24-h Dietary Recall Research Articles

Association of dietary live microbe intake with kidney stone disease in US adults: a real-world cross-sectional study.

Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common urological condition linked with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and other health issues. Although the gut microbiome has a notable association with KSD formation, the relationship between dietary live microbes and KSD risk remains underexplored. This study utilized data from the NHANES surveys conducted between 2007 and 2016 to analyze the association between dietary live microbe intake and KSD. Dietary intake data were obtained through 24-h dietary recall interviews conducted by trained professionals. Participants were categorized into three groups based on Sanders' classification system of dietary live microbe intake: low, medium, and high. The intake levels were determined by estimating the live microbe content in foods. Weighted logistic regression analysis was employed to account for the complex survey design and to assess the impact of different levels of live microbe intake on KSD risk. A total of 20,380 participants were included in the study. Participants with low, medium, and high dietary microbe intake represented 33, 39, and 28% of the cohort, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for KSD were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65-0.93) in the high dietary live microbe group compared to the low group (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant interactions between dietary live microbe intake and gender, age, BMI, hypertension, or diabetes status. Higher dietary live microbe intake group may be associated with a reduced risk of KSD. Further prospective studies are necessary to validate these findings and to elucidate the specific mechanisms and optimal intake levels of dietary microbes.

Association of the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Consumption Time with NAFLD: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-2020.

The timing of food intake can affect the physiological and metabolic functions of the body. However, whether and how the timing of dietary antioxidant intake could influence non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely unknown. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) serves as a comprehensive measure that encompasses various dietary antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the association between the meal timing of CDAI and NAFLD in American adults. We used data from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary intake was assessed through the implementation of two non-concurrent 24-h dietary recalls. Vibration-controlled transient elastography was employed to assess the controlled attenuation as an indicator of NAFLD. CDAI across the day (total, breakfast, lunch, dinner) and Δ CDAI (Δ = dinner-breakfast) were categorized into quartiles. Weighted logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the association between the meal timing of CDAI and NAFLD. Of the 6570 participants in this study, 1153 had NAFLD. Participants in the highest quartile of total CDAI levels had a lower risk of NAFLD compared with the lowest quartile (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.38-0.71). More importantly, participants in the highest quartile of dinner CDAI, but not those in that of breakfast or lunch, had a lower risk of NAFLD (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40-0.73) compared with the lowest quartile. The restricted cubic splines indicated a linear relationship between total CDAI and NAFLD (Pfor nonlinearity = 0.70), as well as between dinner CDAI and NAFLD (Pfor nonlinearity = 0.19). Stratification analyses revealed that the effect of dinner CDAI on NAFLD varied between non-Hispanic Whites and individuals of other races (Pfor interaction = 0.032). these findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of an antioxidant-rich diet and strategic meal timing on NAFLD.

Infant diet quality index predicts nutrients of concern and ultra-processed food intake in low-income children in the United States

BackgroundDiet quality during infancy can influence nutrient intake and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption throughout later childhood. ObjectivesThis study investigated the predictive validity of Infant Diet Quality Index (IDQI) scores from 0 to 1 y of age and consumption of select nutrients and UPFs at different time points in low-income children aged 2–5 y. MethodsDietary surveys and 24-h dietary recalls collected between ages 0 and 12 months from 2613 Special Supplemental Women, Infants, and Children Infant Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 participants were used to assess infant diet quality by final IDQI score ranging from 0 (nonadherence to dietary guidelines) to 1 (complete adherence to guidelines). Single 24-h recalls collected across multiple time points per child aged between 2 and 5 y were used to determine nutrient intakes: vitamin B12 (μg), vitamin D (μg), calcium (mg), iron (mg), zinc (mg), potassium (mg), saturated fat (g), dietary fiber (g), and added sugars (g). Likewise, Nova was used to classify foods (to estimate the percentage of energy from foods) by level of industrial processing at each point in time across ages 2–5 y. Survey-weighted regression analyses estimated associations between total IDQI score and nutrient intake and percentage of energy consumption from each Nova food group at each age between 2–5 y. ResultsIDQI scores based on diet quality from 0–1 y of age were positively associated with children’s dietary fiber and potassium intake at ages 2–5 y. Additionally, IDQI was negatively associated with added sugar intake. No associations were observed between IDQI and saturated fat consumption. IDQI scores at age 1 were positively associated with the percentage of energy attributed to unprocessed/minimally processed foods (20%–23%) and negatively associated with UPF consumption at ages 2–5 y (−24% to −29%). ConclusionsIDQI predicts intake of select nutrients and UPF consumption among low-income US children aged 2–5 y.This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02031978 as “Feeding My Baby – A National WIC Study,” NCT02031978.

Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and risk of infertility: Evidence from NHANES 2013-2020 and a Mendelian randomization study.

The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) measures the antioxidant capacity of the diet, which is believed to provide protection against various diseases, including depression, osteoporosis, and papillomavirus infection, by neutralizing harmful oxidative stress. However, the relationship between CDAI and infertility is not well understood. This research aims to explore the potential correlations between CDAI and the risk of infertility. This research harnessed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to execute a cross-sectional analysis involving 8263 US women aged 20-45. Each participant was subjected to two distinct 24-h dietary recall interviews. We calculated the CDAI using average daily antioxidant intake. Infertility was assessed using a standardized questionnaire. The association between CDAI and infertility was examined using weighted multiple logistic regression models, while nonlinear correlations were explored through restricted cubic splines. To affirm the robustness of our findings, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed using unweighted logistic regression. Additionally, to ascertain the causal influence of circulating antioxidant levels on infertility, a two-sample univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted, using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analytic approach. Participants who were infertile exhibited lower CDAI levels compared to their fertile counterparts. When confounding variables were accounted for in the multivariate weighted logistic regression model, an inverse relationship was observed between CDAI and infertility, with the odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quartile being 0.55 (0.33-0.90, P = 0.02). However, the IVW method indicated that genetically predicted elevated levels of CDAI did not significantly correlate with infertility. Cross-sectional observational studies indicate that antioxidants from diets might diminish infertility risks. However, findings from MR studies do not confirm a causal connection. Additional prospective research is required to elucidate this association further.

Association of sociodemographic, obstetric characteristics, lifestyle and food consumption with life satisfaction and optimism among overweight pregnant women.

The present study investigated the relationships between maternal characteristics and subjective well-being (life satisfaction and optimism) among overweight Brazilian adult pregnant women. A cross-sectional study utilising baseline data from a randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 330 women were investigated. Maternal characteristics (sociodemographic, obstetric and lifestyle) were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Data on dietary intake were collected through two 24-h dietary recalls, and the usual diet was estimated using the Multiple Source Method. Life satisfaction and optimism were assessed using validated instruments. Both unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were employed to investigate the relationship between maternal characteristics and subjective well-being. Sleep quality was found to be positively associated with life satisfaction. Miscarriage and smoking during pregnancy were negatively associated with this sentiment. Additionally, a positive association was observed between optimism and maternal characteristics such as sleep quality, desired pregnancy and alcohol consumption in the previous 30 d. Furthermore, it was found that the consumption of sugary drinks, dietary fibre and Ca were positively associated with this same feeling. The present study showed that some maternal and food consumption characteristics were associated with subjective well-being among overweight pregnant women. It is, therefore, essential to recognise predictors of maternal mental health given their relevance to the field of public health.

A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet leads to unfavorable changes in blood lipid profiles compared to carbohydrate-rich diets with different glycemic indices in recreationally active men.

In addition to recent discussions of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHF) from a performance perspective, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding influence of the combined effect of an exercise and nutritional intervention, which varies in carbohydrate (CHO) intake and glycemic indices, on blood lipid levels in recreationally active men. A total of 65 male runners (VO2 peak = 55 ± 8 mL·min-1·kg-1) completed a 10-week ad libitum nutritional regimen (LOW-GI: ≥ 65% low GI CHO per day, n = 24; HIGH-GI: ≥ 65% high GI CHO per day, n = 20; LCHF: ≤ 50 g CHO daily, n = 21) with a concurrent prescribed endurance training intervention. Fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined before and after the intervention. Additionally, 24-h dietary recalls were completed twice weekly. Following the intervention, TC was significantly higher in LCHF (196 ± 37 mg·dL-1) compared to both LOW-GI (171 ± 41 mg·dL-1) and HIGH-GI (152 ± 28 mg·dL-1, p < 0.001). Additionally, LDL-C levels increased in LCHF (+17 ± 21 mg·dL-1, p = 0.001), while they decreased in both CHO groups (p < 0.05, respectively). Only the HIGH-GI group demonstrated a significant reduction in HDL-C (-3 ± 9 mg·dL-1, p = 0.006), while a decrease in TG was only significant in LOW-GI (-18 ± 36 mg·dL-1, p = 0.008). Although mean blood lipid levels remained within the normal range, the data indicate that a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet leads to unfavorable changes in individual blood lipid profiles compared to carbohydrate-rich diets. Therefore, it is recommended that the impact of a low-carbohydrate diet on blood lipids be considered when counseling active and healthy individuals.

The association between ultra-processed food consumption and low-grade inflammation in childhood: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the amount of ultra-processed food (UPF) in the diet and low-grade inflammation in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 healthy children recruited from children attending the Social Paediatrics Outpatient Clinic for follow-up of normal developmental stages. Low-grade inflammation was calculated by INFLA-score, dietary intake by three 24-h dietary recalls and dietary content analyses by BeBiS™ software. The mean age of the 50 children included in our study was 10.18 ± 3.98 years (5-17 years). UPF accounted for 24.5% of the total daily energy intake of children. In children with higher inflammation scores (INFLA-score ≥ 2), the amount in grams of UPF and the percentage of total energy from UPF were found to be significantly higher (p = 0.030 and p = 0.015, respectively). A weak positive correlation was found between the INFLA-score and the percentage of daily dietary energy intake coming from UPFs (r = 0.350, p < 0.01), the average daily energy intake from UPFs (r = 0.313, p < 0.05), and the average daily amount of UPF consumed (r = 0.260, p < 0.05). The linear regression model revealed that every one-unit increase (1%) in the percentage of total daily energy intake coming from UPF caused an increase in β = 0.154-unit in the INFLA-score. It was found that obesity was not a mediator in the association between the percentages of total energy intake from UPF on the INFLA-score, instead, the energy intake from UPF had a significant direct association with the INFLA-score. The average amount of UPF consumed daily showed an increasing pattern in parallel with inflammation-score quartile classes (Q1 to Q4) with 33.3% in Q1, 38.5% in Q2, 53.8% in Q3 and 66.7% in Q4 (p = 0.049). In conclusion, a positive association was found between low-grade inflammation and UPF consumption in children, independent of obesity.

Short-term impact of bariatric surgery on the dietary intake of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity and an unhealthy diet and lifestyle are the key causes of rising diabetes burden in India. Bariatric surgery is gaining popularity in India as a favored approach to manage obesity and its accompanying comorbidities. Despite this, there is a scarcity of Indian studies evaluating dietary intake. Our goal was to analyse the dietary intake of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or duodeno-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG) or surgeries. The longitudinal observational study included 64 T2DM patients (32 in each procedure) enrolled through purposive sampling. The patients underwent surgery (LSG or DJB-SG procedure) between January 2017 and July 2019. Dietary data was collected at baseline and postsurgery (12 months) using a 24-h dietary recall method for 2 days (one working and one holiday). The total sample consisted of 27 (42.2%) females and 37 (57.8%) males. The mean age was 46.8 years. At 12 months, the follow-up for the LSG and DJB-SG procedures was 100% and 78%, respectively. In the short term, a significant reduction was seen in weight, body mass index and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) in both surgical groups. The two procedures were comparable with respect to weight loss but improvement in glycaemia was higher in the DJB-SG group. The dietary intake (food groups and nutrients) was similar in the two surgical groups at baseline and 12 months postsurgery. Dietary intake assessment showed significant reduction in calorie dense foods (cereals, roots and tubers, fats and oils, table sugar, and biscuits) in both surgical groups. Among nutrients, intake of energy, fats, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate and iron were reduced significantly in both procedures. Vitamin D (84.4% patients in LSG group and 81.3% patients in DJB-SG) and iron (62.5% patients in LSG group and 68.8% patients in DJB-SG) were commonly prevalent nutritional deficiencies at baseline and were significantly reduced at 12 months. In the short term, bariatric surgery resulted in weight loss and improvement in glycaemia. Bariatric surgery does significantly affect dietary intake leading to nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, patients should be recommended vitamin and mineral supplements and regular patient education and counselling by a trained bariatric dietitian to prevent nutritional deficiencies and maintain nutritional status.

Association between dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in US adults with dermatitis: a population-based cohort study.

While dermatitis management is primarily symptomatic, the role of diet in symptom exacerbation and improvement is increasingly recognized. The dietary inflammatory index (DII), a quantitative assessment tool for dietary inflammatory potential, has been associated with various chronic diseases but remains understudied in dermatitis. This cohort study investigated the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality among patients with dermatitis. The study included 1,074 patients with dermatitis and complete dietary intake records from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. The DII scores were calculated using two 24-h dietary recalls and dietary supplement intakes and the consumption of 28 foods with known pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. All-cause mortality information was from the National Death Index, censored on December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox hazards regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, and subgroup analyses were employed to evaluate the association of DII with all-cause mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. The 1,074 patients were divided into DII tertiles (T1: n = 358, median age 40 years, DII -3.91, 0.06; T2: n = 296, median age 40 years, DII 0.06, 1.88; T3: n = 237, median age 39 years, DII 1.88, 4.39). The study revealed a positive correlation between higher DII scores and increased all-cause mortality risk among patients with dermatitis (fully-adjusted model, HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02, 1.27, p = 0.026). This association was more pronounced in adults over 45 years, with the highest DII tertile indicating a 2.42-fold increased mortality risk (95% CI 1.15, 5.07, p = 0.019) compared with the lowest tertile. The RCS model confirmed a linear dose-response trend (p for non-linear = 0.183), validating the relationship. Elevated DII scores are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with dermatitis, suggesting that the dietary inflammatory potential may impact health outcomes in this population. The findings underscore the importance of dietary interventions in dermatitis management, especially for middle-aged and older adults. Future research with larger cohorts and a longer follow-up is warranted to validate the findings.

Feasibility and assessment of self-reported dietary recalls among newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis: a quasi-experimental pilot study.

Individuals who are newly diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) may choose not to undergo disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) due to concerns about expenses or potential adverse effects. Thus, many individuals will opt for alternative therapies, such as dietary modifications. Among these dietary approaches, the modified Paleolithic elimination diet has shown promise for improving MS-related symptoms; however, restriction of certain food groups can lead to inadequate intake of nutrients. Three-day self-reported 24-h dietary recalls using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool were assessed during a 12-month quasi-experimental (i.e., non-randomized) trial among individuals who either voluntarily declined DMTs and received health behavior (HB) intervention, (n = 29) or included DMTs and opted for the standard of care (SOC; n = 15). Participants in the HB group received a multimodal intervention that included dietary modifications, a walking program, and breathing exercises. Usual intake of each micronutrient was estimated and then evaluated with the estimated average requirement (EAR)-cut point method. At 12 months, >80% of both HB and SOC groups completed 3 days of the self-reported 24-h recalls, indicating the potential feasibility of ASA24. From baseline to 12 months, the HB group had a decreased mean ratio in total grains (0.64; 95% CI 0.43-0.93; p = 0.02) and added sugars (0.52; 95% CI 0.35-0.75; p ≤ 0.001), and an increased mean ratio intake of cured meats (1.74; 95% CI 1.05-2.90; p = 0.04); whereas, the SOC group had a decreased mean ratio intake for beef, veal, pork, lamb, and game meat (0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.90; p = 0.01). At baseline, both groups had high proportions with inadequate intake of vitamin E and calcium. The SOC group also had a high proportion with inadequate intake of vitamin D. By 12-months, the HB group exhibited severe proportions of nutrient inadequacies (>20% of the group) for vitamin D (43.5%), vitamin E (29.1%), calcium (69.9%), and copper (27.8%). The SOC group, following their own diet, had inadequacies for all the same micronutrients, except for copper, as the HB group. The SOC group also had additional inadequacies: vitamin A (21.3%), thiamin (26.3%), riboflavin (24.2%), folate (24.8%), vitamin B12 (27.8%), and zinc (28.2%). Compared to the usual diet, adhering to the modified Paleolithic elimination diet, as a component of a 12-month multimodal intervention, may lead to reduced consumption of specific food groups, such as added sugars, as well as decreased risk of severe proportions of inadequacy for certain nutrients. The utilization of the ASA24 for acquiring dietary recalls from participants with MS may be feasible for future studies. clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT04009005.

Cardiovascular Health and Diet Quality among Vegetarians, Vegans and Omnivores: Insights from a Large Urban Population in Poland.

Background/Objectives: Dietary habits are among the most significant determinants of health. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional quality and cardiovascular profiles of individuals following plant-based diet. Methods: The study population comprised 199 individuals (136 women, 63 men; mean age 33.9 ± 8.9 years) including vegans (VG; n = 50), vegetarians (VN; n = 101) and omnivores (OV; n = 48). In this analysis the following procedures were assessed: a questionnaire interview, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and a blood sample collection. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and a 24-h dietary recall. Results: Vegans exhibited the lowest protein intake relative to the other groups (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower intake of cholesterol compared to VN and OV (p < 0.05). Vegans had significantly lower levels of serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, fasting glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p < 0.05). No cases of overweight or obesity were observed among VN and VG participants. No instances of impaired fasting glucose or elevated blood pressure were noted among vegans. Hypercholesterolemia was identified in 56.2% of OV, 26.7% in VN and 16.0% in VG (p < 0.05), elevated blood pressure was recorded in one vegetarian and in 6.2% of OV participants. Conclusions: Our research indicates that plant-based diets are associated with a better cardiovascular profile compared to traditional diets. Moreover, suboptimal intake of essential nutrients, underscores the need for more effective public health interventions and improved nutrition education regardless of dietary patterns.

Ketogenic diets are associated with an elevated risk of hypertension: Insights from a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2007–2018

BackgroundThe ketogenic diet (KD) is widely used for weight loss in obese individuals; however, its potential impact on hypertension risk remains uncertain. MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the 2007–2018 to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to investigate the association between the dietary ketogenic ratio (DKR) and hypertension prevalence. Dietary intake information was obtained through a comprehensive 24-h dietary recall interview. The DKR values were computed using a specialized formula. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to examine this association, whereas nonlinear relationships were assessed using restricted cubic splines. Inflection points were determined using two-piecewise linear regression analysis. Subgroup analyses based on age were also performed. ResultsIn a fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model accounting for confounding variables, DKR was significantly associated with hypertension (OR, 1.24; 95 % CI: 1.00–1.53; P = 0.045). Moreover, individuals in the highest quartile of DKR exhibited a significantly elevated risk of hypertension compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR, 1.15; 95 % CI: 1.07–1.24; P < 0.001). Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a linear relationship between DKR and the risk of hypertension, with a turning point identified at 3.4 units on the measurement scale employed for this study's purposes. Subgroup analyses indicated that this association between DKR and hypertension was particularly pronounced among individuals aged ≥40 years, especially those age group–40-60. We further observed that a multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between DKR and DBP in a fully adjusted model (β, 0.42; 95 % CI: 0.12–0.87; P = 0.018), indicating that as DKR increased, there was an accompanying increase in DBP. However, no significant correlation was found between SBP and DKR (β, 0.11; 95 % CI: −0.37-0.59; P = 0.655). ConclusionThe KD may enhance susceptibility to hypertension in middle-aged and elderly populations in the United States, exhibiting a strong association with elevated diastolic blood pressure, while no significant correlation was observed with increased systolic blood pressure.

Food choice, embodied knowledge and circumscribed agency: factors influencing adolescent girls' and boys' dietary practices in three states in northern Nigeria.

The objective of this study was to explore adolescent dietary practices, related norms and acceptable communication platforms in northern Nigeria to inform future nutrition project design. This was a qualitative formative research study. We used purposive sampling and conducted thirty focus group discussions with male and female adolescents aged 10-14 and 15-19 years (n 180) and six with adult influencers (n 36). We also administered a 24-h dietary recall with the adolescents using the Diet Quality Questionnaire. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas in three states in northern Nigeria. Adolescents reported consuming six nutritious food groups the previous day on average. However, there was a wide disparity and only half consumed all five recommended food groups. Adolescents' food choices were influenced by perceptions of the functional and physical benefits of nutritious foods and preferences for satisfying foods. Diverse foods were available in the food environment, but affordability constrained access to nutritious foods. Limited access to income and gender norms constrained adolescent agency over food choice. Girls, particularly those who were pregnant, had less agency related to food than boys. Adolescents thought that peers should be reached through group discussions, radio and phones, among other communication platforms. Adolescents consumed relatively diverse diets. Adolescent food choice was influenced by their embodied experience and knowledge related to nutrition and taste, home food environment and circumscribed agency. Opportunities exist to support healthy diets for adolescents by strengthening adolescents' embodied knowledge, food environments and social support.

Association of Energy Intake and Dietary Glycemic Load in Different Time Periods With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among U.S. Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

To examine the associations of energy intake and glycemic load (GL) in different time periods during the day with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk in adults with type 2 diabetes. This cohort study included 2,911 adults with diabetes from who were part of the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2014 (baseline), and CVD mortality data obtained by linkage to the National Death Index through 2019. Energy intake and GL in early morning (6:00-7:59 a.m.), late morning (8:00-10:59 a.m.), afternoon (11:00 a.m.-5:59 p.m.), evening (6:00-11:59 p.m.), and night (0:00-5:59 a.m.) were derived from two 24-h dietary recalls at baseline. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality, adjusted for total energy intake, diet quality, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and medical conditions. At baseline, the study population (51.8% female, 62.3% non-Hispanic White) had a mean age of 57.4 (SE, 0.4) years. Over a median follow-up of 9.3 (interquartile range = 6.8, 12.1) years, 190 CVD deaths were documented. Energy intake and GL in late morning were inversely associated with CVD mortality risk (per 100-kcal energy intake increment, HR 0.90 [95% CI 0.83-0.98]; per 10-unit GL increment, HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.77-0.95]). In contrast, energy intake and GL at night were positively associated with CVD mortality risk (per 100-kcal energy intake increment, HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.07-1.40]; per 10-unit GL increment, HR 1.44 [95% CI 1.17-1.77]). For adults with type 2 diabetes, late morning may be a protective eating time against CVD mortality, whereas night may be a detrimental eating time.

Eating Traditional Foods Enhances Diet Quality Among First Nations in Canada: An Analysis Using the Healthy Eating Food Index-2019 (HEFI-2019) and the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2007 (C-HEI 2007).

Understanding the dietary patterns of First Nations is crucial for addressing health disparities and promoting well-being. Historical assaults (colonization and loss of control over their lands) have strongly altered dietary practices and impacted health outcomes for generations. Canada conducts regular surveys to assess the extent to which individuals adhere to dietary guidelines. However, Indigenous peoples living on reserves are excluded from these surveys. This study aims to assess the diet quality of First Nations adults using the Healthy Eating Food Index-2019 (HEFI-2019) and the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2007 (C-HEI 2007) and identify their influencing factors. Data were collected from adults (19 years and older) across ninety-two First Nations communities throughout Canada. Participants provided information on sociodemographic factors and dietary intake using structured questionnaires and 24h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses included mean scores and regression models to assess associations between dietary indices and influencing factors. The mean HEFI-2019 and C-HEI 2007 scores among First Nations adults were 35/80 and 49/100, respectively, indicating suboptimal adherence to dietary guidelines compared to the Canadian population. Factors such as region, age, sex, education level, number of working people in the household, smoking status, and traditional food intake significantly influenced diet quality. This study underscores the importance of understanding and improving the diet quality of First Nations adults as measured by HEFI-2019 and C-HEI 2007 scores. While acknowledging the low adherence to dietary guidelines, particularly in younger age groups, the study highlights the positive influence of traditional foods on diet quality within Indigenous communities.

Meat and dairy consumption in Scottish adults: insights from a national survey.

Reducing meat and dairy consumption has been advocated for environmental benefits. This study aimed to better understand meat and dairy consumption in a population with high intakes. Dietary data were obtained from up to two online 24-h dietary recalls of adults (≥16 years) in the 2021 Scottish Health Survey, a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional survey. The contribution of food groups to meat and dairy intake and the nutritional contributions of meat and milk products to intake of 28 nutrients were examined. Weighted mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) daily intakes were reported per capita, overall, and by demographic subgroups (age, gender and Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation). Mean daily intakes of total meat and dairy were 80.4 g (95% CI 77.1-83.7) and 238.6 g (95% CI 228.9-248.3) per capita, respectively. Chicken dishes, beef dishes and sandwiches were the primary contributors to meat intake, together accounting for 56.1% of meat consumed. Liquid milk accounted for 63.4% of the dairy consumed. Meat products were an important source of selenium and zinc (accounting for 26% and 25% of intake, respectively), whereas milk products were an important source of calcium (34%), iodine (38%) and vitamin A (25%). Although meat and dairy consumption in Scotland is high, a number of food groups contributed to meat intake, providing several opportunities to target for a reduction in line with climate change ambitions. However, careful attention is required for replacements to ensure Scottish diets are nutritionally adequate.

Association of dietary antioxidant indices with kidney function indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between dietary antioxidant indices and kidney function indicators in 240 outpatient adults with type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), dietary antioxidant index (DAI), and dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) were obtained. Indicators of kidney function, including serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were extracted from medical records. After adjustment, the highest DAI tertile had lower serum creatinine (0.98 ± 0.27 vs 1.03 ± 0.32 mg/dL, P < 0.001), reduced urea (30.97 ± 8.75 vs 34.07 ± 14.45 mg/dL, P = 0.005), and higher GFR (85.16 ± 29.43 vs 74.16 ± 22.18 ml/min per 1·73 m2, P < 0.001) compared to the lowest tertile. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated a borderline significant inverse association of serum urea > 20 mg/dl with DTAC (odds ratio (OR):0.28; 95% CI: 0.07–1.09; Ptrend = 0.06). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed a significant aligned correlation between DAQs and GFR (β: 0.20; P-value: 0.005) and a marginally significant direct relationship between DAI and GFR (β: 0.14; P-value: 0.06). However, no significant association was observed for DTAC with GFR (β:-0.02; P-value: 0.80). Diets with higher antioxidant capacity may be linked to improved kidney function in type 2 diabetes but our results did not support this strongly.

Associations of Dietary Magnesium Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Individuals with Gout and Hyperuricemia.

We aimed to evaluate the relationship of dietary magnesium intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among patients with gout and hyperuricemia (HUA). We analyzed data of 1171 gout patients and 6707 HUA patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018 and 2001-2018, respectively. Dietary intake data were obtained from 24-h dietary recall interviews. Mortality status was determined using the NHANES public-use linked mortality fill. We used Cox regression model and restricted cubic spline analysis to probe the association of dietary magnesium intake and mortality among gout and HUA patients. During 7081 person-years of follow-up, 257 deaths were documented in gout patients, among which 74 died from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 48 died from cancer. For HUA patients followed up for 58,216 person-years, 1315 all-cause deaths occurred, including 411 CVD deaths and 224 cancer deaths. After multifactorial adjustments, higher dietary magnesium intake was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. Nonlinear negative associations were found between dietary magnesium intake and CVD mortality among gout and HUA patients, with inflection points of 152.5mg/day and 303mg/day, respectively, and cancer mortality among HUA patients, with the inflection point of 232mg/day. The results were robust in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. High dietary magnesium intake is linearly related to all-cause mortality, and nonlinearly associated with cause-specific mortality among gout and HUA patients.

Longitudinal associations of dietary fiber and its source with 48-week weight loss maintenance, cardiometabolic risk factors and glycemic status under metformin or acarbose treatment: a secondary analysis of the March randomized trial

AimsTo examine longitudinal and dose-d ependent associations between dietary fiber intake and various clinical outcomes over 48 weeks of pharmacological treatment in T2DM patients.MethodsIn this secondary analysis, we used data from the MARCH trial, which was designed to compare the efficacy of acarbose or metformin monotherapy as the initial therapy in Chinese patients newly diagnosed with T2DM. Dietary data were obtained using a 24-h dietary recall method to evaluate the intakes of dietary fiber from different sources as well as the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio.ResultsA total of 551 newly-diagnosed patients with T2DM complete dietary records (286 in the acarbose group and 265 in the metformin group) were included. Higher intake of total fiber and whole grain fiber was positively associated with better β‐cell function, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glycemic control under acarbose treatment. Higher intake of legume fiber was associated with better glycemic control under both acarbose and metformin treatment but with better weight loss only under metformin treatment. A high-carbohydrate–low-fiber diet was associated with worse glycemic control and lower HDL-C under acarbose treatment but with higher insulin sensitivity and better weight loss under metformin treatment.ConclusionsThe notable effects of various dietary fibers when combined with different oral glucose-lowering medications should be considered to maximize therapeutic benefit.

Randomized Clinical Trial to Increase Self-Monitoring of Physical Activity and Eating Behaviors in Youth: A Feasibility Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Mobile health (mHealth) has the potential to reduce reliance on in-person healthcare visits, making monitoring of health, eating, and physical activity less burdensome. There is a great need to develop and test mHealth tools for pediatric weight loss programs to enhance clinical practice. This study aimed to test the feasibility of utilizing a tailored suite of mHealth components to augment an existing evidence-based in-person pediatric weight management program. Method Using a two-group randomized superiority trial design, participants who completed baseline measurement were randomized to Brenner Families in Training (Brenner FIT) or Brenner FIT + mHealth (Brenner mFIT), and follow-up measures were completed at 3 and 6 months. Feasibility was assessed in terms of screening, recruitment, randomization, retention, and the assessment process. Acceptability was assessed in terms of program completion, and implementation fidelity was assessed in terms of logging activity, frequency of self-monitoring, goal setting, and retention rate. Results Overall, 173 dyads were eligible for enrollment based on inclusion criteria. Twenty-five dyads consented to participate. Sixteen dyads completed baseline psychosocial questionnaires, eight dyads completed at least two 24-h dietary recalls, and 20 (youth) participants returned accelerometers. Of the 14 dyads who completed enrollment, seven dyads were each randomized into the intervention and control groups, with ten and five dyads retained at three and six months, respectively. A total of four caregivers and two youth who utilized the website for goal setting set at least one goal, all seven youth linked their activity tracker, and most downloaded at least one video (two youth) or podcast (six caregivers). Conclusions Our results suggest that the assessment protocol was overly burdensome, the intervention had low acceptability, and the study as designed was not feasible to complete. Future studies should evaluate barriers and facilitators to the uptake of mHealth.