2nd Ed Research Articles

Earth's Oldest Rocks (2nd ED)

Earth's Oldest Rocks (2nd ED)

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF DIOSCOREA HISPIDA FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AROUND LEUSER ECOSYSTEM AREA

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF DIOSCOREA HISPIDA FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AROUND LEUSER ECOSYSTEM AREA

An Interview with Sanjay Subrahmanyam

Sanjay Subrahmanyam is Distinguished Professor and Irving and Jean Stone Endowed Chair in Social Sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he teaches comparative history of early modern empires, the history of European expansion, and South Asian history. He is also Professor at the College de France in Paris, where he teaches the global history of the early modern period. His work addresses the economic, political, cultural, and intellectual entanglements of Europe and South-East Asia in the early modern world. Subrahmanyam was trained in Economic History at the Dehli School of Economics (PhD 1987), where he became a professor, before joining the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in 1995, and Oxford University in 2002. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Science and a member of the British Academy. His most important publications include: Europe’s India: Words, People, Empires, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017); Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia (Mary Flexner Lectures) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012); The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History (London and New York: Longman, 1993; 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).

Faith in Formulae: A Collection of Early-Christian Creeds and Creed-related Texts translated by Wolfram Kinzig

Reviewed by: Faith in Formulae: A Collection of Early-Christian Creeds and Creed-related Texts translated by Wolfram Kinzig Joel Kalvesmaki Faith in Formulae: A Collection of Early-Christian Creeds and Creed-related Texts. Edited, annotated, and translated by Wolfram Kinzig. 4 vols. [Oxford Early Christian Texts.] (New York: Oxford university Press. 2017. Pp. xxiv, 552, 420, 464, 509. $675.00. ISBN 978–0-1982–6941-0 [set]; 978–0-19–9609024 [vol. 1]; 978–0-19–960903-1 [vol. 2]; 978–0-19–875841-9 [vol. 3]; 978–019-875842–6 [vol. 4].) Wolfram Kinzig's Faith in Formulae is an essential acquisition for any research library with holdings in early or medieval Christianity. It supersedes August Hahn's Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln der Alten Kirche (1842; 2nd ed. 1877; 3rd ed. 1897) and Philip Schaff's second volume of Creeds of Christendom with a History and Critical Notes (1877), which have shaped the scholarship of the last century and a half. Kinzig's book most naturally follows in Hahn's footsteps, and so is quite different from Valerie R. Hotchkiss and Jaroslav Pelikan's Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition (2003), which covered the entire Christian tradition, and, being not so focused on philology, printed only the most important creeds and confessions prior to AD 814 (Charlemagne's death). That date provides Kinzig his chronological terminus. His chief interests are the ancient texts that preserve formulae of faith (e.g., "I believe in one God…") or attest to the reception of those formulae. For the hundreds of texts chosen, Kinzig provides, if available, the original Greek or Latin from the best recent edition, followed by an English translation. Sources that survive only in other languages, e.g., Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, are not given in those languages, but a reference to the best edition is provided, along with a modern translation (and perhaps a Greek retroversion). When the editions do not adequately subdivide a text, he has done so, to make citation easier. Quotations are marked by italics or underlining. At the end of each text is a summation that includes the writing's date and provenance; bibliography for noteworthy editions, translations, and studies; and brief notes. Those source texts—some of which are obscure but important—are grouped into 863 sections, by author, event, or work, generally arranged chronologically (according to current scholarly consensus on dating). Some sections are quite short (one brief text), but others are quite long. For example, §135, on the Council of Nicaea (AD 325), has not only the creed itself (plus bibliography pointing readers to the thirty-two Greek witnesses), but (among others) seventy-two Latin translations and transliterations. After providing key Old Testament and New Testament passages, Kinzig groups those sections of texts in eight chapters. Two of them—symbolum and its meanings, early baptismal interrogations—provide contextual background to the longest three—second-third-century formulae, eastern texts (fourth to ninth-century), and western texts (fourth to eighth-century). Another three chapters—canon law (fourth to eighth-century), the creed in liturgical and daily life, the creed in the [End Page 140] Carolingian reform—collect sources that are direct witnesses both to the confessions themselves and to their reception. In some cases, a textual cluster belongs to more than one chapter, in which case cross-references are provided. Kinzig's writing is clear and graceful, and engaged with scholarly questions about authorship and dating. His translations, and those of Christopher M. Hays, are sound and unstilted. In many cases, they started with the older Ante-Nicene Fathers and the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers translations, but only as a beginning; all English translations have been thoroughly corrected, revised, and updated. There is no subject index, so one cannot easily find important discussions (e.g., on the filioque at vol. 1, p. 15 and n. 71), or identify sources that have topical overlap (e.g., §4a and §6a, which quote a similar pagan formula of initiation). And there is not a concordance of important Greek and Latin terms. But the other indexes—Scripture, ancient and medieval works, manuscripts and other scripta— are immensely helpful, as is the lengthy...

Colonial Commodity or Numinous Realm? The Representation of Nature in the Poetry of Luis Palés Matos

This article examines the representation of nature in Tuntun de pasa y griferia (1937; 2nd ed. 1950), a poetry collection by the Puerto Rican poet Luis Pales Matos. Although Pales's poems do not explicitly address environmental concerns, they actively respond to colonial forms of capitalist developmentalism that shaped the Caribbean during the first half of the twentieth century. Pales offers a critical portrayal of a natural landscape dominated by multinational economic interests and by unsustainable models of tourism. In contrast, in some of his poems Pales offers a more ecological vision of nature anchored in the realm of Afro-Caribbean spiritual belief systems. However, Pales does not present an idealized view of nature—his ironic perspective remains ambivalent between a critique of a capitalist modernity in which nature is simply an exploitable resource, and a sacred vision to which modernity, including the poet himself, no longer has access.

The Value of Assessing Pupils’ Academic Self-Concept

ABSTRACTThe Myself-As-a-Learner scale (MALS) has been constructed to assess academic self-concept (Burden, R. L. [2000]. The Myself As a Learner Scale. Birmingham: Imaginative Minds; Burden, R. L. [2012]. The Myself As a Learner Scale [2nd ed.]. Cognitive Education Development Centre, Graduate School of Education, University of Exeter.). The scale consists of 20 self-referring statements to which individuals are invited to respond in a positive, negative, or neutral manner. A Norwegian translation proved to be an internally consistent tool for schools. The internal consistency was explored in a sample of 84 monolingual children in which all children were assessed twice with a time difference of about 8 months. Compared to a control group (N = 31) we found no significant effect of participation in a vocabulary training study on the children’s academic self-concept. Instead we found that high achievers evaluated themselves more positively over time, while low achievers evaluated themselves more negatively in the same period.

The Role of Associations in Vocabulary Acquisition: A Psycholinguistic Study on Indian ESL Learners

Learning English as a second language is an area of study which demands persistent research, probing and application of the findings. In India, English language is a part of everyday life, and the exposure to English vocabulary comes through a multitude of sources which include media, game applications and social networking among others. In many instances, even complicated and less frequent words are made familiar by these sources. However, the learners of ESL struggle for a good choice of words when they are in a situation to use the language. This has led the researcher to question how the process of vocabulary acquisition happens and how the acquired words are organised and stored. The current research is a psycholinguistic analysis of the way words are organised and associated with each other in the mental lexicon of the learners. The researcher attempts to study the role and impact of associations in vocabulary acquisition through an experimental study. The participants of the study are 120 Indian ESL learners enrolled for an undergraduate programme. They were tested with two methods of teaching vocabulary, namely the word definition method and semantic cluster method. The outcome of the study is discussed in the research paper.
 References
 
 Aitchison, J. (1987). Words in the Mind. An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Oxford: Blackwell.
 Crystal, D. (1988). The English Language. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
 Ervin, S. M. (1961). Changes with age in the verbal determinants of word association. American Journal of Psychology 74: 361–72.
 Fitzpatrick, T. (2006). Habits and rabbits: Word associations and the L2 lexicon. EUROSLA Yearbook 2006, 6, 121–45.
 Meara, P. (2009). Connected words: Word Associations and Second Language Vvocabulary acquisition. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
 Nation, I.S.P. (2013).Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Sahgal, A. (1991). Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India. In: J. Cheshire, ed. English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives. (pp. 299–307). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Schmitt, N. (2010). Researching Vocabulary: A Vocabulary Research Manual. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
 Singleton, D. (1999). Exploring the Second Language Mental Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.V. Kavitha, Padmasani Kannan

Ecosystem damage assessment of land transformation using species loss

The objectives of this study are to develop life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods that enable an assessment of the impact on the biodiversity by land use categorized in general land use types and to obtain the implications for an assessment of global land use impact, using the methods in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method based on Endpoint Modeling (LIME). Expected Increase in Number of Extinct Species (EINES), which was calculated by summing the increments in extinction risks of each threatened vascular plant species due to land transformation, was used as an indicator of damage to biodiversity. EINES per land use category was calculated using data from the “Threatened Wildlife of Japan, Red Data Book 2nd ed. Volume 8, Vascular Plants” (hereinafter referred to as “RDB”). The EINES of wetlands and grassland was relatively high. The number of species that were assumed to exist in forestland was large; however, the EINES of forestland was relatively low. It was considered to be influenced by the huge area of forestland in Japan. EINES of other land was also relatively high, and it was considered to be the reflection of the existence of species whose habitat is peculiar, such as limestone areas or high mountains. Damage factors developed for Japan in this study have broad potential application, as they have more general land use categories than those in LIME 1 and 2; however, it will be necessary to develop damage factors in other countries, taking into account threatened species categories and regional differences in the importance of various land use categories. It is also necessary to accumulate detailed data on threatened species across the planet to develop worldwide damage factors.

Jägerstätter by Felix Mitterer

Reviewed by: Jägerstätter by Felix Mitterer Vincent Kling Felix Mitterer, Jägerstätter. Translation by Gregor Thuswaldner with Robert Dassanowsky. Introduction by Gregor Thuswaldner. Studies in Central European History Culture & Literature. New Orleans: U of New Orleans P, 2015. 106pp. The preface and introduction to this English edition of Mitterer’s acclaimed play sketch in the factors that long prevented the unusual and heroic story of Franz Jägerstätter from becoming generally known, in comparison with the reputations of other Austrian resistance figures. A simple farmer with no wider associations, Jägerstätter acted entirely alone, not as a member of any group or organization that could have drawn attention to him. Fully aware from early on of what awaited him, he was guided by his conscience as roused through the Gospels, and it is apt that the first book about him, Gordon Zahn’s In Solitary Witness (1964; 2nd ed. 1984), was titled Er folgte seinem Gewissen in its German translation (1967). Guided by his unshakable Catholic viewpoint, he was so at odds with his pastor and bishop in his lifetime that Church authorities blocked discussion of him in diocesan publications after 1945. Seditiously “disobedient” to his religious authorities and unpardonably “treasonous” to the state, he had no advocate and might well have remained virtually unknown had not Zahn come across his story in the course of other research. Zahn’s book, in turn, “influenced Vietnam War protesters in the United States”; indeed, Daniel Ellsberg stated that it was the example of Jägerstätter that lent him the courage to publish the Pentagon Papers. But respect for Jägerstätter is hardly unanimous. Considered a traitor by many even today, his beatification in 2007 was vehemently disputed in some rightist Catholic circles—especially by the military chaplain who confirmed Heinz-Christian Strache as an adult—to such an extent that Cardinal Schönborn of Vienna had to issue a reminder of the official status of the declaration, citing the words of Pope Benedict xvi (not precisely a liberal), who extolled the heroism of the new beatus and declared St. Radegund, Jägerstätter’s home village in Upper Austria, a place of pilgrimage to the memory of a moral hero worthy of emulation. The prefatory materials in this edition are of great value to anyone, especially to the non-specialist. (The back matter includes the same photographs from the original German edition.) The footnotes and bibliography gather into one place most of the salient sources from the standpoint of the historian [End Page 153] and thus constitute a good beginning point for additional research. Thuswaldner likewise brings together the major literary and filmic treatments of the subject in connection with detailing how Mitterer came to write his play on a commission by actor Gregor Bloéb (brother of actor Tobias Moretti, incidentally) in 2011. Besides Mitterer’s play, by now famous, Thuswaldner mentions a one-woman show called Franziska Jägerstätter erzählt and another play and a novel about the man. The introduction also contains a well-argued appreciation of Mitterer, underestimated because so much of his work is popular in tone and deceptively provincial and folkloristic—but with universal value and insight apparent to those who pay attention. Noting that the premiere at the Theater in der Josefstadt in June 2013 was a success, Thuswaldner also conveys Mitterer’s stated reasons for writing the play in the first place, most of them related to the human warmth of the subject. Jägerstätter started as anything but a conventional saint—a drinker and a brawler who became a loving husband and father, an adventurous and high-spirited youth (he owned the first motorcycle in the area) whose deepening faith arose from an utterly unpretentious and courageous nature that did not allow his fierce convictions to be even slightly compromised. Mitterer stresses the protagonist as “a struggling and insecure human being” and gains great emotional immediacy by focusing on Jägerstätter’s discordant environment, not only family and friends but also “his priest and bishop who repeatedly urge him not to follow his conscience, but to take up arms in Hitler’s...

Mann, the United States, and the World

Mann, the United States, and the World Andrew Preston (bio) Michael Mann. The Sources of Social Power, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1986–2012: Vol. 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760. 1986. 578pp. $109.99 (cloth); 2nd ed. 2012. $39.99 (paper). Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914. 2012. 846pp. $119.99 (cloth); $39.99 (paper). Vol. 3: Global Empires and Revolution, 1890–1945. 2012. 516pp. $109.99 (cloth); $39.99 (paper). Vol. 4 : Globalizations, 1945–2011. 2012. 496 pp. $104.99 (cloth); $34.99 (paper). Michael Mann, a sociologist of class and nation-states in modern Europe, has written a monumental four-volume account of global history that every historian of the United States should read. The first volume of The Sources of Social Power, which examines world history up to the middle of the eighteenth century, was published in 1986; volume two, which covers the period between 1760 and 1914 and provides the keystone for the four-volume set (and, analytically, is the jewel in the crown), appeared in 1993. Mann then took a hiatus of sorts, at least from his magnum opus, and did not produce the third and fourth volumes until 2012. He kept himself busy between the publication of volumes two and three, however, by writing insightful books about U.S. foreign policy, fascism, and ethnic cleansing.1 Mann has had an eclectic career, in disciplinary terms part historical and part sociological, and his eclecticism is reflected in The Sources of Social Power. He has focused on various aspects of culture, ideology, religion, economics, governance, and political thought in a wide variety of social and national contexts. He has an undergraduate degree in history and a doctorate in sociology, both from Oxford; yet despite this Oxonian pedigree, his own [End Page 401] social background was modest. After his doctorate, Mann taught in some of the leading sociology departments in Britain, first at the University of Essex and, then, the London School of Economics. In 1986—the same year the first volume of The Sources of Social Power appeared—he moved to the University of California, Los Angeles, where he has remained ever since. Mann’s life experience, then, has been in various social and national settings, but his worldview is fundamentally rooted in the ideas of British social democracy and labor politics, and to a lesser extent, American liberalism.2 The four volumes of this work reflect Mann’s diversity of training and interests. They exhibit a high degree of sociological theory yet are readable to historians with no formal training in sociology. They are global histories that are nonetheless rewarding to historians grounded in a particular national or regional context, such as the United States. Mann is able to achieve this accessibility first and foremost through a breathtakingly wide comparative dimension, which enables him to draw out the relevant and revealing similarities and differences of empires and states. Mann’s typologies of power are thorough and at times convoluted, but they are for the most part digestible and eminently sensible, and he does the reader a great service by reiterating them in the introduction to each volume. It is best to think of Mann’s schema for various types of power as having two levels. On the first and grandest level, he identifies four main types of power—ideological, economic, military, and political (IEMP)—that have been present throughout history, from the ancient world to the present. The second level consists of three subordinate modalities of power, each of them dichotomous: distributive and collective power, which distinguishes between consensus and coercion; authoritative and diffuse power, which distinguishes between the source of power and whether it emanates from a specific locale or is systemic and undirected; and, finally, extensive and intensive power, which distinguishes between the projection of power outwards from the state and the mobilization of power within. These categories will be familiar to sociologists, but in a work of such historical range and scale, Mann’s exegesis of various forms of power and how they are exercised and deployed is in itself a valuable contribution for historians, who tend not to...

Dose and Timing of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Maternal Nutritional Supplements: Developmental Effects on 6-Month-Old Infants.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are more common in disadvantaged populations. Environmental factors, like suboptimal nutrition, may potentiate the developmental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. To evaluate the impact of micronutrients, including choline, on reduction of effects of exposure, we examined timing and dose of alcohol and effects of nutritional supplementation at two OMNI-Net sites in Western Ukraine that included high and low risk individuals. Alcohol-using and nondrinking women were randomized to one of three multivitamin/mineral supplement groups: none, multivitamins/minerals (MVM), and multivitamin/minerals plus choline. Children (N = 367) were tested at 6 months with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ED) yielding standard scores for Mental Development Index (MDI), Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) and Behavior. Generalized linear modeling was used: (1) for factorial analysis of effects of alcohol group, multivitamin/minerals, and choline supplementation; and (2) to examine the relationship between amount and timing of alcohol (ounces of absolute alcohol/day [ozAA/day] peri-conception and on average in the second trimester) and MVM supplementation on developmental outcomes while controlling sex, social class, and smoking. MDI was significantly impacted by peri-conceptual alcohol dose (X2(1), p < .001) with more alcohol associated with lower scores and males more negatively affected than females (X2(1), p < .002). Micronutrient supplementation had a protective effect; those receiving supplements performed better ([Formula: see text], p < .005). The PDI motor scores did not differ by group but were affected by peri-conceptual alcohol dose (X2(1), p < .04). Multivitamin/mineral supplementation can reduce the negative impact of alcohol use during pregnancy on specific developmental outcomes.

Sustainability Accounting and Accountability 2nd ed.

Sustainability Accounting and Accountability 2nd ed.

Book Review: An Introduction to Ecological Economics [2nd ed.] by Robert Constanza, et al.

Book Review: <i>An Introduction to Ecological Economics</i> [2^nd ed.] by Robert Constanza, <i>et al.</i>

Coaching and Mentoring Theory and Practice 2nd ed.

Coaching and Mentoring Theory and Practice 2nd ed.

IS-045 Consciousness At The Basis Of Developmental Care

The newborn human infant particularly the preterm infant was previously regarded as a sensory-motor organism without consciousness. By the introduction of developmental care neonatal nurses and doctors commenced to regard the preterm patient as an autonomous person with consciousness although at a minimal level. The thalamocortical connections from the sense organs are established from about the 23rd gestational week, indicating that the neuronal global workspace can function (see ref 1 ). From about 25 weeks cortical responses in the somatosensory area have been recorded by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and facial expressions similar to adults sustaining pain have been observed in preterm infants after 25 weeks The preterm infant is aware of its body, itself and to some extent of the outside world. It recognises faces, vowels and smells it has been exposed to. Recent NIRS studies have shown that the preterm brain reacts differently to female versus male voices. 2 It expresses emotions like joy. By functional MR it has been demonstrated that there is a spontaneous resting activity encompassing the somatosensory, auditory and visual cortex, although there is less activity in association area and the prefrontal cortex as compared with adults. There is an incomplete default mode network which is assumed to be related to consciousness. 3 References Lagercrantz H, Hanson, M., Ment, L., Rodeck, C. (Eds) The Newborn Brain 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010 Mahmoudzadeh M et al . Syllabic discrimination in premature human infants. PNAS . 2013;110:4846–4851 Raichle M. The brain’s dark energy. Scientific American . 2010;302:44–49

Invited: Solidstate Engineering at Northwestern University

III-V semiconductors are playing an increasingly important role in the semiconductor industry as silicon technology slowly researches maturity. A diverse, and expanding, array of III-V semiconductor materials is currently being studied for next generation applications including optoelectronics and power devices. Under the guidance of Professor Manijeh Razeghi, Northwestern University has put itself on the map with a dedicated solidstate engineering faculty and state of the art facilities—all targeted towards training the next generation of solidstate engineers to work with these fundamental semiconductor materials. This is in marked contrast to many universities which focus primarily on the application of power devices, but not the design and construction of these devices.Northwestern University has a dedicated cleanroom facility with multiple MOCVD and MBE system, and a state of the art toxic gas handling system dedicated to the growth of III-V semiconductor materials. Northwestern also has multiple facilities dedicated to the processing of these semiconductor materials into packaged devices, as well as the expertize and knowledge to test and characterize a wide array of III-V semiconductor devices. These facilities are currently used by undergraduate and graduate students, as well as post-doctoral scholars and research faculty, and support an integrated solid-state engineering curriculum.The solid state engineering curriculum consists of a core focused on developing a fundamental understanding of theory, design and physics; semiconductor material growth and characterization; and device processing and testing. Three Textbooks have been developed to support this core curriculum: Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering, 3rd ed. ; Technology of Quantum Devices ; and the MOCVD Challenge, 2nd Ed. This curriculum then branches off into two major thrusts: “electronic transport” and “optoelectronics”. The electronic transport thrust contains classes covering low and high-power electronic devices. This talk will review the current solidstate educational curriculum at Northwestern and our future plans to expand the coverage of wide-bandgap power devices in order to better educate the next generation of scientists and engineers to work in this important and growing area.

Global Business Leadership 2nd ed.

Global Business Leadership 2nd ed.

Getting the Joke: The Inner Workings of Stand-up Comedy 2nd ed. by Oliver Double (review)

Getting the Joke: The Inner Workings of Stand-up Comedy 2nd ed. by Oliver Double (review)

Comparing Apples and Oranges

The assessment of young children in early childhood special education is a central area of educational practice. The results of child assessments often have significant implications for young children, their families, and the programs that serve them, including eligibility for special education services, instructional planning, and documentation of child outcomes. The array of early childhood assessment types and purposes can be challenging to disentangle at the practitioner and policy level. At this time, different types of assessment tools (e.g., norm-referenced and criterion-referenced) are being used to document the development and learning of children and little attention has been paid to the parallel information produced from different assessment types. The purpose of this study is to compare the assessment results from two types of developmental instruments commonly used ( Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System Second Edition [AEPS 2nd ed.] and Battelle Developmental Inventory II [BDI-2]) to determine their congruence in determining a child’s developmental status (e.g., “on track” or delayed). Results indicate substantive difference between the two measures highlighting the potential for mismeasurement and misinterpretation of child assessment data. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Adapting Poe by Dennis R. PERRY, and Carl H. SEDERHOLM (review)

Reviewed by: Adapting Poe by Dennis R. PERRY, and Carl H. SEDERHOLM Scott Peeples PERRY, Dennis R., and Carl H. SEDERHOLM. Adapting Poe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 285pp. $90.00. Few writers’ works and image have proved as adaptable as Edgar Allan Poe’s. That sentence could have been written fifty years ago with as much assurance as I write it now. But whereas fifty years ago that observation probably would have preceded a justification for devoting serious academic study to the Poe canon—and, implicitly, ignoring those Vincent Price movies—today it points toward a growth sector of the Poe industry, represented by Perry and Sederholm’s collection Adapting Poe. “Ours is an age of adaptation,” the editors proclaim in their informative introduction; “one in which scholars have begun to employ more sophisticated theoretical perspectives that allow for new possibilities in understanding Poe-inspired texts, and then reexamining Poe’s work from the new intertextual-theoretical prisms” (5). The collection’s primary theoretical prism is Linda Hutcheon’s A Theory of Adaptation (London: Routledge, 2006; 2nd ed. 2013), which is cited in sixteen of the nineteen essays. Generally following Hutcheon’s influential theory, the contributors regard adaptation as “extended intertextual engagement with the adapted work” (Hutcheon 8), “a derivation that is not derivative—a work that is second without being secondary” (Hutcheon 9). Wisely, then, none of these writers fetishizes fidelity to the adapted Poe text; instead, they examine how the adaptation operates in relation to Poe (the myth more often than the man) and his writing. They face a challenge, however, in constructing meaningful, original arguments about those relationships. Some of the authors, such as Sandra Hughes in an essay on James Wan’s film Saw and Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum,” make precise, thoughtful comparisons but settle for rather modest payoffs—in Hughes’s case, that “Wan’s film goes beyond even Poe’s worst imaginings in its attempts to appeal to a modest audience” (71), and thus “Saw is Poe for the twenty-first century” (79). While most of the essays focus on works that announce themselves as adaptations, Hughes’s chapter and several others—Dennis R. Perry’s on “Ligeia” and Inception, Alexandra Reuber’s on “William Wilson” and the films Fight Club and Identity, Rachel McCoppin’s on Vertigo and The Sixth Sense, and Tony Magistrale’s on the industrial rock music of Nine Inch Nails—work with texts that seem to carry Poe’s direct or indirect influence. However, none of these writers want to settle for an “influence” argument, perhaps because that would oversimplify their relationship, or simply because positing that X probably influenced Y because Y’s [End Page 135] work resembles X’s and came after it is not exactly cutting-edge criticism. But if the post-Poe text does not announce itself as an adaptation, it’s difficult, I think, to usefully complicate the argument, to avoid settling for influence and nothing more. Difficult, but not impossible: in one of the best essays in the collection, Perry uses “Ligeia” and Eureka to elucidate the “self-reflexive structures” of Inception and argues for a common aesthetic of confusion that both Poe and Christopher Nolan employ. He succeeds partly because the common threads he identifies in Nolan and Poe are not simply conventions of a genre to which Inception belongs. On the other hand, the thematic ties that bind Poe’s “The Black Cat” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” to Vertigo and The Sixth Sense in McCoppin’s essay (“as with Poe, the misdirected obsession becomes the necessary agent of unconscious revelation” [116]), are the stock-in-trade of gothicists from Poe’s predecessors Hoffmann and Brockden Brown to other contemporary films including Silence of the Lambs and Fight Club. The common psychological tropes go beyond direct “influence,” but they’re so widespread that it’s difficult to see them in terms of adaptation. The best essays in Adapting Poe reveal surprising complexity in both adaptations of Poe and the nature of adaptation itself. Invoking Foucault’s “What Is An Author?” Jeffrey Weinstock effectively describes the “Poe function”—Poe’s signifying power in literary and popular culture—before...