28 Dye Research Articles

Recovery of iron hydroxides from electro-coagulated sludge for adsorption removals of dye wastewater: Adsorption capacity and adsorbent characteristics

The aims of this research work was to investigate the potentials of raw and calcined iron hydroxides/oxides sludge adsorption for DR28 dye removal. The adsorbent is prepared from electro-coagulated (EC) sludge in industrial wastewater treatment plant, as a Nobel adsorbent for decolorizing direct red 28 dye (DR28). The EC sludge adsorbent were prepared with soaking processes and calcination in a range of temperature. The surface properties of raw and calcined EC sludge adsorbent were examined using Zeta Potential, XRD and FTIR. Basic (effect of solution pH, temperature, initial dye concentration) operation parameters were examined for raw and calcined EC sludge adsorbent. The diffraction patter suggests that the crystalline hematite are produced during calcination and increases its intensity as temperature increases. Langmuir and Freundlich Equation were used to model the adsorption equilibrium; and pseudo first and second order Equation were used to model the adsorption kinetics. The results suggested that the adsorption of DR28 dye is chemisorption, the interaction between the adsorbent surfaces with dye is strong. The Langmuir adsorption capacity of DR28 dye with raw and calcined EC sludge adsorbent was calculated as 1.262 mg/g and 1.252 mg/g respectively with experimental conditions: mixing time=20 min, adsorbent dosage=0.5 grams, initial dye concentration= 20 mg/L and solution pH =2 at ambient temperature. The adsorption kinetics model data were consistent with the pseudo-second-order. The removal efficiency of 97% was recorded at pH 2, ambient temperature 20 mg/l concentration and 1 g/100 ml for 1 hour. High direct red 28 dye uptake capability and cost-effectiveness of sludge utilization from textile wastewater treatment plant make it potentially attractive for dye removal.

Removal of Methylene Blue and Basic Yellow 28 Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Using Sulphonated Waste Poly Methyl Methacrylate

This work focuses on two different environmental problems: the recovery of plastic wastes PMMA (W PMMA) and their application in the removal of textile dyes Methylene Blue (MB) and Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) in aqueous solutions. The selected waste plastic was upgraded to produce an adsorbent suitable for dyes removal. For that, the material was grinded cryogenically up to a particle size of less than 100 μm and treated with sulfuric acid. The sulphonated waste PMMA (SW PMMA) was characterized by FTIR, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and chemical composition analysis (C, H, N, O and S content). The formation of sulphonic groups in the material after sulphonation reaction has been successfully demonstrated by FTIR, and can be observed mainly in the region 3087 cm−1 to 3657 cm−1, where an intense band bound to the stretching of the SO3H appeared; another absorption band appeared in the region from 1138 to 1271 cm−1 that corresponds to the symmetric stretching of the SO2 group. The effects of solution pH, initial dyes concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature were studied in batch experiments. The obtained data showed that SW PMMA adsorbent exhibit significant adsorption capacities of 97.09 mg g−1 and 222.22 mg g−1 for MB and BY28, respectively. The complete removal of MB and BY28 on the SW PMMA was achieved in less than 45 min. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were applied and it was found that the equilibrium data could be satisfactory fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo second order kinetic model correlates the experimental data. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters were determined for both dyes. As a result, the negative values of Gibbs free energy ∆G° indicated the spontaneity of the adsorption of MB and BY28 by SW PMMA. The negative values of ∆H° revealed the exothermic nature of the process and the negative values of ∆S° suggest the stability of MB and BY28 on the surface of SW PMMA.

Environmentally friendly decolorization of textile dye C.I. yellow 28 in water by Bi2−x(Lu, Er)xO3 nanoparticles

Bi2−x(Lu, Er)xO3 nanoparticle is proposed as a photocatalyst to decolorize C.I. Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) dye solution from water under visible light irradiation. By applying un-doped Bi2O3 and 0.1% Lu3+, Er3+ co-doped Bi2O3, the decolorization efficiency increases from 48.52 to 95.62% after 180 min of irradiation, while by using 0.5% Lu3+, Er3+ co-doped Bi2O3, and it decreases from 95.62 to 56.52%. The best decolorization efficiency of 100% is obtained in 5 mg/l BY28 with 1 g/l photocatalyst concentration after 180 min. Moreover, the effect of initial BY28 concentration (5, 10, 15, 20, 35 mg/l) on decolorization efficiency is investigated in the presence of 1 g/l of 0.1% Lu3+, Er3+ co-doped Bi2O3 nanoparticles. The increase in the initial dye concentration reduces the decolorization efficiency from 100 (5) to 91.43% (35 mg/l). The highest decolorization efficiency is obtained at 1 g/l photocatalyst concentration (97.62%).

Comparative study on adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes by smectite rich natural clays

The smectite rich natural clays of upper Cretaceous of Jebel Romana (South of Tunisia) and Lower Oligocene of Khledia area (Norh of Tunisia) were evaluated as adsorbents for anionic (Acid Brown 75) and cationic (Basic Yellow 28) dyes. XRD, XRF, FTIR, SBET, CEC and pHpzc were used to study the physico-chemical properties of clay samples. The experimental results showed that, the adsorption was pH dependent with a high adsorption capacity of BY28 in basic range and high adsorption of AB75 in acidic range. The maximum adsorption capacities, predicted by the Langmuir model, were 76.92 and 8.33 mg/g for BY28 and AB75, respectively. Smectitic clays showed to be an advantageous adsorbents in terms of price and availability, they use without purification or chemical modifications, which is beneficial for the economy of the treatment.

Techno-economic evaluation of anatase and p25 TiO2 for treatment basic yellow 28 dye solution through heterogeneous photocatalysis

The photodegradation and mineralization efficiency (technical evaluation) and process economics (economic evaluation) are important in selection of a particular type of TiO2 for large-scale commercial applications involving heterogeneous photocatalysis. In this paper, techno-economic evaluation of indigenous anatase TiO2 (ana-TiO2) and aeroxide p25 TiO2 (p25-TiO2) photocatalyst for heterogeneous photocatalysis of basic yellow 28 (BY28) dye solution is studied. The characterization of photocatalysts was done through X-ray diffraction, Tauc’s plot, and point of zero charge. The important parameters related to heterogeneous photocatalytic process like photocatalyst loading, UV intensity, and A/V (area-to-volume) ratio were studied and optimized as per ability of photocatalyst for the full utilization of light illumination. BY28 dye degradation depicted pseudo-first-order kinetics under UV radiations and solar light. Electric energy per order and collector area per order was also evaluated for the two systems. Finally, economic evaluation of these two types of TiO2 was done in terms of total material and energy cost involved for 90% removal of BY28 dye from 1 m3 solution under UV radiations and solar light. Ana-TiO2 found to be more economical than p25-TiO2 in terms of operating cost involved for photocatalytic degradation of BY28 dye. Alternatively, photocatalytic unit using p25-TiO2 showed higher treatment capacity as compared to ana-TiO2 due to higher photodegradation and mineralization efficiency of the former. Finally, a method for selection of particular type of TiO2 (p25-TiO2 or ana-TiO2) for a photocatalytic unit is suggested by considering volumetric capacity of photocatlytic unit, volume of effluent generated per day by the dyeing unit, photodegradation efficiency of TiO2, and process economics. This study would be useful for the decision making authorities in profitable selection of particular type of TiO2 for treating given volume of effluent.

Adsorptive/desorptive potential of cationic basic yellow 28 (by28) dyes onto natural untreated clay from aqueous phase

Adsorptive/desorptive potential of cationic basic yellow 28 (by28) dyes onto natural untreated clay from aqueous phase

Uptake of anionic and cationic dyes by highly effective porous carbon adsorber based on industrial processing residues

ABSTRACTIn this work, we investigated the performance of porous carbon prepared from carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) processing residues at optimized conditions for the removal of the Basic Green 4 (BG4) and Direct Red 28 (DR28) dyes from aqueous solutions. The influence of several parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature was evaluated in batch adsorption experiments. Maximum adsorption capacities were observed as 769 mg g−1 and 323 mg g−1 for BG4 and DR28, respectively. These results suggest that BG4 and DR28 could be removed using a novel porous carbon from carob processing residues.

Evaluation of magnetic nanoparticles performance as photocatalyst for the catalytic treatment of direct red 28 dye in synthetic and real water effluents

ABSTRACTIntegrated water resources management practice is gaining popularity as an alternative water source due to the limited supply of freshwater. The present study was carried out on the photocatalytic degradation of Direct red 28 (DR-28) dye using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs; Fe3O4) as a photocatalyst. The study was conducted on the photocatalytic degradation of DR-28 dye in synthetic dye effluent water, to understand the effects of different photoreaction parameters on the degradation kinetics. The influence of different parameters such as time, amount of photocatalyst, concentration of H2O2 and pH was investigated. At the optimum dosage of MNPs (0.6 g/L) with 4 mmol/L of H2O2, significant photocatalytic degradation of DR-28 dye (93.2%) was observed. The kinetic study revealed that the photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The degradation performance of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a photocatalyst for DR-28 dye was compared with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and it was found that the performance of Fe3O4 as a photocatalyst is superior to TiO2 photocatalyst. The real dye effluent was also degraded at optimum conditions and promising results were achieved.

Characterization and absorption studies of cationic dye on multi walled carbon nanotube–carbon ceramic composite

The multi walled carbon nanotube–carbon ceramic composite (MWCNT-CCC) was synthesized by sol gel technique, as a promising strategy for the preparation of nanocomposites and used as adsorbents for removal of Basic Yellow 28 dye from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of MWCNT-CC composites was characterized using different techniques such as FESEM, EDX, XRD, and BET. The effects of operating parameters such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and amount of the adsorbents were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum adsorption (85%) was achieved at pH 8.0, dye concentrations 15.0 mg/L, and 1.5 g/L adsorbent at 80 min. The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo second order kinetic model. The experimental data of isotherm followed the Freundlich isotherm model. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the temperature-dependent isotherms indicated that the adsorption reaction was an endothermic and spontaneous process. All results indicate that the MWCNT-CCC is a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of basic dye from wastewater.

Effects of SnCl4 weighting of silk fibre on direct dyes uptake and physico-chemical properties

Purpose Colorfastness properties of dyed degummed and dyed stannic chloride weighted silk fiber were studied as a function of exposure to sunlight in air, washing with soap solution and spotting with alkalis. Design/methodology/approach Improved multi-voltine variety of degummed silk fibers was weighted with the treatment of stannic chloride at the varying pH level. Maximum weighting of silk fiber was achieved at the optimum SnCl4 concentration, pH of the solution, time and temperature. The degummed (un-weighted) and weighted silk fibers were then dyed with Direct Blue 1 and Direct Red 28 dyes at the optimized dying conditions. Findings The role of base (Na2CO3) on dyeing of weighted silk fiber with Direct Red 28 was found very influential. The loss in tenacity of degummed silk fiber was higher than that of SnCl4 weighted silk fiber when they were exposed to sunlight in air. Originality/value The colorfastness of weighted dyed silk was comparatively higher than that of un-weighted dyed silk.

TiO2 Thin Film: Preparation, Characterization, and its Photocatalytic Degradation of Basic Yellow 28 Dye

In this research, the thin films of N-S doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) were successfully prepared by simple sol-gel method in the presence of tetrabutylorthotitanate as a starting reagent. Furthermore, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was functionalized with thiourea. Furthermore, N-S doped titanium dioxides (NSTO) were fixed on glass balls by glass balls fixed-bed reactor system. Besides, the effect of some parameters such as volume and exit flow rate of basic yellow 28 solution on the degradation of basic yellow 28 solution under visible light irradiation were investigated. Moreover, the degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The as- synthesized N-S doped titanium dioxides (NSTO) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), spectra energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) techniques.Sol-gel synthesis of titanium dioxide was favorable, because the synthesis time of sol-gel method was shorter than that of other method.

Heat Attachment Method for the Immobilization of TiO2 on Glass Plates: Application to Photodegradation of Basic Yellow Dye and Optimization of Operating Parameters, Using Response Surface Methodology

The UV/TiO2/H2O2 degradation of Basic Yellow 28 dye (BY28) in aqueous solutions was investigated with immobilized P-25 TiO2 powder on a glass plate by a heat attachment method. A central composite design (CCD) was employed for the screening of the significant parameters (flow rate, initial dye concentration, solution pH, and initial H2O2 concentration) and to identify the most relevant interactions between the operating parameters. Results showed that solvent type and thickness of the coating are very effective on the photoactivity of immobilized TiO2. The model equation obtained led to a classification of the parameters based on their level of significance. In addition, a relevant interaction between the initial dye concentration and the initial H2O2 concentration was highlighted. After performing a screening of the various operating parameters, response surface analysis led to the optimal conditions for the yield of BY28 degradation, resulting in 96% decolorization yield.

Calcined eggshells as a new biosorbent to remove basic dye from aqueous solutions: Thermodynamics, kinetics, isotherms and error analysis

The biosorption of basic yellow 28 dye onto calcined eggshells as a new and potential biosorbent have been studied. Batch biosorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of various parameters such as contact time, temperature, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dose and ionic strength on the removal of BY 28. From thermodynamic studies, it was seen that the biosorption was spontaneous and exothermic. Biosorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption followed a pseudo-second-order reaction. Maximum of biosorption capacity was attained 28.87mg/g. Thermodynamic studies reveals that the biosorption of dye was occurred as exothermic in nature (ΔH=−4.3185kJ/mol), spontaneous and reflects the decreased randomness at the solid/solution interface during the biosorption (ΔS=−0.135j/molK). The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Freundlich, Tempkin, Toth, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Sips or Koble-Corrigan and Generalized isotherms equations using regression analysis linear and non-linear, showed that the Freundlich isotherm best-fits the equilibrium data for adsorptive removal of basic yellow 28 by calcined eggshells. A detailed error analysis has been undertaken to investigate the effect of using different error criteria for the determination of the isotherm parameters which describe the biosorption process.

Effect of Additives on Ozone-Based Decomposition of Reactive Black 5 and Direct Red 28 Dyes

In this research, ozonation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Direct Red 28 (DR28) under the presence of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 used as textile additives was investigated. The effect of these salts on discoloration, degradation dynamics, and the composition of the final compounds were studied. Different systems were evaluated; such as RB5-Na2SO4 (100 g/L), RB5-Na2CO3 (30 g/L), RB5-Na2SO4/Na2CO3 (100 g/ L/30 g/L), and DR28-Na2SO4 (10 g/L, 40 g/L, and 80 g/L) with dye concentrations of 50, 150, and 250 mg/L without pH adjustment. Discoloration of RB5 and DR28 with and without additives was determined by visible and UV (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Decomposition of the dyes and the dynamics of intermediates and final byproducts were followed by high performance liquid chromatography. The presence of additives accelerated discoloration and decomposition for both dyes (more than 50%). The accumulation of oxalic and formic acids was observed. Possible mechanism schemes of ozonation for both dyes are proposed.

Combination of an electrochemical pretreatment with a biological oxidation for the mineralization of nonbiodegradable organic dyes: Basic yellow 28 dye

The aim of this article was to examine the feasibility of combining an electrochemical degradation of wastewater containing Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) dye on Pb/PbO2 electrode and a biological treatment. A central composite design (CCD) was used for the screening of the significant operating parameters and the identification of the most relevant interactions. The model equation obtained led to a classification of these parameters based on their level of significance, namely temperature followed by the initial concentration of BY28, the current density and the agitation speed. A significant interaction occurred between the temperature and the initial dye concentration. The second‐order model obtained by CCD led to the following optimal conditions for dye degradation: 50 ≤ T ≤ 60°C, 8.125 ≤ i ≤ 25 mA cm−2, [BY28]0 = 134 mg L−1, and ω = 720 rpm. Under these conditions, the obtained BY28 dye degradation yield was 96%. The (BOD5/COD) ratio increased from 0.076 initially to 0.30 after pretreatment, showing that the electrochemical pretreatment of BY28 dye generate intermediate products, which are at least partially biodegradable.Microbial degradation was therefore performed for the pretreated solution in an aerobic batch reactor for 30 days using an activated sludge culture. A decrease of the residual amount of intermediate products contained in the electrolyzed solutions was observed which can be related to a biological oxidation, leading to 93% removal of the dissolved organic carbon by the combined process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 160–169, 2014

Response Surface Methodology for Oxidative Degradation of the Basic Yellow 28 Dye by Temperature and Ferrous Ion Activated Persulfate

Response Surface Methodology for Oxidative Degradation of the Basic Yellow 28 Dye by Temperature and Ferrous Ion Activated Persulfate

Influence of humic acids on the adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 dye onto an iron organo–inorgano pillared clay and two Hydrous Ferric Oxides

Effect of humic acids (HAs), macromolecules from natural organic matter, on the adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 is the aim of the present work. Three adsorbents were investigated in this study: an iron organo–inorgano pillared clay and two synthetic Hydrous Iron Oxide (Goethite and HFO). The surface charge was positive in the pH range of this study for the pillared clay; in contrast, it changes from positive to negative when the pH value increased (pH>9) for the two (oxy)hydroxides. Pseudo-first order kinetic rate constants and adsorption capacities increase from humic acid to BY 28. Adsorption isotherms of BY 28 and HA in single component were analysed using the Freundlich equation. Adsorption capacities increased sharply when the pH value of the dye solution was raised from 3 to 9. Increasing the pH medium from 3 to 9 reduces the HA adsorption capacities onto Fe-SMPM and iron oxyhydroxides, respectively. Fitting between measured and predicted sorption capacities of BY 28 and HA in a binary component system indicates that the Sheindorf–Rebuhn–Sheintuch (SRS) model, an extended Freundlich model, is able to describe the simultaneous adsorption of BY 28 and HA. Humic acids favourably affect the adsorption of BY 28, and a cooperative mechanism could be suggested. The synergetic effect existing between BY 28 and HA is shown by the interaction coefficients η12, which are generally high and increase with pH. Some phenomena have been advanced to explain this mechanism.

Cooperative coadsorption of 4-nitrophenol and basic yellow 28 dye onto an iron organo–inorgano pillared montmorillonite clay

Sorption properties of an iron surfactant-modified pillared montmorillonite (Fe-SMPM) toward two organic pollutants, basic yellow 28 dye (BY28) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), were studied at different pH values in both single component and binary pollutant systems. The pseudo-first-order model fits well with the kinetic data obtained in single component studies and sorption capacities of both BY28 and 4-NP increased with the pH value. A sorption synergetic mechanism was observed in binary systems; 4-nitrophenol adsorption was enhanced by the presence of BY28 in the mixture and increased with dye concentrations. Isotherms were described using the Freundlich model in single component systems and the Sheindorf–Rebhun–Sheintuch (SRS) model, an extended Freundlich model, in binary mixtures systems. Hydrophobic interactions between the surfactant-modified pillared clay and the pollutants were suggested to explain the sorption mechanisms.

Bacterial reduction in genotoxicity of Direct Red 28 dye

Direct Red 28 (DR28) is a benzidine-based azo dye widely used in several countries. It has also been a subject of intense research for its anti-prion activity. Like other benzidine-based azo dyes, it is also carcinogenic and toxic. However, there are very few studies addressing its detoxification. In the present study, a Bacillus velezensis strain was used for detoxification of DR28. Toxicity was checked by a battery of highly sensitive genotoxicity assays like comet assay, DNA ladder formation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and flow cytometric Annexin V binding assay. HL-60 cell line was used as the test system. All the assays showed an initial increase in toxicity upon biodegradation due to release of mutagenic products, like benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl, from the dye. These intermediates caused significant DNA damage and induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Then the culture degraded these mutagenic intermediates, due to which the toxicity was reduced gradually, finally resulting in nearly complete detoxification.

Photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red 46 and Basic Yellow 28 in single and binary mixture by UV/TiO 2/periodate system

The present study deals with the investigation of photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) and C.I. Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) dyes in single and binary solutions as a function of periodate ion concentration (IO 4 −), irradiation time, initial pH and initial dye concentrations. First order derivative spectrophotometric method was used for to simultaneous analysis of BY28 and BR46 in binary mixtures. Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model was applied to experimental data and apparent reaction rate constant values were calculated. The apparent degradation rate constant values of BR46 were higher than those of BY28 for all experiments in single dye solutions. On the other hand, the significant reductions were observed for the apparent degradation rate constant values of the BR46 in the presence of BY28 in binary solutions whereas TOC removal efficiency slightly enhanced in binary system. The highest TOC removal efficiency was obtained at pH 3.0 by adding 5 mM periodate ion in to the solution in the presence of 1 g/L TiO 2 for both dye solutions. After 3 h illumination, 68, 76 and 75% mineralization were found for 100 mg/L BY28, 100 mg/L BR46 and 50 + 50 mg/L mixed solutions, respectively.