2D Nanofillers Research Articles

Flame retardancy and anti-impact performance of polyurea composite coating reinforced by modified ammonium polyphosphate and two-dimensional nano-fillers

The protection performance of polyurea (PUA) coating is limited due to its intrinsic flammability. In order to develop a PUA composite coating with outstanding flame retardant and anti-impact performance simultaneously, in this paper the modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers of graphene oxide (GO) and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) were introduced into PUA matrix. Thermal stability and combustion behavior of PUA composites were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and cone calorimeter. Results show that PUA composite sample with 17 wt% MAPP, 1.5 wt% GO and 1.5 wt% LDH exhibited remarkable flame-retardant and fire protective performance. The flame retardancy index increases to 1.7 from 1.0 with the time required to burn out and total heat release THR being dramatically decreased by 31.0 % and 33.4 %, respectively. The dynamic mechanical properties of PUA composites at the strain rate as high as 4500 s−1 were investigated. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the PUA composite shows strong strain rate effect. The introduction of the flame retardant does not substantially damage the energy dissipating capacity and anti-impact performance of the PUA matrix. Interfacial properties of PUA composites were studied by standard avulse and shear methods. The PUA composites with LDH and GO could form stronger bonding with the steel compared to neat PUA.

Influence of matrix recrystallization and nanofiller porosity on the interfacial properties of holey graphene-aluminium nanocomposites

Due to their excellent properties, graphene-like 2D structures have been widely used to reinforce aluminium nanocomposites. However, the interfacial behaviour presented by different types of holey graphenes and their reinforcing effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are still not completely clear. In this work, Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to investigate the interfacial behaviour between five different graphenes and an aluminium matrix (Al-graphene, Al-Phagraphene, Al-haeckelite, Al-N-holey-graphene (hG) and Al-B-hG). Using pull-out loading test, the influence of the 2D nanofillers porosity on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites is assessed. Additionally, and regarding the aluminium matrix, two different cases were studied: (i) the aluminium matrix was not recrystallized and (ii) the aluminium matrix was melted and then recrystallized. It was found that the introduction of porous graphene improves the interfacial adhesion in the nanocomposites while the pull-out force and interfacial shear strength of the nanocomposites are significantly higher when the aluminium matrix is previously melted and then recrystallized.

Improved dielectric and electromagnetic interference shielding performance of materials by hybrid filler network design in three-dimensional nanocomposite films

A nanoscale stretching-induced one-dimensional (1D) nanofiller orientation in a three-dimensional (3D) film (the films form cell walls of foamed materials) is beneficial for improving the dielectric and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of composite systems. However, nanoscale stretching may cause nanofiller separation, negatively impacting their properties. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) nanofiller was introduced into a carbon nanofibre/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (CNF/PVDF) nanocomposite system to improve the nanoscale confined-space stretching effect. As a result, the degree of in-film orientation of the CNFs was significantly improved. Based on this effect, boron nitride was used as a 2D dielectric nanofiller to improve the degree of in-plane orientation of CNFs and to prepare 3D nanocomposite films with improved dielectric properties (improved by 54.3 %). Furthermore, 2D conductive nanofiller graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were employed to improve the degree of in-film orientation of CNFs for the preparation of CNF/GNP/PVDF nanocomposite foams with improved electrical conductivity and EMI shielding performance (increased by 89.4 %, from 18.8 to 35.6 dB·g−1·cm3 at 10 GHz). A Monte Carlo simulation was used to verify that the 2D nanofiller improved the 1D nanofiller orientation in the 3D nanocomposite film. This study provides a guide for the design of high-performance foamed nanocomposite materials.

BN-PVDF/rGO-PVDF Laminate Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications.

The increasing demand for high energy storage devices calls for concurrently enhanced dielectric constants and reduced dielectric losses of polymer dielectrics. In this work, we rationally design dielectric composites comprising aligned 2D nanofillers of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix through a novel press-and-fold technique. Both nanofillers play different yet complementary roles: while rGO is designed to enhance the dielectric constant through charge accumulation at the interfaces with polymer, BNNS suppress the dielectric loss by preventing the mobility of free electrons. The microlaminate containing eight layers each of rGO/PVDF and BNNS/PVDF films exhibits remarkable dielectric performance with a dielectric constant of 147 and an ultralow dielectric loss of 0.075, due to the synergistic effect arising from the alternatingly electrically conductive and insulating films. Consequently, a maximum energy density of 3.5 J/cm3-about 18 times the bilayer composite counterpart-is realized. The high thermal conductivities of both nanofillers and their alignment endow the microlaminate with an excellent in-plane thermal conductivity of 6.53 Wm-1K-1, potentially useful for multifunctional applications. This work offers a simple but effective approach to fabricating a composite for high dielectric energy storage using two different 2D nanofillers.

Incorporating 2D γ-Al2O3 nanosheets into the flexible PEO-based solid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries

Solid polymer electrolytes using polyethylene oxide (PEO) are promising for boosting the safety of lithium metal batteries (LMBs), but suffer from low ionic conductivity due to high crystallinity and poor segment motion of PEO. Adding plasticizers like succinonitrile (SN) is one of the solutions to improve the ionic conductivity of PEO, but it sacrifices the cycle performances of LMBs. In addition, the ability to conduct lithium ions of PEO-SN matrixes is yet to be improved. Herein, two-dimensional γ-Al2O3 nanosheets are first introduced into the PEO-SN matrix to facilitate the long-range migration of lithium ions and improve the electrochemical properties of PEO-SN matrix, realizing the new design of traditional materials. The mechanism between γ-Al2O3 nanosheets and the polymer matrix is discussed. The addition of γ-Al2O3 nanosheets improves the ionic conductivities and cycle performances of PEO-LiTFSI-SN (PLS) electrolytes. In specific, the ionic conductivity at 25 °C of the PEO-LiTFSI-SN-Al2O3 nanosheet (PLS-A) electrolyte is up to 2.02 × 10−4 S cm−1. Meanwhile, the electrochemical properties of Li/PLS-A/LiFePO4 are tested, with a low overpotential change of 0.06 V, coulombic efficiency above 99.6%, and capacity retention of 95% at 0.5C and 60 °C after 50 cycles. The solid electrolyte system provides a feasible strategy for the application of 2D nanofillers in PEO polymer electrolytes.

Enhanced tribological performance of epoxy nanocomposites by the hybridization of 2D nano‐WS2 and graphene oxide nanosheets

AbstractIncorporation of 2D nanofillers can effectively improve tribological performance of epoxy resin (EP). In this work, two types of 2D nanosheets are incorporated to maximize the tribological performance of EP nanocomposites. On the one hand, nano tungsten disulfide (WS2) was coated on graphene oxide (GO) to form 2D WS2@GO nanosheets before they were incorporated into EP matrix. On the other hand, as a comparison, WS2‐GO hybrid was incorporated into EP matrix by directly mixing to obtain epoxy nanocomposites. Tribological performance of EP composites with 0.1–5 wt% 2D WS2@GO nanosheets and WS2‐GO hybrid are then systematically investigated. It is interestingly observed that the addition of WS2‐GO hybrid at 1 wt% decreases the friction coefficient by 5.4% and the specific wear rate by 67.7% of neat EP; comparatively, adding the 2D WS2@GO nanosheets at 1 wt% presents much higher improvements in reducing the friction coefficient by 24.1% and the specific wear rate by about 96.3% of EP. The formation of transfer film is shown to be responsible for enhancing tribological properties of EP by the hybridization of 2D nano‐WS2 and GO nanosheets. Consequently, it is clear that forming 2D WS2@GO nanosheets is dramatically superior to simply mixing nano WS2 and GO with EP in enhancing tribological performance.

Simultaneous enhancement of powder properties, additive manufacturability, and mechanical performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by 2D-nanocarbon decoration

Poor understanding of composite powder properties is a bottleneck in the design of high-performance metallic components via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Traditional particle- or fiber-like fillers are known to result in reduced powder flowability and the uncontrollable morphology of composite powders. In this work, we demonstrate a first example of improving the powder properties and L-PBF manufacturability of metallic powders decorated by two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers. 0.5 wt% graphene oxide (GO) sheets were uniformly adhered onto the surface of Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) powders via an electrostatic self-assembly, with their spherical morphology and particle size uncompromised. The notably enhanced quality of the GO-decorated Ti64 (GO@Ti64) powder bed, indicated by the results of a novel centrifugal separation testing and a recoating experiment, was attributed to the significant reduction in powder/powder and powder/substrate adhesive forces. Moreover, while the thermal conductivity of the GO@Ti64 powders was found to decrease, the laser absorptivity increased as a result of multiple local absorptions of wrinkled GO. The optimal process zone of GO@Ti64 powders was therefore shown to have been extended and to have become wider, enhancing L-PBF printability. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy inspections revealed that the GO/Ti64 build fully consisted of ultrafine α’ martensite structures with a lath width of ∼91 nm. This novel structure was attributed to the high-temperature, nonequilibrium densification of L-PBF; the complete dissolution of the 2D GO nanosheets into the Ti64 matrix generated a novel carbon-supersaturated, precipitation-free structure. The grain refinement and solid-solution strengthening behaviors led to an increase in the yield strength of the GO/Ti64 build from 1375 MPa to 1793 MPa, and also an increase in its compressive strength, from 1796 MPa to 2032 MPa. The results of this investigation contribute to a better understanding of composite powder properties and can be seen as a significant step toward the preparation of high-performance metallic components via L-PBF.

Modulating electron traps of PEI-based nanocomposites for superb capacitive performance over a broad temperature range

The thermal breakdown is a crucial factor leading to the failure of dielectric polymers owing to the production of a large amount of Joule heat derived from conduction loss and thermal accumulation, which becomes a technical bottleneck restricting the development of high-temperature electronic devices and equipment. Nevertheless, it is tough to minimize conduction loss and prevent premature heat degradation simultaneously when designing high-temperature resistant polymer-based energy storage dielectrics. Herein, PEI-matrix nanocomposites which core-shell structures of 2D BNNSs core and Al2O3 shell are prepared. Our result reveals that introducing the wide-band gap core-shell design into polymer generates trap energy levels, leading to a diminished conduction loss and a strengthened Schottky barrier. And high-thermal conductivity 2D nanofiller further promotes the dissipation of Joule heat and faster heat transfer, which eases deferring thermally assisted electrical breakdown of the dielectric giving rise to an excellent high-temperature capacitive performance. As a result, an outstanding discharged energy density (Ud) of 5.74 J/cm3 is achieved at 525 MV/m and 150 °C while efficiency (η) is 91.5 %, which outperforms most of the commercial high-temperature polymers. This work promotes the development and application of polymeric nanocomposite films appliable elevated temperatures.

A novel analytic model for prediction of the anisotropic thermal conductivity in polymer composites containing aligned 1D nanofillers

The distribution of thermally conductive fillers significantly affects the thermal conductivity (TC) of polymer composites; however, the description of their relationship and accurate prediction remain quite challenging. In this paper, a novel analytical model is first derived for the calculation of the anisotropic TC in polymer composites containing aligned one-dimensional nanofillers (ODNs). The TC of an ODN considering the boundary resistance is obtained via effective medium approximation (EMA), while the TC of composites is derived via the unit cell method. A parameter f that is only related to the distances between the ODNs is introduced, and the proposed model can well describe the impact of the distances between the aligned ODNs on the TC of the composites. To validate the model, finite element method (FEM) simulations are conducted. It is found that the results calculated by the proposed model match well with experimental data and the results of FEM simulations. The influences of the key parameters of the proposed model on the TC of composites are discussed, and the proposed model is also compared with other theoretical models, including the Nan's model, the parallel model, and the series model. This work provides a simple but effective way for predicting and understanding the thermal conductivity of composites containing aligned 1D nanofillers using computational approaches.

Engineering CO2-philic pathway via grafting poly(ethylene glycol) on graphene oxide for mixed matrix membranes with high CO2 permeance

The introduction of two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers into thin-film (<1 μm thickness) mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) remains challenging because of the interfacial issues that lead to Knudsen diffusion, thereby causing a loss of selectivity. Herein, we describe a surface modification technique that involves the application of an epoxy group ring opening process and free-radical polymerization to the graphene oxide (GO) surface to enable the grafting of CO2-philic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. The use of functional groups to achieve the PEG modification of GO increases the interlayer spacing between the 2D GO layers. Specifically, the abundant PEG domain between the layers provides an effective CO2-philic pathway and minimizes the occurrence of polymer matrix/GO filler interfacial defects, resulting in excellent CO2 permeance and selectivity. The MMM consisting of GO-glycidyl methacrylate grafted with poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) achieved the highest performance, with a CO2 permeance of 3169 GPU, CO2/N2 selectivity of 37.4, and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 15.8. These results indicate the suitability of the as-prepared materials for commercial applications.

Restricted assembly of ultralow loading of graphene oxide for lightweight, mechanically flexible and flame retardant polydimethylsiloxane foam composites

Lightweight, mechanically flexible and flame retardant polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foam materials modified with low content of nano-fillers are highly needed for versatile applications. Instead of the direct mechanical mixing technique that induced the embedment of nanofillers inside the matrix, herein, a facile, rapid and green restricted assembly strategy was established to prepare PDMS foam composites coated with an extremely low content of restricted graphene oxide (GO) sheets. A GO/water mixture in silicone oil emulsion was prepared to produce the restricted assembly of GO layers precisely and solely on the foam surface with no GO sheets inside the skeleton. Based on such restricted assembly induced by the amphiphilic surfactant molecules, the presence of only ∼0.04 wt% GO greatly improved the flame resistance (e.g., 40.6% reduction in heat release rate and 27.1% of limit oxygen index) of PDMS foams without affecting the low density (∼0.23 g/cm3) and mechanical flexibility (unchanged stress at strain 70% after 100 cycles under 200 °C). Observations and analysis of the burnt zones demonstrated that the restricted ultralow content GO sheets formed a compact protective layer facilitated by the pyrolysis of the PDMS molecules, thus protecting the inside of the PDMS material from the heat and oxygen attacks. These results confirmed that the restricted self-assembly of 2D nano-fillers approach is effective for the fabrication of flame-retardant PDMS foams and retention of other important properties.

Fabrication and optimization of processing parameters of 2D/3D arrays of composite PET electrospun nanofibrous webs

Pristine and functional carbon nanofillers reinforced composite nanofibrous web of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have been fabricated by the horizontal needle-based electrospinning technique. The nano materials are used to introduce the multi functionalities, like electrical conductivity, thermal stability and multiple adsorption sites. The nanocomposite nanofibrous webs are produced by mixing various weight percentages of 2D and 3D nanofillers in the matrix polymer solution. The micro structural morphologies, thermal stability, tensile strength of PET as well as the functional groups of nanofillers surface are optimized for making the 2D/3D assemblies multifunctional. The hybrid nanofibrous web is characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, universal testing machine, gel permeation chromatography and fourier transformed infrared spectrometer respectively. It has been found that the range of mean diameter of nanofibres lies between 165 nm and 272 nm due to the differential viscosity of nanofillers reinforced polymeric solution. The detailed structure-property studies are carried out on the reinforced functional PET nanofibres for various strategic applications.

Investigation on the accelerating effect of two-dimensional boron nitride on the phase transition from form II to I in isotactic polybutene-1

This work investigated the influence of two-dimensional boron nitride (BN) on the phase transformation kinetics of isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) with differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction, and small angle X-ray scattering technique. The phase transition time ( t tra ) from form II to I largely decreases with the increasing content of BN nanosheets. Different from that in pure iPB-1, the phase transition is accomplished without residual form II in a relatively short time. It's speculated that the addition of BN leads to the irregular lamellae packing of form II (demonstrated by the SAXS result). The irregular packing can avoid the accumulation of negative stress that is induced by the lamellae deformation of the transformed form II, which may hider the chain movement of the residual un-transformed form II. The dispersion of the negative stress obviously accelerated phase transition kinetics from form II to I in iPB-1/BN blends. In addition, it's found that the thickness of form I in iPB-1/BN blends is thicker than that in pure iPB-1. By investigation on the melting temperature of partially transformed form II/I, it showed that the thickness of form I in iPB-1/blends increased continually during the whole phase transition process, which is different from that in pure iPB-1. The continuously lamellae thickening of form I during phase transition may be due to the dispersion of negative stress which benefits the chain movement. • The effect of 2D nanofillers on the phase transition from form II to I in iPB-1 is investigated. • The transformation kinetics is obviously accelerated. • Lamellar thickening of form I during phase transition is observed.

An atomistic approach to study the dynamic and structural response in 2D nanofiller reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites under ultra-short shock pulse loading

An atomistic model was developed to systematically investigate the shock propagation and its attenuation behavior in two-dimensional (2D) nanofiller reinforced polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites. Under the framework of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, an explicit ultra-short shock pulse with an impact velocity of 1.0 km/s was applied on the mono- and bi-crystalline 2D nanofiller reinforced PE nanocomposites. Their dynamic and structural responses were captured in terms of particle velocity, mean pressure, kinetic energy, and radial distribution function (RDF). The trends depicted that the energy dissipated from graphene (GNS) and boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) reinforced PE nanocomposites were 30.69% and 24.92%, respectively, whereas the energy dissipation improves up to 45.33% and 41.77% for bi-crystalline GNS and bi-crystalline BNNS, respectively. Higher energy dissipation in GNS reinforced PE nanocomposites can be attributed to extreme impedance mismatch and superior interfacial interaction energy between GNS and PE chains.

Application of nanocomposite polyelectrolytes for the removal of antibiotics as emerging pollutants in water

In this work, nanocomposite polyelectrolytes (NCPs) based on alkylated chitosan macromonomers, ionic monomers, and 2D nanofillers of montmorillonite clay types were used to eliminate emerging contaminants, such as amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TET), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), in water. For the removal studies, the effects of pH, ionic strength, amount of adsorbent, and kinetic and isothermic processes were studied. Removal percentages of 65.0, 81.4, and 76.7 were obtained at pH 9.0, 11.0, and 11.0 for CIP, TET, and AMX, respectively. It was also demonstrated that as the ionic strength increased, the elimination percentage decreased due to competition between sodium and chloride ions for the active sites on the adsorbent. Higher adsorption was obtained at an adsorbent dose of 0.03 g for CIP, AMX and 0.02 g for TET. The adsorption kinetics showed that both the pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model described the adsorption process, and the maximum adsorption capacity was at 30 min due to the availability of active sites present in the NCPs. Regarding the maximum retention adhesion capacity, the Langmuir isotherm was described as measuring values of 58.6, 291.7, and 97.6 mg g−1 for CIP, TET, and AMX at 298 K, respectively.

Interfacial polarization regulation of ultrathin 2D nanosheets inducing high energy storage density of polymer-based nanocomposite with opposite gradient architecture

High discharge energy density (Udis) has been achieved via regulating the interfacial polarization of ultra-thin 2D Sr2Nb2O7 nanosheets (SNO NSs) and constructing opposite gradient architecture. To further increase the dielectric constant (εr) of SNO NSs and therefore motivate high interfacial polarization, core-shell structured 2D nanosheets include Sr2Nb2O7@TiO2 NSs and Sr2Nb2O7@BaTiO3 NSs are successfully prepared and utilized as fillers in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/ polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blend polymer matrix (BPM). In addition, opposite gradient architecture, include high polarization layer (PL), high insulating layer (IL) filled with large size BN nanosheets (BN NSs) and middle transition layer, are constructed to depress the electric breakdown strength (Eb) degradation. As expected, the SNO@BTO NSs filled films with an optimal composition achieve excellent Udis of 32.51 J cm−3 with charge-discharge efficiency (η) of 0.64 near the Weibull Eb of 651.52 MV m−1. This Udis value is the most prominent in dielectric polymer nanocomposites under equivalent applied electrical field. The opposite gradient architecture can effectively depress the Eb degradation by preventing the electric trees evolution, which is confirmed by finite element simulations. This work provides a novel paradigm to fabricate high Udis energy storage polymer-based nanocomposites filled with 2D nanofillers.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF REINFORCING POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES WITH 2D NANOFILLERS USING THE EXAMPLE OF POLYIMIDE/NA+-MONTMORRILLONITE AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL/GRAPHENE OXIDE

It has been shown that graphene does not have any advantages over organoclay. The main characteristics of 2D nanofillers in a polymer matrix are not related to their initial properties. To realize the extremely high characteristics of polymer/2D nanofiller nanocomposites, it is necessary to create an optimal structure of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix. The aggregation degree and the aspect ratio of the tactoids of the 2D nanofiller are determined by the ratio of the nominal elasticity moduli of the nanofiller and the matrix polymer. The effective elasticity modulus of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix of the nanocomposite is determined by its rigidity.

Future advances and challenges of nanomaterial-based technologies for electromagnetic interference-based technologies: A review

The emerging growth of the electronic devices applications has arisen the serious problems of electromagnetic (EM) wave pollution which resulting in equipment malfunction. Therefore, polymer-based composites have been considered good candidates for better EMI shielding due to their significant characteristics including, higher flexibility, ultrathin, lightweight, superior conductivity, easy fabrication processing, environmentally friendly, corrosion resistive, better adhesion with physical, chemical and thermal stability. This review article focused on the concept of the EMI shielding mechanism and challenges with the fabrication of polymer-based composites. Subsequently, recent advancements in the polymer composites applications have been critically reviewed. In addition, the impact of polymers and polymer nanocomposites with different fillers such as organic, inorganic, 2D, 3D, mixture and hybrid nano-fillers on EMI shielding effectiveness has been explored. Lastly, future research directions have been proposed to overcome the limitations of current technologies for further advancement in EMI shielding materials for industrial applications. Based on reported literature, it has been found that the low thickness based lightweight polymer is considered as a best material for excellent material for next-generation electronic devices. Optimization of polymer composites during the fabrication is required for better EMI shielding. New nano-fillers such as functionalization and composite polymers are best to enhance the EMI shielding and conductive properties.

Oxidized black phosphorus nanosheets/sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery

A novel oxidized black phosphorus nanosheet (O-bPn) is proposed to improve ion selectivity of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). O-bPn possesses a unique two-dimensional (2D) puckered lattice structure, which could function as an effective blocker for vanadium ion permeability. Moreover, diverse oxygen-containing groups on O-bPn surface introduce additional acidic proton carriers and also form hydrogen bonds with –SO3H in polymer matrix, promoting proton transport. The incorporation of O-bPn into the SPEEK matrix increases proton conductivity, and markedly reduces vanadium crossover, achieving a nearly 1.8-fold increase of ion selectivity than the pristine SPEEK membrane. With an optimal O-bPn content of 1.5 wt%, the composite membrane (S/O-bPn-1.5%) exhibits a 7% higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 98.3% vs. 92.1%) and 10% higher energy efficiency (EE, 86.6% vs. 78.9%) at 100 mA/cm2, and retains a higher capacity (30.1% vs. 7.8%) after 100 cycles as compared with Nafion212 membrane. The EE value of the S/O-bPn-1.5% is also at the top level of the previously reported SPEEK-based composite membranes. These superior performances of the S/O-bPn membrane demonstrate that O-bPn is a promising 2D nanofiller for highly ion-selective composite membrane for VRFB.

Modification of Mixture Rule for Polymer Nanocomposites and 2D Nanofiller Structure

Modification of Mixture Rule for Polymer Nanocomposites and 2D Nanofiller Structure