3D Radiation Pattern Research Articles

Tunable meander-type antenna integrated with a bluetooth module in PCB board

In this paper, a tunable antenna integrated with a Bluetooth module in printed circuit board (PCB) board for Bluetooth application was proposed and experimentally studied.The proposed tunable antenna consisted of meander-type stack antenna, Bluetooth module, strip line, and chip capacitors in PCB board. The simulation results for the effect of the variation of chip capacitor in PCB board for Bluetooth application were investigated. From the experimental results, the measured impedance bandwidth, defined by VSWR = 2, was obtained. Also, 3D radiation patterns and peak and average gains were measured and studied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2801–2804, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25618

Novel Compact Model for the Radiation Pattern of UWB Antennas Using Vector Spherical and Slepian Decomposition

A new compact model is described for the 3D radiation pattern of an ultrawideband antenna, using a vector spherical and Slepian decomposition. Vector spherical modes are known to provide a good basis for the angular dependency of the radiation pattern. This paper is the first to extend such a model to also incorporate the frequency dependency of a radiation pattern. This is achieved by using a Slepian mode expansion. It is shown that this model requires considerably less coefficients than traditional sampling to accurately describe a frequency-dependent 3D radiation pattern. Also, generating the Slepian modes is computationally more efficient than comparable techniques, such as the singularity expansion method (SEM). The coefficients can then directly be used to efficiently calculate performance measures such as the antenna fidelity factor for all angles (?,?) without reconstructing the radiation pattern, or to reduce the noise contribution.

Compact meander‐type antenna integrated with the module package for Bluetooth operation

AbstractThis article presents a compact meander‐type antenna integrated with the module package for Bluetooth application. Theantenna consists of a lower patch in the bottom layer, an upper patch in the top layer, and a three via for connecting the two layers. The proposed antenna with module package, which is integrated to the module package through shorted‐circuiting, have been designed and successfully implemented. From experimental results, the measured impedance bandwidth, defied by S11 = −7.5 dB, can reach an operating bandwidth of 220 MHz (2.34–2.56 GHz). Also, 3D radiation patterns and peak and average gains within the operating band are measured and studied. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 458–462, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24932

FM 라디오 수신을 위한 차량용 다이버시티 안테나 설계

In this paper, we report on the channel capacity and diversity gain of the vehicle on-glass antenna for FM radio reception. The correlation coefficient and channel capacity were obtained using the simulated 3D radiation pattern of each antenna and the Rayleigh channel model for urban environment. To examine the channel capacity we used two antennas which are a simple straight antenna and L-type antenna. Then we observed the available channel capacity by varying the position of feeds and the shape of the L-type antenna. The sample antenna, which has a maximum feed distance with different polarizations, was built and the receiving performance was measured in the weak FM field area. From the results we confirmed that the distance between the feeds should be placed as far as possible for the high channel capacity. If the distance between the feeds are greater than a certain threshold value than the polarizations of the two antennas are getting more important for determining the channel capacity.

A 3D-to-2D Transform Algorithm for Incorporating 3D Antenna Radiation Patterns in SCM

We present a method to incorporate the effect of the three-dimensional (3D) antenna radiation patterns into a two-dimensional (2D) multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) channel model. The proposed method is a low-complexity technique that increases the accuracy of existing 2D spatial channel model (SCM) proposed by 3GPP for performance analysis of long-term evolution (LTE) MIMO. Using a realistic 3D antenna field pattern and the 2D 3GPP SCM, the 3D-to-2D transform algorithm (3D-2D-TF) gives a 5% outage capacity within 0.5 b/s/Hz when compared to a higher complexity averaging approach using 18-cut planes (18-CP) of the 3D radiation pattern. This is achieved with 6% of the run-time complexity. By not including the elevation information, the original SCM 2D model gives an outage capacity prediction error of up to 2.4 b/s/Hz as compared to the 18-CP averaging approach. The 3D-2D-TF is therefore a promising low-complexity candidate that increases the accuracy of 2D channel models for MIMO 4G performance evaluations.

Analysis of Dual-Band Helical Antenna for Diversity on Mobile Phones

Antenna diversity on a mobile phone is considered using two dual-band, GSM900/1800, helical antennas. The received signals in mobile Rayleigh fading channel are modeled using a new field simulation technique that involves the three-dimensional (3D) radiation pattern of antennas, 3D angle of arrivals (AoAs) and Doppler frequency. Statistical tools prove the validity of the field simulator. The signals correlation coefficient and diversity gain are computed for different mobile propagation environments by considering AoAs. It is shown that the diversity gain is slightly influenced by the environment models. The experimental prototype is developed and measured. Antenna characteristics: return loss, coupling, 3-D radiation patterns and antenna efficiency are obtained by the measurements and simulations. The diversity performance of the array configuration is measured in the rich wave scattering environment of a reverberation chamber (RC). Results including: signals correlation coefficient, average power of diversity branches, apparent/effective diversity gain and antenna efficiency in RC are provided. The influence of the mobile user is measured as well. Diversity gain of the helical array in both operating frequencies is fairly good. The signals correlation with user's head increases in GSM900 and slightly decreases in GSM1800. In the former band, the diversity gain loss due to imbalance branch powers is found more important than in the later.

Spatial rendering of audiovisual synthetic speech use for immersive environments

Synthetic speech is usually delivered as a mono audio signal. In this project, audiovisual speech synthesis is attributed to a virtual agent moving in a virtual three-dimensional scene. More realistic acoustic rendering is achieved by taking into account the position of the agent in the scene, the acoustics of the room depicted in the scene, and the orientation of the virtual character's head relative. 3D phoneme dependant radiation patterns have been measured for two speakers and a singer. These data are integrated into a Text-To-Speech system using a phoneme to directivity pattern transcription module which also includes a phoneme to viseme model for the agent. In addition to the effects related to agent's head orientation for the direct sound, a room acoustics model allows for realistic rendering of the room effect as well as the apparent distance as depicted in the virtual scene. Real-time synthesis is implemented in a 3D audio rendering system.

2.5D Simulation of basin-edge effects on the ground motion characteristics

The effects of basin-edge and soil velocity on the ground motion characteristics have been simulated using 2.5D modeling. One of the most significant advantages of the 2.5D simulation is that 3D radiation pattern can be generated in a 2D numerical grid using double-couple shear dislocation source. Further, 2.5D numerical modeling avoids the extensive computational cost of 3D modeling. The responses of basin-edge model using different soil velocities revealed that surface waves were generated near the edge of the basin and propagated normal to the edge, towards the basin. Further, the results depict increase of amplification, duration and surface wave generation with the decrease in soil velocity.

Transverse radiation pattern of a slotted waveguide array radiating between finite height baffles in terms of a spectrum of two-dimensional solutions

In arrays of waveguide fed slots, the periodicity of the slots causes grating lobes off the principal planes, referred to as second-order beams. To suppress these lobes, parallel plates baffles) on both sides of the array can be used. In this paper, a linear array of longitudinal slots radiating between such baffles of finite height is analysed. The three-dimensional (3D) field problem is reduced to a two-dimensional (2D) problem via a Fourier transform. An integral equation for the 2D problem is developed and solved. The 3D radiation pattern, including the effect of a finite ground plane outside the baffles, is calculated from the 2D solutions. Results for various baffle dimensions, showing the attenuation of second-order beams, are presented and computed solution has been verified by measurements.