200-m Level Research Articles

Investigations of the height of fractured zones in overburden induced by undersea mining

Water inrush accidents are devastating to underground mining operations and cause damage. In particular, in undersea mining, mining safety is endangered as the mining-induced fractured zone extends upwards towards the vast amount of seawater. This paper describes a case study of the development of a fractured zone induced by undersea mining of a tilted ore body in the Xinli district of the Sanshandao Gold Mine in Shandong Province, China. A theoretical prediction model based on overburden movement during mining is proposed to analyse the developed height of the fractured zone induced by undersea mining of the tilted ore body. The Universal Discrete Element Code (UDEC) software program is adopted to establish a numerical model to investigate the movement and fracturing of the overlying strata during mining of the gold deposit from the – 280-m level to the – 200-m level in the Xinli district. For the study area in the – 200-m level, in which the gold deposit is currently being mined and is the closest to the seafloor, the theoretical (32.7 m) and numerical (36.23 m) results for the height of the fractured zone are in agreement with the field observations (32.1 m) from a panoramic borehole televiewer. These results indicate that the fractured zone in the Xinli mining area has not reached the seafloor and that the mine remains safe.

CD19-CAR Therapy Using Naive/Memory or Central Memory T Cells Integrated into the Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Regimen for Patients with B-NHL

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains an important consolidative therapy for patients with recurrent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but is limited by the high incidence of NHL relapse. We report a Phase I clinical trial of ASCT followed by CD19-specific CD28-costimulatory chimeric antigen receptor (CD19:28z-CAR) T cells, with the goal of reducing NHL relapse rates. Safety and feasibility were the primary objectives, with CAR T cell persistence and expansion in the myeloablative ASCT setting as secondary objectives.This study examines safety and feasibility for two manufacturing platforms that differed in the T cell subset composition used for CAR engineering. Initially, the T cell population for CAR transduction was central memory (Tcm)-enriched: participants' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were depleted for CD14+ monocytes, CD25+ Tregs, and CD45RA+ naïve and stem-memory T cells, after which they were selected for CD62L+ Tcm (Wang et al. Blood;127:2980). Based on comparative preclinical data, a second arm was added to the trial to evaluate a Tn/mem-derived manufacturing platform that enriched central memory, naïve, and stem memory T cells (no CD45RA+ depletion). Either Tcm- or Tn/mem-enriched T cells were activated with CD3/CD28 beads, transduced with lentiviral vector encoding the CD19:28z-CAR, and expanded ex vivo.This phase I trial used the toxicity equivalence range design (Blanchard and Longmate. Contemp Clin Trials; 32;114) with an equivalence range for DLTs of 0.20-0.35 and a target toxicity rate of 0.25. The first 3 participants on each arm were followed one at a time, with later accrual in cohorts of 3. Twenty-three participants underwent ASCT and received CD19:28z-CAR T cells 2 days post stem cell infusion at the assigned dose level (DL): 17 on the Tcm arm (DL 50 million [M] CAR+ T cells [n=3], 200 M [n=5], 600 M [n=9]); 6 on the Tn/mem arm (DL 200 M). Participants were followed for dose limiting toxicity (DLT) for 28 days. Table 1 shows results by arm and DL. Both arms demonstrated safety and feasibility. There was no delayed hematopoietic reconstitution on either arm. On the Tcm arm, the only DLT was at DL 600 M (1 of 9 at 600 M). The Tn/mem arm was opened at 200 M and 6 participants were treated with no DLTs. The dose was not escalated as the protocol management team had seen activity at the 200M level in 2 other trials using the Tn/mem product.Tcm Arm: Fourteen of 17 participants (82%) had a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and 3 had mantle cell lymphoma. The mean age of the participants on the Tcm arm was 57 (35-75). The median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 2 (1-5). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 34.6 months 95% CI [21.8, undefined]. Seven of 17 participants (41%) have progressed, 1 died in remission of unrelated intracranial hemorrhage (6%), 7 (41%) remain in CR and are still in follow-up, and 2 are lost to follow-up (12%). All 17 participants achieved a CR or a continuing CR after ASCT and T cells.Tn/mem arm: Five of 6 participants (83%) had a DLBCL diagnosis, and 1 was NHL not otherwise specified. The mean age of the participants was 50 (40-72). The median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 2.5 (1-3). The median follow-up time for the Tn/mem arm was 12 months, with median PFS not yet reached. One of 6 (17%) has progressed, 4 (66%) remain in CR and are still in follow-up, and 1 is lost to follow-up (17%). Five of 6 (83%) participants achieved a best response of CR or continuing CR after therapy.Several differences were observed between the manufacturing platforms. Since the Tn/mem production platform has fewer depletion steps, it resulted in a higher product yield, which shortened the ex vivo expansion period by 4.1 days (95% CI [1.5%, 6.6%]) from 18.9 days (15-24) for Tcm to 14.8 days (12-18) for Tn/mem (P<0.005). Notably in the ASCT minimal disease burden setting, the Tn/mem-derived CD19:28z-CAR T cell products exhibited significantly higher in vivo CAR T cell expansion compared to Tcm products at the 200M DL (Figure 1). We conclude that although both Tcm- and Tn/mem-enriched CD19CAR T cell therapies are safe, the Tn/mem product is more promising due to its 1) shorter production time, 2) higher cell yield, and 3) better in vivo expansion, despite the low antigen drive in these patients post-salvage and ASCT therapy. Longer follow-up for the 2-year PFS secondary objective will indicate if improved Tn/mem expansion impacts tumor control. DisclosuresWang:Mustang Therapeutics: Other: Licensing Agreement, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Budde:Mustang Therapeutics: Consultancy, Other: Licensing Agreement, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Brown:Mustang Therapeutics: Consultancy, Other: Licensing Agreement, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Forman:Mustang Therapeutics: Other: Licensing Agreement, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.

Study on Utilization of Soft Rock to Construct 200m Super High CFRD

According to the application of the concrete face rock-fill dam (CFRD) constructed with soft rock, the physic-mechanical properties of soft rock and the key technologies of utilizing soft rock to construct CFRD are analyzed. On this basis, the feasibility of soft rock as rock-fill of 200m level high CFRD is put forward. The calculation and analysis of specific projects show that the 200m level high CFRD with soft rock is technically established through rational design.

Large-Scale Turbulence Structures and Their Contributions to the Momentum Flux and Turbulence in the Near-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observed from a 213-m Tall Meteorological Tower

Large-scale turbulence structures in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated on the basis of observations made from the 213-m tall meteorological tower at Tsukuba, Japan. Vertical profiles of wind speed and turbulent fluxes in the ABL were obtained with sonic anemometer-thermometers at six levels of the tower. From the archived data, 31 near-neutral cases are selected for the analysis of turbulence structures. For the typical case, event detection by the integral wavelet transform with a large time scale (180 s) from the streamwise velocity component (u) at the highest level (200 m) reveals a descending high-speed structure with a time scale of approximately 100 s (a spatial scale of 1 km at the 200-m height). By applying the wavelet transform to the u velocity component at each level, the intermittent appearance of large-scale high-speed structures extending also in the vertical is detected. These structures usually make a large contribution to the downward momentum transfer and induce the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy. This behaviour is like that of “active” turbulent motions. From the analysis of the two-point space–time correlation of wavelet coefficients for the u velocity component, the vertical extent and the downward influence of large-scale structures are examined. Large fluctuations in the large-scale range (wavelet variance at the selected time scale) at the 200-m level tend to induce the large correlation between the higher and lower levels.

Microphysical Structure of the Marine Boundary Layer under Strong Wind and Spray Formation as Seen from Simulations Using a 2D Explicit Microphysical Model. Part I: The Impact of Large Eddies

AbstractThe effects of large eddies (LE) on the marine boundary layer (MBL) microphysics and thermodynamics is investigated using a 2D Lagrangian model with spectral bin microphysics including effects of sea spray. The 600 m × 400 m MBL computational area is covered by 3750 adjacent interacting Lagrangian parcels moving in a turbulent-like flow. A turbulent-like velocity field is designed as a sum of a high number of harmonics with random time-dependent amplitudes and different wavelengths including large eddies with scales of several hundred meters. The model explicitly calculates diffusion growth/evaporation, collisions, and sedimentation of droplets forming both as sea spray droplets and background aerosols, as well as aerosol masses within droplets. The turbulent mixing between parcels is explicitly taken into account. Sea spray generation is determined by a source function depending on the background wind speed assumed in the simulations to be equal to 20 m s−1. The results of simulations obtained by taking into account the effects of LE are compared to those obtained under the assumption that the vertical transport of droplets and passive scalars is caused by small-scale turbulent diffusion. Small-scale turbulence diffusion taken alone leads to an unrealistic MBL structure. Nonlocal mixing of the MBL caused by LE leads to the formation of a well-mixed MBL with a vertical structure close to the observed one. LE lead to an increase in the sensible and latent heat surface fluxes by 50%–100% and transport a significant amount of large spray droplets upward. Microphysical processes lead to formation of spray-induced drizzling clouds with cloud base near the 200-m level.

Eight-component retrievals from ground-based MAX-DOAS observations

Abstract. We attempt for the first time to retrieve lower-tropospheric vertical profile information for 8 quantities from ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations. The components retrieved are the aerosol extinction coefficients at two wavelengths, 357 and 476 nm, and NO2, HCHO, CHOCHO, H2O, SO2, and O3 volume mixing ratios. A Japanese MAX-DOAS profile retrieval algorithm, version 1 (JM1), is applied to observations performed at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97° N, 4.93° E), in June–July 2009 during the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). Of the retrieved profiles, we focus here on the lowest-layer data (mean values at altitudes 0–1 km), where the sensitivity is usually highest owing to the longest light path. In support of the capability of the multi-component retrievals, we find reasonable overall agreement with independent data sets, including a regional chemical transport model (CHIMERE) and in situ observations performed near the surface (2–3 m) and at the 200-m height level of the tall tower in Cabauw. Plumes of enhanced HCHO and SO2 were likely affected by biogenic and ship emissions, respectively, and an improvement in their emission strengths is suggested for better agreement between CHIMERE simulations and MAX-DOAS observations. Analysis of air mass factors indicates that the horizontal spatial representativeness of MAX-DOAS observations is about 3–15 km (depending mainly on aerosol extinction), comparable to or better than the spatial resolution of current UV-visible satellite observations and model calculations. These demonstrate that MAX-DOAS provides multi-component data useful for the evaluation of satellite observations and model calculations and can play an important role in bridging different data sets having different spatial resolutions.

Sinks, inflows, and the state of aerosol in the lower atmosphere of the Far Moscow region during winter months

According to observations during the winters of 2005–2007 in the central part of the European territory of Russia (ETR), the influxes, sinks, and the state of the atmospheric aerosol with a diameter D = 3–100 nm were determined primarily by the mixing conditions in the lower troposphere and the prehistory of the air masses. In contrast to the well-studied emissions of new aerosols (ENA) in the boreal forests of Northern Europe, in the mixed forests of the Central ETR, intense ENAs were observed not only in anticyclones but also in cyclones, as well during the change of atmospheric fronts. The time interval from the onset of the ENA to the time that the particle inflow reached a maximum was tens of minutes, whereas Northern Europe was characterized by time spans on the order of a few hours. The aerosol emissions were found to be less significantly related to the wind speed and direction, as well as with the state of the underlying surface. The occurrences of regular ENAs coincided with the onsets of the morning breakdown of nighttime near- ground inversions. The ENA stopped after the upper boundary of the inversion layer reached the 150- to 200-m level. In 50–60% of the episodes, the number N, area density S, and mass M concentrations of new particles reached N = (3–5) × 105 1/cm3, S = 200–330 μm2/cm3, and M = 50 μg/m3, a factor of 50–500 larger than the nighttime minima and a few orders of magnitude larger than the background values. Sinks of the aerosol particles to the underlying surface took place from the time of the formation of the evening inversions up to the beginning of the morning breakdown of the layer. For the analysis, we used the data of the electric spectrometers of aerosols with D = 3–1000 nm, data of acoustic sensing, and the vertical transects of the temperature and wind speed and direction at the atmospheric depth of 4–300 m measured during meteorological tower observations in Obninsk.

Observations of Coherent Turbulence Structures in the Near-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Turbulence structures of high Reynolds number flow in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated based on observations at Shionomisaki and Shigaraki, Japan. A Doppler sodar measured the vertical profiles of winds in the ABL. Using the integral wavelet transform for the time series of surface wind data, the pattern of a descending high-speed structure with large vertical extent (from the surface to more than 200-m level) is depicted from the Doppler sodar data. Essentially this structure is a specific type of coherent structure that has been previously shown in experiments on turbulent boundary-layer flows. Large-scale high-speed structures in the ABL are extracted using a long time scale (240 s) for the wavelet transform. The non-dimensional interval of time between structures is evaluated as 3.0–6.2 in most cases. These structures make a large contribution to downward momentum transfer in the surface layer. Quadrant analyses of the turbulent motion measured by the sonic anemometer (20-m height) suggest that the sweep motion (high-speed downward motion) plays a substantial role in the downward momentum transfer. In general, the contribution of sweep motions to the momentum flux is nearly equal to that of ejection motions (low-speed upward motions). This contribution of sweep motions is related to the large-scale high-speed structures.

Boiling and vertical mineralization zoning: a case study from the Apacheta low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, southern Peru

The Au-Ag (±Pb-Zn) Apacheta deposit is located in the Shila district, 600 km southeast of Lima in the Cordillera Occidental of Arequipa Province, southern Peru. The vein mineralization is found in Early to Middle Miocene calc-alkaline lava flows and volcanic breccias. Both gangue and sulfide mineralization express a typical low-sulfidation system; assay data show element zoning with base metals enriched at depth and higher concentrations of precious metals in the upper part of the veins. Three main deposition stages are observed: (1) early pyrite and base-metal sulfides with minor electrum 1 and acanthite; (2) brecciation of this mineral assemblage and cross-cutting veinlets with subhedral quartz crystals, Mn-bearing calcite and rhombic adularia crystals; and finally (3) veinlets and geodal filling of an assemblage of tennantite/tetrahedrite + colorless sphalerite 2 + galena + chalcopyrite + electrum 2. Fluid inclusions in the mineralized veins display two distinct types: aqueous-carbonic liquid-rich Lw-c inclusions, and aqueous-carbonic vapor-rich Vw-c inclusions. Microthermometric data indicate that the ore minerals were deposited between 300 and 225 °C from relatively dilute hydrothermal fluids (0.6–3.4 wt% NaCl). The physical and chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluids show a vertical evolution, with in particular a drop in temperature and a loss of H2S. The presence of adularia and platy calcite and of co-existing liquid-rich and vapor-rich inclusions in the ore-stage indicates a boiling event. Strong H2S enrichment in the Vw-c inclusions observed at –200 m, the abundance of platy calcite, and the occurrence of hydrothermal breccia at this level may indicate a zone of intense boiling. The vertical element zoning observed in the Apacheta deposit thus seems to be directly related to the vertical evolution of hydrothermal-fluid characteristics. Precious-metal deposition mainly occurred above the 200-m level below the present-day surface, in response to a liquid/vapor phase separation due to an upward boiling front.

Radar Echo Characteristics of the Localized Heavy Snowfalls around Sapporo, Japan.

The radar echo analysis in which the heavy snowfall intensity stronger than 6cmh-1 in snow depth was recorded on the lower elevation angle of radar scanner was carried out from the viewpoint of traffic transport facilities and localized heavy snowfall phenomena on the Ishikari Plain including Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. From the analysis of radar echo, it was clarified that there were high frequency areas. Furthermore, it was understood that there were some areas with sudden changes in snowfall intensity stronger than 10 cmh-1 in a limited few km2 in a horizontal scale and 10 minute duration in calm weather condition. Vertical cross section analyses across the abnormal heavy snowfall areas in which there were recorded with an intensity stronger than 6 cmh-1 by radar showed that the drastic increase of snowfall intensity occurred between 200m and 400m above the ground surface. The change of the maximum value of the radar echo intensity at around 200m level was estimated by the growth of large snowflakes which were aggregated and formed quickly under the horizontal and vertical wind shears at the same level.

Analysis of deep-water exchange in the Caspian Sea based on environmental tracers

In order to quantify deep-water exchange in the Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland water body, water samples were analyzed for the transient tracers H 3 , He 3 , He 4 , CFC-11, CFC-12 and atmospheric noble gases. Measurements of temperature, salinity (calculated from conductivity for the ionic composition of Caspian Sea water), and dissolved oxygen were employed to investigate the processes responsible for deep-water renewal. The Caspian Sea consists of two deep basins, the southern and central basins, separated by a sill, and a shallow northern basin. The deep water (below 200 m) accounts for almost 60% of the total water mass. Below 200 m the concentrations of H 3 and He 3 are much lower in the southern basin than at the same depths in the central basin, but this is not the case for either of the CFCs. However, apparent water ages calculated from H 3 – He 3 and from CFC-12 concentrations are the same for the deep water of the southern and central basins, and yield deep-water exchange rates of approximately 7% per year for each of the two basins. This implies volume fluxes across the 200-m level of about 2220 km 3 yr −1 within the southern basin and 770 km 3 yr −1 within the central basin. Based on the apparent water ages, the oxygen depletion in the deep water is estimated to be about 0.35 mg l −1 yr −1. The processes responsible for deep-water exchange have not yet been identified conclusively. However, vertical temperature and salinity gradients observed during two expeditions, in September 1995 and 1996, suggest that within the southern and central basins large-scale convection cannot be triggered by seasonal cooling alone, but requires the surface water to be cold/saline or to contain high suspended sediment loads. In the central basin the increase in salinity occurring during ice formation in early winter is possibly sufficient to cause convection. In late summer, the horizontal transport of water from the upper 170 m of the central basin into the southern basin results in mixing down to 400 m. In winter this process might result in convection down to the maximum depth. Alternatively, the data are also consistent with the hypothesis that rare events cause large-scale convection down to the maximum depth in the southern and in the central basin simultaneously, followed by slight mixing that mainly affects only the top 500 m. According to apparent water ages from below 500 m, the last such major mixing event could have occurred in 1976 shortly before the water level of the Caspian Sea began to rise.

Modelling the biogenic transport of atmospheric particles in the Medittrranean Sea

To help the assessment of the geochemical impact of sporadic events such as Saharan dust storms on the biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the Mediterranean Sea, a one-dimensional multilayered model of tre transport af atmospheric particles in the water column was developed. The model used data of the DYFAMED programme. Particulate aluminium was taken as a tracer of mineral particles. The Al atmospheric-source function was based on time-series data obtained at a coastal station in the Ligurian Sea. The response time throughout the water column was modulated by zooplankton grazing and water stratification. Stratification varies during the course of the year and induces variations of the eddydiffusivity coefficients which were calculated for the surface and deep layers. Runs of the model over one year displayed strong seasonal variations in particulate aluminium concentration and flux which agree with experimental data. Saharan dust events may happen at any time during the year but are often seen during the spring time. When they occur simultaneously with high biological activity, a rapid transport of the dust (within a few days) to the 200-m level is observed. When biological activity is low, the short-term effect is first a strong increase of suspended-aluminium concentrations followed by an export flux to deep waters, delayed by several weeks: the temporal pattern of the dust flux throughout the water column however, is primarily related to changes in primary productivity. Nevertheless, temporal changes of the particulate flux out of the euphotic zone are also afearly affected by the intensity and duration of the dust storm. Thus, the higeest values of particulate flux occur as a consequence of the removal of dust particles from the surface layer when biological activity is high. Finally the model indicates that during autumn and early winter, vertical mixing can be a dominant factor in the removal of atmospheric particles from the upper water column.

Modelling the biogenic transport of atmospheric particles in the Medittrranean Sea

To help the assessment of the geochemical impact of sporadic events such as Saharan dust storms on the biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the Mediterranean Sea, a one-dimensional multilayered model of tre transport af atmospheric particles in the water column was developed. The model used data of the DYFAMED programme. Particulate aluminium was taken as a tracer of mineral particles. The Al atmospheric-source function was based on time-series data obtained at a coastal station in the Ligurian Sea. The response time throughout the water column was modulated by zooplankton grazing and water stratification. Stratification varies during the course of the year and induces variations of the eddydiffusivity coefficients which were calculated for the surface and deep layers. Runs of the model over one year displayed strong seasonal variations in particulate aluminium concentration and flux which agree with experimental data. Saharan dust events may happen at any time during the year but are often seen during the spring time. When they occur simultaneously with high biological activity, a rapid transport of the dust (within a few days) to the 200-m level is observed. When biological activity is low, the short-term effect is first a strong increase of suspended-aluminium concentrations followed by an export flux to deep waters, delayed by several weeks: the temporal pattern of the dust flux throughout the water column however, is primarily related to changes in primary productivity. Nevertheless, temporal changes of the particulate flux out of the euphotic zone are also afearly affected by the intensity and duration of the dust storm. Thus, the higeest values of particulate flux occur as a consequence of the removal of dust particles from the surface layer when biological activity is high. Finally the model indicates that during autumn and early winter, vertical mixing can be a dominant factor in the removal of atmospheric particles from the upper water column.

The shallow oxygen minimum of the South Indian Ocean

In the South Indian Ocean a layer of low oxygen and high nutrient concentrations, centered at about the 200-m level, attenuates southward from the equator to about Lat. 25°S. The prevailing meridional component of flow appears to be northward, however, and it is suggested that the oxygen minimum develops on account of rapid vertical decay in the oxygen consumption rate in a water column moving northward from mid-latitudes, where high concentrations are forced at depth by convective overturning from the sea surface. A simple model of the process, based on plausible values of the consumption rate and northward flow speed, reproduces fairly well the depth and strength of the minimum for a vertical mixing coefficient of 0.1 cm2 s−1. The model does not, however, give a very close description of the oxygen distribution below the minimum; some suggestions are made as to why, but too little is known about the spatial variation of the controlling parameters to proceed very far.

西南太平洋における大型ビンナガの海洋環境について

The western sea area of the Fiji Islands is known as having an abundance of large-sized albacore. Tuna fishing and oceanographic observations were performed in this area by the training ship “Hokusei Maru” of Hokkaido University, during the period of November from 1964 to 1968. The results of these observations revealed the following: 1) The isotherms and isohalines extended from west to east depicting waves from south to north. According to dynamic topography, the water mass in this area was flowing from west to east. 2) Saline water, having a peak of about 35.7‰ at the 200m level, projected to the south and the sea temperature showed a sudden drop at it's south side. 3) T-S curve showed variations below the 300m level by difference of horizontal positions, but over the 300m level described an almost regular curve. 4) Hook rate of albacore was 2.05-3.25% every year. 5) Maximum hooked rate of albacore was obtained at 200-260m depth in tuna long-line. Putting these results together, we found a sea structure composed of a discontinuity of temperature and salinity, and suppose that dynamically liquidity is happened around the water mass of high salinity to project at the 200m level. Probably this sea structure of discontinuity is closely connected with the formation of the fishing grounds for albacore.