A356 Aluminum Research Articles

Study on material J-C parameter fitting and cushioning characteristics of 2A12 aluminum honeycomb sandwich under impact environment

To address the negative impact of excessive impact forces during the penetration of space debris by harpoon attachment devices, causing damage to rear electronic components, research has been conducted on the buffering and energy absorption effects of 2A12 aluminum honeycomb. A simulation model for aluminum honeycomb impact crushing was established through 2A12 aluminum alloy quasi-static tests, SHPB dynamic compression tests, and 2A12 aluminum honeycomb quasi-static compression tests. The study investigated the effect of aluminum honeycomb on impact response accelerations in harpoon attachment device impact tests. The research results show that at launch velocities of 29.2 m/s and 29.6 m/s, the peak impact response accelerations were 866.56 g and 880.75 g respectively, with simulation results of 841.31 g and 868.29 g, indicating small errors of 2.91% and 1.41% respectively, verifying the correctness of the impact crushing simulation model. Further simulation analysis showed that the peak impact response accelerations without aluminum honeycomb buffering were 1549.21 g and 1588.14 g respectively. Compared with test results with aluminum honeycomb buffering, the peak impact response accelerations decreased by 682.65 g and 707.39 g respectively; compared with simulation results with buffering, the peak impact response accelerations decreased by 707.9 g and 719.85 g respectively. This demonstrates that using 2A12 aluminum honeycomb as a buffering structure for harpoon attachment devices effectively enhances energy absorption.

Corrosion prediction and factors analysis of 2A12 aluminum alloy in marine environment based on data mining

Corrosion prediction and factors analysis of 2A12 aluminum alloy in marine environment based on data mining

Corrosion behavior of 2A12 aluminum alloy under the interaction between Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Acinetobacter lwoffii from aircraft fuel system

Corrosion behavior of 2A12 aluminum alloy under the interaction between Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Acinetobacter lwoffii from aircraft fuel system

Hot Bending–Quenching Characteristics of Heat Treatable A6063 Aluminum Tubes

This study investigates the application of hot bending–quenching technology to heat-treatable A6063 aluminum tubes, focusing on the bending formability and mechanical properties after aging treatment under various heating conditions. High-frequency induction heating was used to uniformly heat aluminum tubes to the solution treatment temperature of 560 °C. The effect of wall thickness on bending formability was explored, revealing that thinner tubes (2 mm) experienced significant flattening defects, whereas thicker tubes (5 mm) exhibited superior formability with reduced shrinkage and wall thinning. Additionally, the pre-quenching temperature was found to influence the mechanical properties of the tube with a thickness of 5 mm. Tubes held at the solution temperature for 1 min 30 s or longer maintained higher temperatures during transfer, resulting in improved tensile strength and hardness after aging. The findings confirm the feasibility of applying hot bending–quenching technology to aluminum tubes, though careful control of temperature loss during continuous industrial processes is required to ensure optimal mechanical performance.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Reaction Intensity of Composite Propellants with Different Casing Materials under Slow Cook-off

Abstract By conducting slow cook-off tests on solid composite propellants, the combustion response characteristics of propellants under different casing materials were investigated. Propellant slow cook-off combustion experiments were designed and carried out. Combining the morphological changes of propellant thermal decomposition weight loss with theories of material mechanics and heat transfer, the heat transfer process and physical state of the propellant before ignition were examined to explore their effects on after ignition reaction intensity. The results indicated that the reaction intensity varied with different casing materials. When the casing material is 45# steel, spontaneous ignition occurred at 214.88, with a slider speed of 14.83 m/s, classifying the reaction as deflagration. For 2A12 aluminum casing material, spontaneous ignition occurred at 199.13, with a slider speed of 0.71 m/s, classifying the reaction as combustion. When the casing material is carbon fiber composite, the reaction was classified as combustion. Different casing materials influence the reaction intensity through their thermal physical parameters and casing constraint strength, providing guidance for the selection and design of casing materials and constraints in slow cook-off combustion of motors.

Tribological behavior of hybrid Aluminum-TiB2 metal matrix composites for brake rotor applications

This research investigates the feasibility of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) incorporating TiB2 particles for brake rotor applications. The composites were produced by incorporating both in-situ, submicron-sized TiB2 particles and regular micron-sized TiB2 powders via stir and squeeze casting techniques into A206 aluminum alloy matrix. Systematic adjustments in the fractions of in-situ and ex-situ TiB2 particles were conducted to evaluate their impact on wear behavior and mechanisms. Combination of both particle types allowed composites with up to 10 vol% of reinforcements. Composites with higher proportions of ex-situ particles demonstrated increased wear resistance compared to those solely composed of in-situ particles, control specimens without TiB2, and conventional cast iron counterparts. The lowest wear rate for the hybrid composites sliding against phenolic brake pads was 1.1 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, signifying a 3-fold reduction relative to cast iron sliding against the same pads. Wear analysis elucidated distinctive mechanisms within the hybrid composites, characterized by mild fragmented abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and plastic deformation, accompanied by the formation of an intermixed tribo-oxide layer.

Microstructure and texture evolution of 2A12 aluminum alloy semi-solid billet prepared by SIMA process

In order to make up for the lack of research on the preparation process of semi-solid billet of 2A12 aluminum alloy, this paper adopts strain-induced melting activation (SIMA) process to prepare semi-solid billet of 2A12 aluminum alloy, and studies the effect of different SIMA process parameters on the microstructure and texture evolution. The results indicated a notable increase in both the average grain size (AGS) and shape factor (SF) with prolonged isothermal time under the condition of constant isothermal temperature. When the isothermal time is the same, the AGS is larger at low isothermal temperature, the SF is higher at high isothermal temperature, and the grain spheroidization is more obvious; The influence of the uneven strain distribution of the compression sample on the microstructure evolution during the subsequent semi-solid isothermal treatment (SSIT) process was studied by finite element method; At an isothermal temperature of 590°C and an isothermal time of 15 minutes, the recrystallization is basically completed, and the elongated grains are completely transformed into spherical isaemic crystals. The main texture types of the original extruded sample and the compression sample are <110> ‖CD and <010> ‖CD texture, respectively. The SSIT process will make the grain orientation approach to random orientation; The strong segregation of Cu and mild segregation of Mg and Zn were observed at the grain boundary during SSIT process; A suitable coarsening kinetic equation was determined, and the influence of isothermal temperature on the coarsening rate constant was studied.

Microstructural Evaluation of Al-Al2O3 Composites Processed by Stir Casting Technique

The exceptional qualities of aluminum alloys, including their superior thermal properties, high specific strength and low density make them widely employed as industrial materials. By adding a tougher ceramic reinforcement phase to the aluminum matrix phase, aluminum alloy components can perform even better with improved mechanical properties. It has been discovered that the liquid state processing method is the most affordable and straightforward for processing MMCs out of all the existing ways. Primary processing, such as casting composite materials has its own restrictions on agglomerate formation and porosity. A metal matrix composite made of aluminum and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) has been chosen for the current investigation based on the literature review. A composite material including aluminum A356 and different percentages of Al2O3 (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) particles of 23�m size is chosen for the study. Using the SEM and EDAX test, the impact of these materials on the microstructural investigations is being investigated and the results indicates that uniform distribution of the reinforcement is difficult to achieve at higher percentages.

Effects of nanoceramic particle size and content on the wear resistance of micro-arc oxidation coatings for 2A12 aluminum alloy

The 2A12 aluminum alloy, renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties, encounters significant limitations in applications involving abrasive environments or frequent contact with other surfaces due to its inadequate wear resistance. This shortcoming substantially reduces the service life of components and escalate maintenance costs, highlighting the urgent need for advanced surface modification techniques. This study meticulously investigates the influence of nanoceramic particle size and content on the wear resistance of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings, a surface modification technique renowned for forming dense, adherent ceramic layers on aluminum alloys. The systematic experimentation revealed that the incorporation of 150 nm α-Al2O3 nanoparticles into the MAO matrix achieves an optimal dispersion, leading to a substantial enhancement in wear resistance. The sample with a 5 g/L concentration of 150 nm α-Al2O3 nanoparticles doping in the MAO electrolyte demonstrated the lowest mass loss, underscoring its enhanced wear resistance. The enhanced microstructure, enriched with hard ceramic phases such as α-Al2O3 and mullite, plays a pivotal role in withstanding wear. Moreover, this study identified that an optimal balance of surface roughness and coating thickness is essential for achieving enhanced wear resistance. The findings of this research provide a strategy for the design of wear-resistant coatings tailored for high-performance applications across aerospace, automotive, and general engineering industries. By optimizing the particle size and concentration in MAO coatings, this study paves the way for the development of durable materials capable of thriving in demanding environments, thereby extending the service life and reducing maintenance requirements of components.

Study on microstructure and corrosion behavior of T-joints of 2A12 and 2A97 aluminum alloys by FSW

T-shaped joints of high-strength aluminum alloy welded by friction stir welding (FSW) are expected to replace the traditional riveting structures. However, the popularization of FSW in aerospace industry is still hindered the corrosion of T-joint. Herein, T-joints of 2A12 and 2A97 aluminum alloys are prepared and studied via structural characterization and corrosion tests. The microstructures and constituents of different micro zones in T-joints before and after corrosion tests are characterized and analyzed particularly. The internal relationship between different micro zones in T-joints and their corrosion behaviors are clarified, which provides theoretical basis for improving welding process and surface protection after welding.

Tensile properties and damage behaviors of the prepreg-RTM co-cured composite bolted T-joint with a novel configuration

The tensile properties and damage behaviors of prepreg-resin transfer molding (RTM) co-cured composite bolted T-joints, consisting of an internal skeleton and an external skin, were investigated through experimental and numerical methods. With the validated finite element model, the effects of adding load-carrying beams, the corner radius and the stacking sequence were investigated. Results indicate that the novel T-joint, weighing only 55.7% of an equivalent sized 2A12 aluminum T-joint, can achieve 82% of the aluminum T-joint’s tensile stiffness and 107% of its proportional limit load. Damage in the joint initiates near the bolt holes and leads to delamination failure within the skeleton. With load-carrying beams including bolt holes, the tensile stiffness and ultimate load increase to 1.11 and 1.51 times that of the original configuration, respectively, with the final failure mode shifting to the fracture of the base panel. With the final failure mode unchanged, the ultimate load remains essentially unchanged with increasing the corner radius. Under tensile loads, the preferred stacking sequence for the skeleton is [0/+45/90/−45]nS. For the skin, the greater the number of ±45° plies, the higher the ultimate load, while the greater the number of 90° plies, the higher the tensile stiffness.

Unveiling Thermal and Athermal Effects in Strain Hardening Removal of A6061 Aluminum Alloy

AbstractThis study explored the application of a high-density pulsed electric current (HDPEC) to mitigate strain hardening in a cold-rolled A6061 aluminum alloy while examining the simultaneous application of HDPEC with furnace heating to reveal the contributions of thermal and athermal effects. The results showed that significant strain-hardening relief was achieved through the HDPEC treatment, particularly at 300 A/mm² for 260 ms, resulting in a 23% reduction in strength and an 86% increase in ductility. Microstructural analysis revealed a shift to fine and equiaxed grains with reduced dislocation density, which was primarily attributed to thermal effects. HDPEC annealing exhibits superior efficiency compared to the conventional annealing treatment, offering cost and time advantages. In addition, this study validated the synergistic impact of HDPEC and furnace heating, with furnace heating supplementing energy requirements, facilitating practical HDPEC implementation. These findings suggest that the HDPEC method and the combined method with conventional heating are promising alternatives for strain-hardening alleviation in A6061 aluminum alloy manufacturing, supporting the development of an eco-friendly and efficient process. Graphical Abstract

Classification of surface roughness for milled A6061 aluminum alloy based on depth map models with convolutional neural networks

Classification of surface roughness for milled A6061 aluminum alloy based on depth map models with convolutional neural networks

Enhancing Wear Resistance of A390 Aluminum Alloy: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Sprayed WC, CrC, and Al2O3 Coatings

This study comparatively analyzed the wear characteristics and adhesion properties of 86WC–10Co–4Cr (WC) coatings deposited using the high velocity oxygen fuel process and 75Cr3C2–25NiCr (CrC) and Al2O3–3TiO2 (Al2O3) coatings deposited using the atmospheric plasma spray process on an A390 aluminum alloy substrate. The adhesion strength and wear test results demonstrated that the WC coating exhibited superior wear resistance. In contrast, the CrC and Al2O3 coatings showed lower adhesion properties and unstable frictional variations due to a higher number of defects compared to the WC coating. The WC coating layer, protected by WC particles, exhibited minimal damage and a low wear rate, followed by CrC and Al2O3. Ultimately, WC coating is highlighted as the optimal choice to enhance the wear resistance of A390 aluminum alloy.

Ni-B-PTFE Nanocomposite Co-Deposition on the Surface of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy.

The spinning cup, a crucial component of textile equipment, relies heavily on 2A12 aluminum alloy as its primary raw material. Commonly, electroplating and chemical nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) plating are employed to improve the surface characteristics of the object. Nevertheless, due to the growing expectations for the performance of aluminum alloys, the hardness and wear resistance of Ni-P coatings are no longer sufficient to fulfill industry standards. This study primarily focuses on the synthesis of Ni-B-PTFE nanocomposite chemical plating and its effectiveness when applied to the surface of 2A12 aluminum alloy. We examine the impact of the composition of the plating solution, process parameters, and various other factors on the pace at which the coating is deposited, the hardness of the surface, and other indicators of the coating. The research findings indicate that the composite co-deposited coating achieves its optimal surface morphology when the following conditions are met: a nickel chloride concentration of 30 g/L, an ethylenediamine concentration of 70 mL, a sodium borohydride concentration of 0.6 g/L, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 90 g/L, a lead nitrate concentration of 30 mL, a pH value of 12, a temperature of 90 °C, and a PTFE concentration of 10 mL/L. The coating exhibits consistency, density, a smooth surface, and an absence of noticeable pores or fissures. The composite co-deposited coating exhibits a surface hardness of 1109 HV0.1, which significantly surpasses the substrate's hardness of 232.38 HV0.1. The Ni-B-PTFE composite coating exhibits an average friction coefficient of around 0.12. It has a scratch width of 855.18 μm and a wear mass of 0.05 mg. This coating demonstrates superior wear resistance when compared to Ni-B coatings. The Ni-B-PTFE composite coating specimen exhibits a self-corrosion potential of -6.195 V and a corrosion current density of 7.81 × 10-7 A/cm2, which is the lowest recorded. This enhances its corrosion resistance compared to Ni-B coatings.

Oxygen concentration – A governing parameter for microstructural tailoring of duplex AlCrSiON coatings for superior mechanical, tribological, and anti-corrosion performance

This study investigates the impact of increasing oxygen levels on structure, and mechanical properties and tribological performance of duplex AlCrSiON coatings. AISI H13 steel and tungsten carbide substrates are coated using arc ion plating with increasing oxygen flow rate up to 200 sccm with varying oxygen concentration. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and three-dimensional profilometer are used to study morphological and structural evolution. Correspondingly, the coatings are assessed for hardness, adhesion strength, friction coefficient, and resistance against corrosion and wear. A 50–100 sccm oxygen flow rate is considered as an optimal range to receive lower surface roughness. Generally, the addition of oxygen has compromised hardness and friction coefficient but improve adhesion strength, wear and corrosion resistance with increasing oxygen concentration. The immersion tests have identified pitting corrosion as a dominating failure mechanism for AlCrSiON coatings when exposed to molten A380 aluminium alloy. This corrosion resistance stems from their dense microstructure, excellent thermal stability, and the presence of fcc-(Al, Cr)2O3 phase structure. This study demonstrates that controlled oxygen concentration is a crucial parameter for tuning the microstructure of AlCrSiON coatings to achieve superior mechanical, tribological, and anti-corrosion performance, particularly for high-pressure die-casting applications.

Study on the penetration characteristics of conical harpoon on rotating space debris

The purpose of this paper is to study active removal of rotating space debris in space, a conical harpoon was used to carry out penetration experiments on a single-axis rotating 2A12 aluminum alloy target plate at 6° / s, 12° / s and 18° / s, respectively. The velocity change curve and kinetic energy change curve of the harpoon were established. The results show that the rotation velocity of the 2A12 aluminum alloy target has little effect on the velocity change of the harpoon after the harpoon penetrates the 2A12 aluminum alloy target with different rotation speeds. Under the same initial kinetic energy E = 2738.78 J, the velocity of kinetic energy attenuation of harpoons with different initial velocities in the process of penetrating the aluminum alloy target plate is different. According to the research, the velocity of the kinetic energy attenuation of the harpoon can be arranged according to the initial velocity, as follows: 30.73 m/s > 28.38 m/s > 26.50 m/s > 24.95 m/s, which means that the greater the initial velocity, the faster the kinetic energy attenuation of the harpoon.

Investigating the correlation between surface roughness and degree of chip segmentation in A7075 aluminum alloy milling across varied cutting speeds

Investigating the correlation between surface roughness and degree of chip segmentation in A7075 aluminum alloy milling across varied cutting speeds

Structure refinement and performance balance of high-strength aluminum alloys using an improved thermomechanical treatment process

The microstructure of 7A85 aluminum alloy forgings often contains coarse second-phase particles and grains. To improve the microstructures and balance the properties, we used an enhanced thermomechanical treatment process that included multiaxial hot forging, multiaxial cryoforging (MACF), and three-step aging treatment. We thoroughly investigated the effects of MACF with 1–3 passes on the evolution of microstructure, three-dimensional (3D) mechanical properties at the center and edge, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance of the alloy. Our findings revealed that multiaxial hot forging had a limited ability to crush the coarse second-phase particles. However, the higher flow stress and compound brittleness of MACF resulted in a significant increase in particle fragmentation and driving force for precipitation. Additionally, under MACF, massive dislocations proliferated due to the inhibition of dynamic recovery, forming large orientation gradient regions, which promote static recrystallization and grain refinement during solution treatment. As the number of MACF passes increased from one to three, the effect of particle crushing initially increased and then plateaued, the 3D grain sizes first decreased and then slightly increased, and the spacing of grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) increased. The dense and uniform precipitates, finest equiaxed grains, a low fraction of coarse particles, and large GBP spacing in MACF2 resulted in the higher strength, highest elongation with minimal anisotropy, superior fracture toughness, and enhanced corrosion resistance. Ultimately, MACF2 demonstrated the best overall performance and good homogeneity, with an average 3D ultimate tensile strength, average 3D yield strength, average 3D elongation, and fracture toughness at the center of 548 MPa, 476 MPa, 13.4%, and 42.5 MPa m1/2, respectively. These values were respectively 4.2%, 1.9%, 50.6%, and 13.9% higher than those of the uncompressed sample.

Analysis of Friction Stir Welded Joint Properties of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy

2A12 hot-rolled aluminum alloy has high plasticity and toughness, and is widely used in the manufacturing of structural parts in aviation, aerospace, automobiles, and other fields. To explore the effect of friction stir welding process parameters on the welded joint properties of 2A12 hot-rolled aluminum alloy, experimental investigations were conducted. The surface appearance of the welded joints under different process parameters was observed, the microstructure, microhardness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and the fracture morphology of the welded joints were assessed. The findings suggested that when the rotation speed was 600 rpm and the forward speed was 250 mm/min, the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the welded joint were all maximum, which were 437.6 MPa, 381.6 MPa and 7.5 % respectively, reaching 85.5 %, 88.1 % and 35.7 % of the base material. Under the same forward speed, the tensile strength and elongation of the welded joint initially rose and subsequently declined with the increment of rotation speed. The microhardness distribution of the welded joint exhibited a W-shape pattern. The fracture morphology showed that the fracture type of the welded joint was a ductile fracture. Unlike the base material, the welded joints did not exhibit significant necking during the tensile testing. The research results can be utilized as a reference for the engineering application of friction stir welding of 2A12 hot-rolled aluminum alloy.