2nd Event Research Articles

Optimization of floodwater redistribution from Lake Nasser could recharge Egypt’s aquifers and mitigate its excessive floods

Extreme precipitation periods, possibly related to climate change, over the Nile River source areas caused flooding in Sudan and excess runoff reaching Lake Nasser in Egypt in 1998–2002 and 2019–2022. Excess water from the 1st event (25.5 × 109 m3) was channeled to depressions within the plateau west of the Nile Valley, forming the Tushka Lakes, where it was left to evaporate, a fate that awaits the 53.5 × 109 m3 from the 2nd event while the underlying fossil Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is being depleted (−0.98 × 109 m3/yr). We simulated release scenarios of excess Lake Nasser waters (53.5 × 109 m3) to proximal lowlands; preference was given to the scenario that recharged the aquifer through infiltration (74.3%) and minimized losses to evaporation (20.1%) and surface runoff (5.6%). Findings serve as an example of adaptations that replace catastrophic consequences of climate change with beneficial and sustainable development opportunities.

PENGGUNAAN METODE BORNHUETTER-FERGUSON UNTUK ESTIMASI CADANGAN KLAIM

Health insurance company have to determine claim reserve that’s suitable with the existing condition. There is three party that’s involved in the health insurance management, namely the policy holder, Admedika as the third party administration, and also the insurance company itself as the (insurer). When the policy holder obtained treatments whose financing is done through a health insurance, then the health insurance company have the obligation to finish the financial matters. Delays in payments from insurance companies to health facilities are caused, among others, by the administrative process. Thus, every claim submitted by the insured party to the insurance company will be settled in stages to the health facilities. The data presented from these conditions form a triangle matrix (run-off triangle) which then becomes the basis for estimating the amount of IBNR claims reserves. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson (BF) method involves the amount of premium that has become income for the company and calculates the Ultimate Claim value in estimating the amount of claim reserves. This method is the result of the development of the previous method, Chain-Ladder (CL), which only relies on historical data on claim payments. Premium calculations need to be involved in health insurance, because the insurance period is short, which is only one year. Insurance companies haven't had time to turn around the money to invest, so payment of claims will depend more on the premium that becomes income for the company (earned premium). The estimated claim reserve value is more suitable and robust than the CL method. Estimated claim reserves that occur in the 2nd event period amount to IDR50,658,714 with an estimated interval for the 2nd event period between IDR10,215,477 and IDR91,101,950

First observation of paired microseismic signals during solution salt mining

To monitor the status of cavern roof instability induced by solution salt mining, we deployed a surface microseismic monitoring system for Dongxing salt mine, Dingyuan county, China. The microseismic monitoring system consists of 11 three-component geophones installed in shallow holes of 5 m deep. From 7-month continuous monitoring data, we have detected a novel type of signal that consists of two events. The first event has a long duration (>15 s) and generally has higher frequencies at the beginning. The 2nd event has a shorter duration of ∼3 s with lower frequencies. The two events are separated by ∼30–90 s in time. From May 2017 to November 2017, there are a total of 88 distinct paired signals with two events in sequence. We propose the first event corresponds to a series of fracturing processes on the cavern roof, and microseismic signals associated with different fractures are mixed and overlapped to produce a mixed signal with a longer duration. Due to a series of fracturing processes, some zones of cavern roof become instable and some rock debris may fall from the roof and collide on the cavern floor. This collision can produce a short duration signal, which corresponds to the 2nd event of the paired signal. The further analysis of polarities of the first arrivals for the 2nd event further proves its collision origin. The time interval between two events is related to the time for the falling rock debris through the brine, which is controlled by the cavern height and various physical properties of the rock debris and brine. Through the detailed analysis of paired signals, we can have a better understanding of the cavity development status for solution salt mining.

Marine heatwave events near Weizhou Island, Beibu Gulf in 2020 and their possible relations to coral bleaching

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are events of anomalously high sea surface temperatures lasting for five days or more and have recently been linked to widespread environmental stress on marine organisms, though there are few studies in the Beibu Gulf. This study characterizes MHWs near Weizhou Island (21°00′–21°10′ N, 109°00′–109°15′ E) using a recently developed detection algorithm on a high-resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) product and considers their potential influence on coral bleaching events. Reanalysis data are used to investigate atmospheric factors in MHWs occurrences. Results showed that among a total of 112 MHWs having occurred from 1983 to 2020, eight discrete MHWs occurring throughout 2020 in Weizhou Island. Interestingly, although not the most intense in 2020, the June 3rd–August 2nd event lasted for an enormous 61 days with mean and maximum intensities of 2.68 °C and 1.73 °C above climatology, respectively. The reasons for the occurrence and severity of MHWs in 2020 the intensification of Northwest Pacific subtropical high and its extension leading to increased shortwave radiation reaching the sea surface during the summer, reduced typhoon activity in July, weakened wind fields north of 20.5°N, and an enhancement in sea level anomalies. These act in concert to prevent heat transport away from the Beibu Gulf and thus, more intense MHWs. A massive coral bleaching event occurred in 2020 and is highly likely to be linked to MHWs activity.

Supply of Consumer Goods, Per Capita Consumption due to Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic that is happening now is affecting the economy. This study aims to examine changes in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali in the Indonesian territory and changes in the per capita consumption of the Balinese population, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Two events were observed, namely the first event was the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 in Indonesia, and the 2nd event was the determination of the status of a national disaster by the Indonesian government. Data analysis was performed using a different test with the SPSS v.23 program. The results of the analysis found that there was a difference in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali and the per capita consumption of the Balinese population in the first and 2nd events. The supply of consumer goods and per capita consumption decreased significantly after the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 and then further decreased after the Indonesian government declared a national disaster status. The determination of the status of a national disaster has a greater impact on reducing the per capita consumption of the Balinese population than the announcement of the first Covid-19 patient. As a result of Covid-19, it is hoped that the Bali Provincial Government needs to make policy breakthroughs to encourage the fulfillment of consumer goods needs in Bali independently so that they do not always depend on supplies from outside Bali. The Covid-19 pandemic has reduced people's income and reduced buying power, thus demanding people to be smarter in managing finances, including adjusting consumption patterns according to the priority scale of needs.

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia with FOLFOX in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer.

38 Background: Patients undergoing adjuvant treatment with FOLFOX for colorectal cancer (CRC) are at risk of developing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). We assessed the risk of CIN and the use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF). Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with CRC treated with FOLFOX at our institution from 2013 - 2015. Demographic and treatment data were collected. CIN was defined as ANC <1.5, and all episodes of neutropenia were assumed to be the result of chemotherapy. Results: A total of 302 patients were included (baseline demographics in Table). In the overall cohort, 174 (58%) of patients had at least 1 episode of CIN. The risk CIN was 47% in stage II, 60% in low risk stage III (T1-3 and N1), and 58% in high risk stage III (T4 or N2). Among patients with at least 1 episode of CIN, the 1st CIN event occurred during the 1st 3 months of treatment in 76%, and the median cycle of 1st occurrence was 4 (95% CI 4-5), which did not differ by stage. Among patients who had at least 1 episode of CIN, 112 (64%) had a 2nd episode at a median cycle of 9 (95% CI 8-10). Among patients with at least 1 episode of CIN, 79 (45%) received subsequent GCSF, initiated 1 cycle after the 1st CIN event 37% of the time. Among patients with at least 2 episodes of CIN (n=112), 58 (52%) received GCSF after the 1st or 2nd event. Of these, 40 patients (69%) started GCSF newly after the 2nd CIN event. Among patients starting GCSF after the 2nd CIN event, 47% initiated GCSF 1 cycle later. The median cycle at which the relative dose intensity of FOLFOX decreased to <85% was cycle 6 (95% CI 5-8) in those with no CIN events, cycle 3 (95% CI 2-4) in those with at least 1 CIN event treated with GCSF, and cycle 5 (95% CI 4-6) in those with at least 1 CIN event treated without GCSF. Conclusions: CIN is a frequent occurrence during the adjuvant treatment of CRC with FOLFOX and most often occurs in the first 3 months of treatment. While oncologists may treat some patients with 3 months of FOLFOX rather than 6, physicians must be aware of CIN regardless of the planned duration of treatment. Early initiation of GCSF may be a consideration. [Table: see text]

Mechanical thrombectomy for recurrent large vessel occlusion

Although mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has been shown in numerous trials to be a successful treatment option for patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO), there is limited information on the safety and effectiveness of the technique in cases of recurrent LVO. To this end, we performed a retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database to identify all patients that had undergone more than one MT procedure January 2008 and January 2018. The data collected on these patients included baseline demographics and any history of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, atrial fibrillation or smoking. We also recorded when the symptoms had started, the patient’s NIHSS and ASPECT scores, the number of passes taken, the patient’s final TICI score, any complications which arose and the patient’s mRS at 90 days.Our dataset encompassed 25 patients (of which 17 (68%) were female) who had undergone a total number of 52 MT’s. Average age at 1st presentation was 70 ± 12.8 years. The median time between one stroke and the next was 71 days (range 1–1059, IQR 183 days). The majority of the strokes were deemed cardioembolic (86.5%) in origin. There was no significant difference in the procedure times, number of passes or TICI scores. There was a significant difference in the mRS after the 1st and 2nd events (p = 0.014) but no significant difference if the 2nd event occurred contralateral to the 1st event (p = 0.66) (n = 22). It is therefore concluded that recurrent thrombectomy can be safely performed with no significant difference in the technical aspects of the procedure.

The involvement of calmodulin and protein kinases in the upstream of cytosolic and nucleic calcium signaling induced by hypoosmotic shock in tobacco cells

ABSTRACTChanges in Ca2+ concentrations in cytosol ([Ca2+]C) or nucleus ([Ca2+]N) may play some vital roles in plants under hypoosmotic shock (Hypo-OS). Here, we observed that Hypo-OS induces biphasic increases in [Ca2+]C and [Ca2+]N in two tobacco cell lines (BY-2) expressing apoaequorin either in the cytosol or in the nucleus. Both [Ca2+]C and [Ca2+]N were sensitively modulated by the inhibitors of calmodulin and protein kinases, supporting the view that calmodulin suppresses the 1st peaks and and protein kinases enhance 2nd peaks in [Ca2+]C and [Ca2+]N. Data also suggested that the 1st and 2nd events depend on the internal and extracellular Ca2+ sources, respectively.

Infantile Autism: A Chronic Psychosis Since Infancy due to Synaptic Pruning of the Supplementary Motor Area

The rise in infantile autism, learning problems, cognitive decline with age, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases and the SIDS epidemic, has a common cause in the rising dietary deficit in Omega-3 brain-food. This paper suggests that aside from the wider concept of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), the rise in infantile autism (IA) in the last decade is the effect of deficient brain-food (Omega-3). The consequent delay of development, prolongs the 2nd regressive event in infancy to pruning of the centre in the Medial Frontal Lobe System that connects hippocampus and singulum. With a consequently defective supplementary motor area (SMA), the Delayed Response Function is affected leading to persistent psychosis. Post-pubertal episodic psychoses are associated with acute reduction of excitation, a risk of breakdown of circuitry, insufficient fill-in mechanisms, and silent spots. An acute psychosis occurs if the silent spots compromise SMA. Only two brain areas have continuous neurogenesis, indicating their important functions: the Hippocampus and Olfactory Bulb that belongs to the lateral frontal lobe system essential to survival. Concerned with necessity of action in response to the environment, it relies upon short-term memory and acute feedback mechanisms influenced by emotion and motivation from the external world. In contrast, the medial frontal lobe network is controlled by feed-forward predictive mechanisms related to storage of information The Delayed Response Function is mastered at 7 months, when 2nd event occurs with pruning of axons and dendrites. An abolished or defective delayed response function seriously incapacitates an individual: a defective "social brain" with an inability for conscious action and to communicate, predominates in IA. There is a near lack of speech, despite normal vision and hearing in the minority without marked adversity in pregnancy, at delivery or in infancy. The recent rise in IA despite no rise in adversity signifies a rising deficiency in brain-food. This is suggested by a changing clinical picture: no Mental Retardation in an IA majority. Deficit in olfaction is pathognomonic in schizophrenia since 30 yrs and distinguishes the Asperger syndrome. If brain-food deficiency alone sufficiently prolongs pruning to cause absent activity in SMA in infancy, less mentally retarded IA from other causes might be observed. Deficit in brain-food was evident in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: birthweight averaged 200-300g lower than sibs, Omega-3 levels in brainstem were lower than controls. Only 20% SIDS died in first hypoxic episode, suggesting such episodes are more frequent than we imagined. Children with learning-behaviour problems have similarly depressed birthweight. A general deficiency in omega-3 contributes to the lacking reduction in Schizophrenia, despite early puberty predominates. Olfactory bulb is first affected in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Cognitive decline with age, hippocampal dysfunctions rises markedly irrespective of disease, but the major mental illnesses and Infantile Autism in particular, benefit from "brainfood" that might also prevent a development of these disorders. To secure optimal brain function in the coming generations, there is a need to change the diet now from its emphasis on protein for body growth to food for the brain. This means there is a need to increase fish and sea food consumption.

Dose-dense (DD) doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by weekly paclitaxel (P) with trastuzumab (T) and lapatinib (L) in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer is not feasible due to excessive diarrhea: updated results.

Abstract Abstract #2108 Background: DD q 2 weekly (w) AC → P + T x 1 year (y) has an acceptable safely profile w/ congestive heart failure (CHF) rate of 1/70 pts (Dang, JCO 2008). Lapatinib (L) is effective in HER2 (+) BC. We conducted a pilot study of dd AC → w P + T + L to determine its feasibility and cardiac safety.
 Methods: Enrolled pts had HER2 (+) BC; LVEF > 50%. Rx consisted of AC at 60/600 mg/m2 x 4 q 2 w (w/ pegfilgrastim 6 mg day 2) → P at 80 mg/m2 x 12 q w + T x 1 y; L (1000 mg daily beginning w/ P + T and continued x 1 y). MUGA is obtained at baseline and at months (mo) 2, 6, 9, and 18. Rx is considered feasible if 1) > 80% pts can complete the PTL phase without a dose delay or reduction and 2) the cardiac event rate (CHF or cardiac death) is < 4%. Pts can remain on-Rx w/ one dose reduction of L (1000 mg → 750 mg) for a G 3 event or < G 3 toxicity (unacceptable).
 Results: From March 2007 to April 2008, we enrolled 95 pts. Median (med) age was 45 years (range, 28-73). At a med follow-up of 7 months, 90 are evaluable. Of the 90 pts, 34 (37%) withdrew from study during the PTL phase; 29 for a 2nd event of G 3 or unacceptable < G 3 toxicities (15 G 3 diarrhea, 4 G 1/2 diarrhea, 1 G 3 rash, 2 G 2 rash, 1 G 3 dyspnea and also had G 3 diarrhea, 1 G 3 ↑QTc also had G 3 diarrhea, 1 G 3 ↑ALT also had G 3 diarrhea, 1 G 3 paronychia, 1 G 3 pneumonitis, 1 asymptomatic LVEF ↓, 1 myocarditis) and 5 for other reasons (2 personal reason, 1 PCP pneumonia, 1 progression, 1 P hypersensitivity). Overall, 25/90 (27%) pts had G 3 diarrhea and 31/90 (34%) pts required a dose reduction of lapatinib. Med LVEF at baseline is 67% (N=95), at mo 2 is 68% (N=90), at mo 6 is 65% (N=53), and mo 9 is 65% (N=28). To date there are no patient drop-outs due to significant LVEF declines after dd AC; one patient dropped during PTL out due to an asymptomatic LVEF decline.
 Discussion: L at 1000 mg/day is not feasible combined w/ weekly P and T by protocol stipulation (> 20% pts required L dose reduction) primarily due to excessive G 3 diarrhea. These results have led to the modification of Design 2 (Arm D) of ALTTO. We will report updated results. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2108.

Initial Results of PX-171-004, An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Study of Carfilzomib (CFZ) in Patients with Relapsed Myeloma (MM)

Background: (CFZ) is a novel proteasome inhibitor of the epoxyketone class that exhibits a high level of selectivity for the proteasome and has been shown in a phase 1 study to result in greater than 80% proteasome inhibition on a QDx2 consecutive day schedule. We piloted this agent in MM patients with relapsed disease after one to three prior therapies.Methods: PX-171-004 is an open-label, multicenter study. Pts are stratified into bortezomib (BTZ) naïve, BTZ responsive (> 6 month response) or BTZ non-responsive(< 6 months response) cohorts. Pts received CFZ 20 mg/m2 IV Days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 every 28 days, for up to 12 cycles. Dexamethasone 4 mg po was administered prior to each dose in cycle 1. Responses were evaluated by the International Uniform Response Criteria for Multiple Myeloma.Results: 31 patients were enrolled, including 45% BTZ naïve, 45% BTZ responsive, and 10% BTZ non-responsive. 29 pts initiated therapy, completed at least one cycle of CFZ, had measurable M-protein and were evaluable for response. The mean number of prior therapies (excluding transplant) was 2.4;65% received prior thalidomide(THAL), 36% prior lenalidomide (LEN) and 87% prior stem cell transplant (SCT).To date, pts received a median of 4 cycles (range 1–8) of CFZ. 19 pts started at least 4 cycles, and 17 remain on therapy. In the evaluable BTZ naïve population (n=13), the overall response rate (ORR) was 54%, including 1 complete response (CR), 2 very good partial responses (VGPR), and 4 partial responses (PR). There were 4 additional pts with stable disease (SD). In 1 pt with insufficient data to evaluate response, due to tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) onset after 2 CFZ doses, an M-protein drop was noted that suggested a PR. Time to response was rapid, frequently occurring in the 1st cycle. There have been no progressions in this subset. With a median follow-up of 109 days, the time-to-progression(TTP) has not yet been reached, and all responders remain in remission. In 16 evaluable BTZ prior treated pts, 3 pts (19%) achieved PR, 1 (6%) pt achieved a minimal response (MR, as defined by EBMT criteria), and 9 pts had SD. The median TTP is 169 days for this subset. CFZ was generally well tolerated. The most common non-hematologic adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (61%), nausea (58%), vomiting (36%), and insomnia (32%). Worsening of hematologic parameters: neutropenia (32%), anemia (29%), and thrombocytopenia (23%) were primarily Grade 1/2; Grade 3/4 occurred in 10% or less of pts. Reports of peripheral neuropathy (PN) were uncommon. Increased creatinine, both drug and non-drug related, was seen in 5 pts (16%), but treatment was discontinued in only 1 pt due to a renal adverse event. Possible tumor lysis was reported in 2 BTZ naïve patients and resulted in early drug discontinuation in 1 pt, as described above; the 2nd event was fatal.Conclusions: The preliminary results of this trial indicate that CFZ has substantial activity as a single agent in relapsed MM patients, with an ORR of >50% in BTZ naïve patients, indicating better activity in this pt population. CFZ was generally well tolerated, and toxicities were manageable. TLS, which was observed in 2 pts, may be a reflection of the robust drug activity of CFZ. As observed in prior studies with CFZ, reports of PN were uncommon. These observations support further evaluation of CFZ as a promising new agent in MM. Enrollment in this study is ongoing, and additional studies of CFZ in combination with other chemotherapy agents in MM pts are underway.

Infantile Autism: A Chronic Psychosis since Infancy due to Synaptic Pruning of the Supplementary Motor Area

The rise in Infantile Autism, learning problems, cognitive decline with age, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Diseases and the SIDS epidemic, has a common cause in the rising dietary deficit in Omega-3 brain-food. This paper suggests that aside from the wider concept of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), the rise in Infantile Autism (IA) in the last decade is the effect of deficient brain-food (Omega-3). The consequent delay of development prolongs the 2nd regressive event in infancy to pruning of the centre in the Medial Frontal Lobe System that connects Hippocampus and Cingulum. With a consequently defective Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), the Delayed Response Function is affected leading to persistent psychosis. Post-Pubertal Episodic Psychoses are associated with acute reduction of excitation, a risk of breakdown of circuitry, insufficient fill-in mechanisms, and silent spots. An acute psychosis occurs if the silent spots comprise of SMA. Only two brain areas have continuous neurogenesis, indicating their important functions: the Hippocampus and Olfactory Bulb that belongs to the Lateral Frontal Lobe System essential to survival. Concerned with necessity of action in response to the environment, it relies upon short-term memory and Acute Feedback Mechanisms influenced by emotion and motivation from the external world. In contrast, the Medial Frontal Lobe network is controlled by Feed-Forward Predictive Mechanisms related to storage of information. The Delayed Response Function is mastered at 7 months, when 2nd event occurs with pruning of axons and dendrites. An abolished or defective Delayed Response Function seriously incapacitates an individual: A defective "Social Brain" with an inability for conscious action and to communicate, predominates in IA. There is a near lack of speech, despite normal vision and hearing in the minority without marked adversity in pregnancy, at delivery or in infancy. I propose that the recent rise in IA despite no rise in adversity signifies a rising deficiency in brain-food. That this is so is suggested by a changing clinical picture: no Mental Retardation in an IA majority. Deficit in Olfaction is pathognomonic in schizophrenia since 30 yrs and distinguishes the Asperger Syndrome. If brain-food deficiency alone sufficiently prolongs pruning to cause absent activity in SMA in infancy, less mentally retarded IA from other causes might be observed. Deficit in brain-food was evident in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: birthweight averaged 200-300 g lower than sibs, Omega-3 levels in brainstem were lower than controls. Only 20 % SIDS died in first hypoxic episode, suggesting such episodes are more frequent than we imagined. Children with learning-behaviour problems have similarly depressed birthweight. A general deficiency in Omega-3 contributes to the lacking reduction in Schizophrenia, despite early puberty predominates. Olfactory Bulb is first affected in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Cognitive decline with age, Hippocampal dysfunctions rise markedly irrespective of disease, but the major mental illnesses and Infantile Autism in particular, benefit from "brain-food" that might also prevent a development of these disorders. To secure optimal brain function in the coming generations, there is a need to change the diet now from its emphasis on protein for body growth to food for the brain. This means there is a need to increase fish and sea food consumption.

Precise determination of focal parameters for July 20, 1995 M L=4.1 earthquake sequence in the Huailai basin

On July 20, 1995 an M L=4.1 earthquake occurred in Huailai basin, northwest of Beijing, with epicenter coordinates 40.326°N, 115.448°E and focal depth 5.5 km. Following the main shock, microseismicity sharply increased in the basin. This earthquake sequence was recorded by Sino-European Cooperative Huailai Digital Seismograph Network (HDSN) and the hypocenters were precisely located. Using 8 aftershocks as empirical Green’s function (EGF) we calculated the source time function (STF) of the M L=4.1 event respectively, and by superposing these results, we obtained the average time function which has better signal to noise ratio. The final result shows that the M L=4.1 earthquake consisted of two events, one of which was stronger, the other was weaker, STFs from each station demonstrate an obvious “seismic Doppler effect”. Through a trial-and-error method, the following results were drawn: for the 1st event, the rupture length is 0.44 km, rupture velocity is 4.0 km/s, while for the 2nd event those parameters are 0.25 km, 3.0 km/s, the two events ruptured in the direction of 140° and 90° respectively (measured from the strike of the fault, anticlockwise positive), the two events were separated by 0.57 km in space, and 0.09 s in time. Using single EGF, we also retrieved the source time function of other 13 events with M L≥2.1 in the Huailai earthquake sequence. These results were reached: each of the 13 events consisted of single event, with the duration of the source time functions ranging between 0.05–0.16 s. Using far-field ground displacement measurement method, the scalar seismic moment, stress drop and rupture radii of 25 events with 0.95≤M L≤4.1 were obtained. The trend that scalar seismic moment and stress drop increase with magnitude was obvious. In the magnitude range 0.9≤M L≤2.4, the obtained radii show no correlativity with magnitude, we tend to believe, in such small magnitude range, precise measurement for radii of such small events is beyond the data used in this study.

The role of goal orientation following performance feedback.

This study examined the relationship of goal orientation and performance over a series of 2 challenging performance events. After providing performance feedback on the 1st event, the authors found that the relationship between a learning goal orientation and performance remained positive for the 2nd event, the relationship between a proving goal orientation and performance diminished from a positive to a nonsignificant level, and the relationship between an avoiding goal orientation and performance remained negative. Data analysis also indicated that the relationships between the 3 goal orientation dimensions and the performance event were differentially mediated by goal setting, self-efficacy, and effort.

コンセプトの純化と展開からみた市民参加型のことおこしに関する研究 大阪上町台地／太陽・緑・水

Semantic environment design are to be based on common images on regional environment peceived by citizens.Event management is requested to present relevant image of the city to participants. Public perception is guided by means of concept making in event management, that should be based on the following two points, 1)sharply focussing on the unity of the theme of the event, 2)diversion of introduced image of event by participants towards intimate their relationship to environment through direct experiences in the event.We have planned three walking events on the Uemachi-hill. The 1st event with the concept of Sacred Sun implied the beautiful sunset cosmos to indicate eternal relationship between human and the sun. Bequathed greenery in shrines and temples in the 2nd event, and Dried-up springs in the 3rd event which have ever provided drinking water for people are regarded as major environmental resources through the action participants are expected to play as urban green-planter or water-deliveryman in the symbolic role-play game.These three events clarify that sharp conversion and diversion of introduced images in the events contribute to participants actions towards consistent formulation of semantic images of the region.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APNEA AND HEART RATE IN PREMATURE INFANTS

The relationship between apnea (AP) and heart rate (HR) was determined in 8 premature infants (gestational age 27-31 weeks) during their 1st 5 days of life. Inspection of 276 hours of continual recording of respiration (impedance pneumograph), mean HR and intra-aortic pressure demonstrated 286 episodes of apnea (≥ 20 seconds, preceded by 2 minutes of uninterrupted breathing). In 94% of these apneic events, a drop in HR (10-110 bpm) followed the onset of apnea, with a mean delay in onset of HR drop of 9.7 ± 4.0 seconds. The drop in HR never preceded the onset of apnea and on only 2 occasions began simultaneously with the onset of apnea. The drop in HR appears to be a secondary response rather than part of the primary phenomenon. The hypothesis that the magnitude of the drop in HR is indicative of the significance of the apnea to the infant was tested by examining 17 pairs of apnea when the 2nd apnea occurred < 2 minutes after the first. (In 10 cases, the 2nd apnea occurred < 30 seconds after the 1st.) The HR nadir of the 2nd event compared to the 1st event was the same (within 10 bpm) or higher in 16 of the 17 pairs. The data suggest that a drop in heart rate invariably occurs as a response to apnea, but that the magnitude of the drop does not reflect the physiologic significance of the apnea to the infant.