during the visit of Emperor Alexander II to Kutaisi, during a meeting with the Kutaisi community, the foundation was laid in the construction of a separate branch from Kutaisi to the Transcaucasian main line, which was completed in 1877, and the connecting point in Sarbevi was named “Rioni” instead of “Kutaisi” station. The Kutaisi-Rioni railway line, it was a useless and belated present for Kutaisi to compensate for the injustice made during the construction of the Transcaucasian Railway Line. After that, Kutaisi society had one hope left. Now the main thing was to make sure that the line of Tkibuli did not miss Kutaisi. The mentioned problem - the connection of the Tkibuli line with Kutasi - was solved as a result of N. Nikoladze's efforts. Despite the works accrued out, leaving Kutaisi without the main railway greatly complicated the political and economic situation of the civil administrative, military authorities, as well as the military, political and social state of the city, because Kutaisi was the most important city and the provincial center of western Georgia. The public of the city used every opportunity to resolve this issue positively, but all attempts ended with no result. At the early 900s, the construction of the Black Sea railway and establishing its line through Kutaisi is on the agenda. In 1936, the railway was constructed from Senaki to Sokhumi; Sokhumi was connected to Tbilisi and other cities, and in 1941-45, the Black Sea railway was laid and Kutaisi was connected by rail with Russia. The disconnection of Kutaisi from the main railroad had not only negative consequences. From today's perspective, it is probably a good thing that the main railroad does not pass through the city. In large cities, this causes significant discomfort that they manage by constructing the avoiding lines, and Kutaisi no longer needed to take care of such railroads, because the city itself has approached the Transcaucasian main railroad.

أدب الرحلات عند الشيخ ناصر محمد بن العبودي من خلال رحلته سياحة في كشمير

The trip is important in the field of geographical, social, economic and literary information, and the trips have a profound impact on Arabic literature, and the trips are a source of historical literary and geographical sources. The trip was a help to the historian and geographer alike, as most of the Muslim geographers were nomads and recorded their observations and inspections of the various regions, they set foot in. The journey had a role in refining the approach of these people and confirming the facts and events by witnessing and observing, and consequently led to the widening of the horizon of its owner due to the large number of countries he visited, mixing with scientists and people of knowledge, and thus came in a high literary style. Among the Arab travelers of contemporary period, Sheikh Nasir Muhammad bin Al-Aboudi, a Saudi national. The research was divided into three sections and a conclusion: The 1st section has discussed literature in the 2nd half of 19th century. The 2nd section was a brief summary of Sheikh Nasirr Muhammad bin Al-Aboudi. The 3rd section was all about literary prose on his tourism journey in Kashmir. In the last there is nonclusion, which contains the most important recommendations and proposals.

Research on the Excavation CXXIV in the South-Eastern Part of the Bolgar Fortified Settlement

The article presents the results of studies carried out in the south-eastern part of the Bolgar fortified settlement in 2013. The Golden Horde objects belonging to different periods have been identified here. Since early coins make up more than 10% of the numismatic collection, this suggests that the site began to be developed already in the 2nd half of the 13th century. The pits in the southwest corner of the excavation can be attributed to this time. Unique are the finds of two dinars of the 12th century and the middle of the 13th century, belonging to the initial stage of the development of the area. А wooden house (structure No. 2) with a kang was built on the site within the period from the 2nd half of the 13th century to the 1230ies. Probably, the construction of three pits with large poles is related to the time of the wooden house, as well as, perhaps, a stockade. The building was destroyed by a fire. The next construction period is associated with a stone building (structure No. 1), soon erected on the place of the burned house. According to the coins found here, the stone building with a kang was built here no earlier than in the 1340s and functioned until the 1360s. The horizon of the building of a stone house is marked by layers of construction debris that filled the most of the pits on the excavation. The stone masonry of the building was almost completely taken and used as building materials, most likely already at the beginning of the 20th century, but the well-preserved contours of the foundation trenches, densely filled with lime and stone fragments, allow us to restore the layout of the building. The portal of the building, located on the north side, was decorated with two pylons, that were the base of the arched entrance, and a square construction, probably a turret, sided with the western one. The uniqueness of the building consists in an amazing combination of features of private residential and public architecture. After the 1360s, the site became desolate, and this wasteland was used as a cemetery: near the remains of a stone building the burials with fragments of its architectural details in the filling were found. The studied estate was related geographically with the quarter of the "Mongolian administration" at the Small Minaret, where dwellings with kangs were concentrated.

Fortification of the Moscow State in the 16th Century and the Wattle Structures in Central Europe

The article deals with the use of wattle and daub structures in the Moscow state fortification of the 16th century. Presumably in the 16th century there were three possible sources of distribution of such designs in Europe – the Italian states, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Ottoman Empire. On the basis of the analysis of Hungarian archaeological research, Hungarian pictorial sources from the 2nd half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, we can conclude that wattle and daub structures were particularly popular in the Hungarian Kingdom. The Hungarian archaeological research results and Hungarian pictorial sources from the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries show that wattle and daub structures were particularly popular in the Hungarian Kingdom. It is hypothesised that Italian technological methods, reflected in treatises on fortification, were transformed in Hungary and that a separate Hungarian technological tradition (Modus Hungaricus) of using wattle and daub in fortification was formed. We can assume a possible influence of Modus Hungaricus technology (and through it Italian technologies of erecting earthen fortresses) on the fortification of the Moscow state in the construction of fortresses in Moscow, Smolensk and some other cities.

1600-P: Duration of Morning Hyperinsulinemia Is Key to the Enhancement of Hepatic Glucose Uptake Later in the Day

The second meal phenomenon, which occurs in normal and diabetic individuals, refers to the improvement in glucose tolerance seen following a second identical meal. We previously showed that 4h of morning (AM) hyperinsulinemia, but not hyperglycemia, enhanced hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) and glycogen storage during a PM hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemic clamp (HIHG) later that day. Our aim was to determine if the duration of morning hyperinsulinemia is important for the PM response to a HIHG clamp. To determine this, we administered the same amount of insulin over 2h in the first half of the morning (Ins2h-A), over 2h in the 2nd half of the morning (Ins2h-B), or over the entire 4h (Ins4h) of the morning. We then assessed the impact of the AM insulin duration on HGU during a PM HIHG clamp in conscious dogs. The dogs underwent an AM hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp from 0-120 min, 120-240 min, or 0-240 min (Ins2h-A, Ins2h-B, or Ins4h; n=6/group). The insulin infusion rates used in the Ins4h were selected to mimic the rise in endogenous insulin secretion previously observed during a 4h AM duodenal glucose infusion (2.1 mU/kg/min (0-30 min), 2.4 mU/kg/min (30-60 min), and 1.5 mU/kg/min (60-240 min)). These rates were doubled in both 2h groups to match the total amount of insulin being infused in the 4h AM clamp. In the PM, all groups had 4x basal insulin, 2x basal glycemia, and portal glucose infusion to simulate a 2nd meal. During the 4h PM clamp, there were no significant differences between the two 2h groups. However, there was a marked effect on the mean HGU in the Ins4h group compared to the Ins2h-A and Ins2h-B groups (HGU of 6.3±0.9 vs 3.8±0.3 and 4.4±0.4 mg/kg/min; AUC of 1393±199 vs 822±68 and 971±93 mg/kg/4hr, P<0.05), respectively, despite matched hepatic glucose loads. The longer duration (Ins4h) of AM hyperinsulinemia allowed for a 41% and 66% greater uptake of glucose in the PM clamp (vs Ins2hA + B). Thus, the duration of AM hyperinsulinemia is an important determinant of hepatic metabolism later in the day. Disclosure H.L.Waterman: None. M.S.Smith: None. B.Farmer: None. G.Kraft: None. M.Scott: None. D.S.Edgerton: None. A.D.Cherrington: Advisory Panel; Metavention, vTv Therapeutics, Diakard, Sekkei Bio, Sensulin Labs, LLC, Other Relationship; Fractyl Health, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Abvance Therapeutics, Research Support; Cellular Longevity, Inc, dba Loyal, Senda Biosciences. M.C.Moore: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (5T32DK007563-34, 5R01DK131082-02)

Reliability of the P3 component in a 3-stimulus concealed information test with known and unknown stimuli

The parietal P3 amplitude of the event-related potential (ERP) has been highlighted to signal stimulus salience in concealed information tests (CITs) with known and unknown stimuli. To extend previous validity investigations in deception research, the reliability of the early parietal P3 amplitude in a 3-stimulus CIT including known and unknown stimuli has been investigated in a sample of N = 68 participants. Variations of Cronbach’s Alpha and split-half reliability (odd–even, 1st vs. 2nd half) of the early parietal P3 amplitude were considered for ERP quantification method (peak-to-peak, mean, baseline-to-peak), epoch selection strategies (chronological vs. random) and number of epochs (10–40) in three stimulus types (probe, target, irrelevant). Excellent reliability coefficients have been summarized for number of epochs, P3 quantifications, and epoch selection strategies. Moreover, the best-practice recommendations highlight mandatory combinations of epoch selection strategy, number of epochs and P3 quantifications to ensure robust and excellent reliabilities of the early parietal P3 amplitude in a 3-stimulus CIT with known (probe, target) and unknown (irrelevant) stimuli. The robustness of mandatory excellent reliability coefficients for the early parietal P3 has been discussed for two data tracks in single-case analyses.

The Economy of Czech Exchange in the Slovak Marketplace of Austria After the Fall of Hungary

Abstract Lexical quanta in writing and speech are important indicators of an individual’s social class. This paper analyses the lexical features of the utterances produced by writers/speakers from different social classes in terms of word length based on a representative sample of letters from the Kremnica archive. The study found that writers/ speakers from different social classes showed different average word length in the 2nd half of the 16th century. According to the analysis of the letters, writers/speakers from the upper classes produced utterances with longer words than those from the lower classes. These differences are explained by factors related to the individual’s social class backgrounds and his “right to speech” or “right to be read”. The linguistic economy principle, objective of which is to save more time and energy by conveying more information with less effort is thus far from exhaustive and by no means reflects the whole sociolinguistic reality.

Efforts toward the first total synthesis of a mixed-ligand siderophore: Gobichelin-A.

The synthesis of Gobichelin-A, a naturally occurring mixed-ligand siderophore isolated from Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-4415, is described. The target molecule was planned to be synthesized by a convergent process involving the combination of two halves, Gob-A 1st half and Gob-A 2nd half, at the prefinal stage of the synthetic route. By adopting this method, fully protected Gobichelin-A was synthesized in excellent yield.

Tlos Tiyatro Tapınağı’ndan İki Yeni Yazıt

This article presents the theatre temple of Tlos and two inscriptions carved on the walls of this temple. The temple was built on the central axis of the summa cavea of the Tlos theatre. The façade of the temple faces east. An inscription dated to the 2nd half of the 1st century BC was carved on the west-facing wall of the temple. According to this inscription, Aithon dedicated a golden wreath to Apollo and Demos. Thus, it is understood that the temple belonged to Apollo. The inscription states that Aithon belonged to the astikos demos. For this reason, some interpretations of the inscriptions found in Tlos and containing the names of demoi are included in the paper. All of such inscriptions are dated to the Hellenistic Period. From the Early Imperial Period onwards, demos names are no longer found in the inscriptions. In addition, all of these inscriptions were found in the city centre. Therefore, these demoi indicate a topographical division of citizens in the city settlement plan. The second inscription carved on the southeast wall of the Apollo temple is an astragal inscription. The main function of this inscription is to give a prophecy for those who are going on a journey or travelling. This prophecy inscription consists of 56 stanzas. However, the inscription presented here has not survived as a whole. Only the verses of 25 of these stanzas have survived as fragments. The translation of the 1st inscription is as follows: Aithon, son of Polemon, of the astikos (demos), after becoming gymnasiarkhos and agonothetes, offered this golden wreath as an offering to Apollo and the demos.

Histo-Morphogical Study of Full- Term Placenta in Selected Normotensive And Pre-eclamptic Women in Bangladesh

Pre–Eclampsia is a disorder in 2nd half of pregnancy, characterized by a combination of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, secondary to decreased placental perfusion. Clinical studies suggest histo-morphological changes in the placenta of pre-eclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women. This study aimed to compare the histo- morphological changes of the placenta in selected pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Methods: Two hundred twenty pregnant women were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria from 3 different medical colleges and divided into two groups. A study group comprised 110 pre-eclamptic women, and a control group comprised 110 normotensive pregnant women. After delivery, tissue samples were collected from the placenta and prepared for histopathological studies by hematoxylin and eosin stain. The mean number of areas of syncytial knot formation, the mean number of areas of cytotrophoblast cell proliferation, the mean number of areas of fibrinoid necrosis, and the mean number of areas of hyalinized villi of pre-eclamptic and normal pregnant women were evaluated. We evaluated the morphology by weight, diameters, number of cotyledons, and placental infarcts. Results: The mean number of areas of syncytial knot formation, cytotrophoblastic cell proliferation, fibrinoid necrosis, and hyalinised villi were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. The mean weights, diameters, and the number of cotyledons were considerably lower in the study group compared to the control group. Moreover, the number of infarcted areas was significantly higher in the placentas of pre-eclamptic women. Conclusion: There are histomorphologic changes in the placenta of pre-eclamptic women. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2022; 31(1) : 37-45

Non-invasive Archaeometric Studies of Metal Threads with Silk Core Coming from Two Kontush Sashes from the Szczuczyn Excavations in Poland

Abstract A kontush sash belonged to costly accessories of ceremonial clothes of Polish nobility. It is a belt made of leather, metal or soft textile, called a sash from the 18th century. In the 2nd half of the 17th century, there was a change in manufacturing technique and ornamentation compositions, and sashes adorned with metal threads appeared. Persian and Turkish belts were the most popular. They have been excavated as burial equipment at archaeological sites. Analyzing these objects is a unique research experience that complements our knowledge of girdle-making in the eighteenth century. The non-invasive archaeometric studies are a significant part of this research. The microscopic observations, X-ray fluorescence and SEM-EDS investigations were made of the metal threads from the textile sashes found in the crypts of Szczuczyn church (North-Eastern Poland).

Abstract 6320: CUSP06/AMT-707, a new CDH6-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, demonstrates potent antitumor activity in preclinical models

Abstract Cadherin-6 (CDH6), also known as K-cadherin, is a type II classic cadherin molecule that plays an important role in the embryonic development of the kidney, but has very limited expression in adult tissues. It is overexpressed in several human malignancies, primarily in ovarian, renal, but also (to a lesser degree) gastric, thyroid, cholangiocarcinoma and other tumor types. The characteristics of limited expression in normal tissues, high expression in tumor tissues, and rapid internalization upon antibody binding makes CDH6 a well-suited Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADC) target. We developed a novel CDH6-targeting ADC, CUSP06, consisting of a proprietary humanized antibody selective for CDH6, a protease cleavable linker, and an exatecan payload, with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 8. CUSP06 selectively bound to cell surface CDH6 and was efficiently internalized into CDH6 positive ovarian and renal cancer cells. CUSP06 exhibited strong antiproliferative activity against several CDH6 positive cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, compared to a DXd-based ADC, a exatecan-based ADC demonstrated improved bystander effect. Treatment with CUSP06 resulted in tumor regression in several CDH6 positive cell line derived xenograft (CDX) models, including PA-1, OVCAR3, and 786-O. In addition, CUSP06 demonstrated potent antitumor activity with tumor regression observed in two CDH6 low and high expressing patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. The preclinical activity of CUSP06 against CDH6-expressing tumors provide compelling support for the clinical development of CUSP06 in CDH6-expressing human cancers. CUSP06 is currently in IND-enabling studies. CUSP06 showed an expected toxicity profile consistent with it's exatecan payload in the ongoing pilot toxicology studies. We plan to initiate a Phase 1 first-in-human clinical trial in the 2nd half of 2023. Citation Format: Wei Lu, Jing Shi, Shu-Hui Liu, Nicole Covino, Xun Meng, Eric D. Slosberg. CUSP06/AMT-707, a new CDH6-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, demonstrates potent antitumor activity in preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6320.

Kaluga icon painting: on the issue of the integrity and boundaries of the artistic phenomenon

As the title implies, the article provides a general overview of the Kaluga iconography as a unique regional iconographic tradition that formed in the 2nd half of the 18th century. The primary parameters of this phenomenon are identified, including technological, iconographic, and stylistic factors. Based of archival data and historical evidence, Kaluga’ icons are defined a number of monuments executed in the technique of tempera painting in a specific stylistic manner, for the most part inheriting of artistic direction named “zhivopodobie”. The main iconographic features of the products of the Kaluga icon painters are revealed, in particular, the iconographic renderings of Christ the Almighty and the Mother of God "The Life-Giving Spring" common in Kaluga. It also provides a classification of the main stylistic lines in the Kaluga icon painting, which took shape at the end of the 18th century. The question of the chronological boundaries of the phenomenon is considered. Based on the analysis undertaken, Kaluga iconography is determined to be a full-fledged center of regional icon painting that forms part of a broader context of late iconography. On the one hand, Kaluga's iconography aligns with general trends, with its unique writing style appearing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, overtly influenced by significant European styles, and experiencing artistic decline in the second half of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, the Kaluga iconography distinguishes itself through its singular stylistic and iconographic peculiarities, sufficient to demarcate it as a distinct artistic center.

Using Low-Cost Sensors for Measuring and Monitoring Particulate Matter with a Focus on Fine and Ultrafine Particles

The paper deals with the measurement of individual size components of particulate matter focusing on typical particle size, mass, and number concentrations primarily in the city of Košice (Slovak republic) and the surrounding countryside. The deployment of the sensor IPS-7100 in the 2nd half of December 2022 allowed us to measure the particles smaller than the detection limit of other low-cost optical sensors—namely SPS30 and SEN54. The results show that although the mass concentration of ultrafine particles is negligible in comparison to fine and coarse particles, in terms of number concentration ultrafine particles make up the dominant component of particulate matter, which stands as a warning from the health point of view.

Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study

BackgroundThis study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season.MethodsTwenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity offset of each player were utilized to compute each player's age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained.ResultsThe main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season).ConclusionIn conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the first half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.

Histopathological Study of Full-Term Placenta in Selected Normotensive And Pre-eclamptic Women in Bangladesh

Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of 2nd half of pregnancy, which is characterized by a combination of hypertension, proteinuria and edema, secondary to decreased placental perfusion. Clinical studies suggest that there are histopathological changes in the placenta of pre-eclamptic women, compared to normotensive pregnant women. In developing countries, pre-eclampsia causes an estimated 50,000 maternal deaths per year. Only a small number of studies have however, been conducted in Bangladesh. Objective: To compare the histopathology of placenta in selected pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Methods: 220 pregnant women were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria from 3 different medical colleges and divided into 2 groups – A study group, consisting of 110 pre-eclamptic women and a control group consisting of 110 normotensive pregnant women. Dietary information was collected by 7 days food frequency questionnaire and food score was determined. Anthropometric and biochemical tests were performed. To evaluate the histopathology of placenta, tissue samples were collected from the placenta after delivery, and were prepared for histopathological studies, by haemotoxylin and eosin stain method. The mean number of areas of syncytial knot formation, the mean number of areas of cytotrophoblastic cell proliferation, the mean number of areas of fibrinoid necrosis, and the mean number of areas of hyalinised villi of pre-eclamptic and normal pregnant women were evaluated. Results: The mean number of areas of syncytial knot formation, the mean number of areas of cytotrophoblastic cell proliferation, the mean number of areas of fibrinoid necrosis, and the mean number of areas of hyalinised villi were found to be significantly higher in the study group, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Therefore, mean number of areas of syncytial knot formation, the mean number of areas of cytotrophoblastic cell proliferation, the mean number of areas of fibrinoid necrosis is increased in the placenta of pre-eclamptic women, compared to normotensive pregnant women. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2021; 30(2) : 189-195

Positional and temporal differences in peak match running demands of elite football

Temporal changes in the total running demands of professional football competition have been well documented, with absolute running demands decreasing in the second half. However, it is unclear whether the peak match running demands demonstrate a similar decline. A total of 508 GPS files were collected from 44 players, across 68 matches of the Australian A-League. GPS files were split into the 1st and 2nd half, with the peak running demands of each half quantified across 10 moving average durations (1-10 min) for three measures of running performance (total distance, high-speed distance [> 19.8 km · h-1] and average acceleration). Players were categorised based on positional groups: attacking midfielder (AM), central defender (CD), defensive midfielder (DM), striker (STR), wide defender (WD) and winger (WNG). Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used to identify differences between positional groups and halves. Peak running demands were lower in the second half for STR across all three reported metrics (ES = 0.60-0.84), with peak average acceleration lower in the second half for DM, WD and WNG (ES = 0.60-0.70). Irrespective of match half, AM covered greater peak total distances than CD, STR, WD and WIN (ES = 0.60-2.08). Peak high-speed distances were greater across both halves for WIN than CD, DM and STR (ES = 0.78-1.61). Finally, STR had lower peak average acceleration than all positional groups across both halves (ES = 0.60-1.12). These results may help evaluate implemented strategies that attempt to mitigate reductions in second half running performance and inform position specific training practices.

Intensity demands and peak performance of elite soccer referees during match play.

This study examined the peak physical and physiological (heart rate) performance intensities andassociated decrements in elite soccer referees during match play. Longitudinal study. Physical performancevariables and heart rate were analyzed during 457 matches across two seasons. Differences between halves, and the rate ofdecline in peak performance intensities across moving average durations of 1-10 minutes were assessed using linear mixed models and power-law analysis, respectively. Large significant differences were observed between halves for mean total distance, mean velocity, mean heart rate, and percentage of maximal heart rate (p ≤ 0.05; r = 0.51-0.64). Peak intensities (p ≤ 0.05; r = 0.15-0.17) and the rate of decline (p < 0.001; r = 0.17-0.37) were significantly higher in the 2nd half compared to the 1st half, for relative total distance, relative high-intensity running and mean velocity. The rate of decline was significantly greater in the 2nd half than the 1st half for relative distance covered by high-intensity acceleration (>2 m/s-2/min), deceleration (<-2 m/s-2/min), and relative mean heart rate (p < 0.001; r = 0.28-0.61). Elite soccer referees might have experienced transient fatigue during match play, as relative high-intensity running immediately following the most intense 5-minute period significantly declined by 61.2% ( p< 0.001; r = 0.94), and was 16.2% lower than the mean 5-minute period (p < 0.001; r = 0.34). Increased physical and physiological demands during match play, with associated declines in the second half and transient signs of fatigue throughout the match, supports the inclusion of high-intensity interval and endurance training programs to prepare soccer referees for the intensity demands and peak performance outcomes of match play.

Censorship and Censors in the Russian Literary Process of the 2nd Half of the 1850s — 1860s

Book review: Zubkov K. (2023). Enlighten and Punish: The Functions of Censorship in the Russian Empire in the Middle of the 19th Century. Moscow: New Literary Review. — 520 s. (Series: “Scientific Application”, vol. CCL). ISBN 978-5-4448-1956-2. (In Russian).