20-story Building Research Articles

Sustainability Assessment by Green Building Rating Systems: A Comparative Analysis of LEED, BREEAM and CASBEE on a Case Study

The construction sector, with its environmental impacts, such as energy consumption and pollution, urgently needs to adopt sustainable strategies to counter global warming. The global shift towards green buildings, significantly in developing countries, emphasises environmentally friendly structures that balance environmental, societal, and economic impacts, with green building rating systems pivotal in these efforts. This study aims for sustainability in the construction industry using green rating tools, focusing on a case study of a 5-story residential building assessed using LEED, BREEAM, and CASBEE standards. The building secured the highest ratings with LEED (42.72%), followed by BREEAM (40.03%), and CASBEE (33%) achieving "GOLD", "GOOD", and "GOOD" ranks respectively. Notably, the innovation and energy sectors offer room for enhanced rating. While all tools prioritise indoor environmental quality, comparative analysis of rating assessments and the three-dimensional sustainability and its association with rating tools reveal that they do not ensure economic sustainability while addressing environmental and social sustainability. This study provides insights into the efficacy of these rating tools and highlights areas for improvement to achieve sustainability ratings.

Seismic assessment of Isolator-Damper hybrid structural system based on analysis of MDOF and modal 2DOF models

A hybrid structural system is introduced and assessed; by combining two widely used passive devices, isolator and damper, along with the use of the partial plan isolation technique in the conventional buildings. Four partial isolation cases in comparison with three limit cases including a full-base fixing, full-base isolating and ideal story damping (Skyhook) are used on a finite element model of a 12-story building. The mentioned four cases have been selected by changing the number of fixed and isolated columns which caused isolated mass ratio between 28% and 71%. Also, a simplified manifest of the seismic performance of this proposed hybrid system is presented in the form of a 2DOF model. Time history analyzes under far- and near-faults earthquakes, frequency analysis and stationary random analysis under white noise are performed. Various structural actions are investigated, including the root mean squares (rms) and maximum of drift, displacement, shear, acceleration, maximum total and plastic deformation and energies of different parts of this system. It can be inferred from the results that desired efficiency extent of this system occurs in the range of 30–70% for the mass isolation ratio. In addition, the novel approach has prevented the full isolation of the base columns (even up to 70% reduction in isolation capacity) and by removing operational limitations such as providing a large performance gap in dense urban areas, compared to a full-isolated structure, it reduces the cost of construction.

Structural response prediction of the 2015 E-defense 10-story RC building test using pushover analysis

Structural response prediction of the 2015 E-defense 10-story RC building test using pushover analysis

Growth and Yield Performance of Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) on Rooftop of Different Height of Buildings

In urban agriculture, rooftop gardening is a remarkable part which is practiced to overcome the food crisis and climate change; if it is not economically viable on the basis of productivity, then rooftop garden will not enhance and sustain. So, a pot experiment was conducted during November 2021 to April 2022 on the rooftop of different height of buildings and Agroforestry research field at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 to study the productivity of chili (BARI Morich 3). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. The treatments of this experiment were T1= Control (Ground, 0.0 m), T2= Rooftop of three storied building (11.28 m), T3 = Rooftop of six storied building (21.34 m) and T4 = Rooftop of ten storied building (34.75 m). Results indicated that soil moisture content, plant height, stem diameter, number of (leaf, branch and fruit), fresh and dry weight of plant, single fruit (weight, length and diameter), fresh and dry weight of yield per plant were significantly decreased with the increased of building height (T1>T2>T3>T4) and air temperature, soil temperature and light intensity were significantly increased with the increased of building height (T4> T3> T2> T1). As gradually increased the height of building rooftop, sequentially decreased the growth, yield and yield contributing characteristics of chili plant. Although ground performed the best productivity, up to rooftop of three storied building can be selected as an appropriate height for chili (BARI Morich-3) cultivation to increase the rooftop gardening.

Numerical modeling and validation of earthquake soil structure interaction: a 12-story building in Ventura, California

Presented is a validation study for high fidelity numerical modeling of earthquake soil structure interaction (ESSI) for a building, hotel structure in Ventura, California. A detailed finite element (FE) model of the ESSI system, featuring the 12-story concrete structure, pile group foundation, and underlying soil, is developed using the Real-ESSI Simulator (Jeremić et al., The Real-ESSI Simulator System 1988–2022, 2022a). The domain reduction method (DRM) (Bielak et al., Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2003, 93(2), 817–824; Yoshimura et al., Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2003, 93(2), 825–841) is used to apply seismic loads, in this case the 1994 Northridge earthquake motions. Direct comparison between simulation results and California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) recordings shows a high level of agreement in acceleration and displacement responses at all instrumented locations. Sensitivity study on a number of modeling choices and analysis parameters is conducted to investigate controlling factors for the ESSI response. For example, the soil-structure interaction effect and structural damping ratios are shown to have significant influence on system dynamic response. In addition, the soil inelasticity is shown to be highly influenced by the magnitude of seismic motion. Both effects are important for validation as they contribute to sensitivity of response to parametric variability.

Reduced-order model for RBDO of multiple TMDs on eccentric L-shaped buildings subjected to seismic excitations

L-shaped buildings subjected to ground accelerations undergo coupled lateral and torsional vibrations that can result in critical stress concentrations at their re-entrant corners. Even so, a comprehensive literature review indicates that the Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) of multiple Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) in L-shaped buildings has not been studied yet, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Indeed, the more refined structural model required to capture the wings motion, rather than assuming shear-framed behavior as performed on asymmetric rectangular buildings, becomes critical in an RBDO framework. Thus, integrating a non-modal Model Order Reduction (MOR) strategy allows for a massive reduction in the computational burden. Emerging from control engineering, these techniques do not form their orthogonal subspace based on modal information. Furthermore, they dispense previous snapshots of the system solution while being suitable for non-classically damped systems. Within this context, this paper presents a novel MOR-based RBDO study of multiple TMDs in L-shaped buildings subjected to seismic excitation. The MOR algorithm connects second-order Krylov subspaces to build the reduced-order model at a specific expansion frequency with a windowing strategy for sweeping the complete frequency domain. Then, it is integrated into the RBDO, aiming to determine bi-directional TMD configurations that minimize the building’s annual failure rate for the serviceability limit state. The application case consists of a 4-story L-shaped building with 2880 active degrees of freedom (DOFs). The results show that a reduction in failure probability of up to 65% can be achieved while reaching a speed-up factor (SUF) of more than 35.

Identification of design parameters having implications on resource efficiency of buildings: evaluation of predesign options.

Responsible consumption and production is the 12th Goal of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations has adopted in 2015 as a target for 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The goal is targeted to be achieved through implementation of programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP). SCP is about doing more and better with less. It is also about decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and increasing resource efficiency. Resource efficiency of predesign options of a new building can be evaluated through parametric study of the design. Researchers around the world have used different parameters in different studies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to bring uniformity in studies. The present paper lists various parameters used so far and find correlation among them in order to reduce the number of parameters while applying data of five predesign options of a multi storied residential building in India. It found two distinct groups of 12 and 5 parameters that are highly correlated. Some of them can be discarded in future studies. It also finds the lower and upper boundary values of parameters of a building situated in warm and humid climatic zone which can be used while doing evaluation.

Seismic Behavior of Structures with Different Cantilever Projections in Different Zones

Abstract: This research paper focuses on studying how structures with different cantilever projections (1m, 1.25m, and 1.5m) behave during seismic events in different seismic zones. The analysis is conducted for both 5-story and 10-story buildings, following the guidelines provided in IS 1893 (Part 1):2016. The static method is used to assess various parameters, including story drift, frequency and time period in ETABS software. By examining these factors, we can better understand how these structures perform under seismic forces.

Real-time monitoring system for damage diagnosing on civil structures using the Internet of Things (IoT)

This article presents the evaluation of a real-time monitoring system based on acceleration data obtained from a reduced-scale 5-story building prototype. Development is achieved under the Internet of Things (IoT) approach through the cloud using the MQTT messaging protocol. The damage evaluation is achieved by comparing 2 different states of the structural system, for this, the parameters of the civil structure model are used, which are estimated using the normalized least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. In this stage, the algorithms are programmed in Matlab-Simulink and executed on a RaspBerry PI 4. The experimental results confirm the versatility of the proposal and the relevance of the used decentralized communication architectures for real-time monitoring.

Effect of lateral stiffness on expected economic losses in reinforced concrete shear wall buildings

This research paper evaluates the effect of lateral stiffness on expected economic losses in reinforced concrete shear wall buildings designed following current Chilean standards, including DS60 and DS61. Economic losses were evaluated for a group of four 20-story archetype buildings located in Santiago, Chile. The methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center was considered to estimate economic losses. The expected annual loss (EAL) and the present value (PV) of the losses in 50 years were used as measures of economic loss. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, which considered the seismicity of central Chile, was performed to estimate both metrics. The results show that when the lateral stiffness of the building increases, the EAL also increases. This implies that stiffer buildings are more vulnerable from an economic point of view. This counter-intuitive finding results from the higher seismic hazard of stiffer buildings and the minimum design base shear required by DS61 that governed the design of the studied buildings. Additionally, it was found that the EAL and the PV of losses in 50 years for the four archetypes do not exceed 0.3% and 7.8% of the total construction cost of the buildings, respectively. These monetary losses are relatively low, which is consistent with the outstanding seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear wall buildings.

Damage evaluation of column bases in steel moment-resisting frames based on fishbone model and Bayesian model updating

This paper presents a method of evaluating seismic damage of column bases in steel moment-resisting frames based on fishbone model and hierarchical Bayesian updating method. In this study, a fishbone model considering the flexibility of column bases was presented instead of the traditional fishbone model with rigid column bases and shear building model with unobtainable stiffness of beam ends and column bases. The fishbone model could be used to update the rotational and shear stiffness of column bases, and also to update the stiffness of the beam ends. First, the eigenvalue problem of the fishbone model considering the flexibility of column bases was formulated. Then, the method of identifying the shear and rotational stiffness of column bases in steel frames was proposed based on the hierarchical Bayesian model updating algorithm using incomplete modal data. The seismic damage of column bases was evaluated by comparing the identified stiffness before and after earthquakes. The effectiveness of the proposed method was numerically investigated with a 5-story building model. The influences of the selection of parameters in algorithm, structural modal data and degrees of freedom on the identified results were studied. Finally, the applicability of the method to realistic damage evaluation of column bases was also examined by a serial of shaking table tests on a 3-story 2-bay large-scaled steel frame specimen.

Characteristics of Balinese architectural fat houses in Denpasar City

This research aims to find factors that influence the characteristics of flats with a Balinese architectural perspective and plan a design model for apartments in Bali based on the concept of Balinese architecture. The research method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The first stage uses quantitative methods, and the second stage uses qualitative methods. The research sample was taken using nonprobability random sampling with a sample size of 200 respondents. Data analysis was done through univariate analysis by presenting tables, pictures, and graphs. The results of the research show that the factors that influence the characteristics of flats with a Balinese architectural style include the principles of spatial planning with the choice of location in the city of Denpasar, the principles of building layout with a 3-story flat building height, and the selection of building facades with a Balinese architectural style, the principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, easily accessible merchant facilities, health, education, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references. Principles of building layout with a 3-story apartment building height and the selection of Balinese architectural style building facades, principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, merchant facilities, health, easy education accessible, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references. Principles of building layout with a 3-story apartment building height and the selection of Balinese architectural style building facades, principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, merchant facilities, health, easy education accessible, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references.

Urban Design Impact on Local Climate and its Consequences on Building Energy Demand in Morocco

Urban design has a profound impact on the local climate, which can result in changes in temperature distribution and energy demand. The Urban Heat Island (UHI), a well-documented issue where cities typically experience higher temperatures than the cooler rural surroundings that envelop them, is closely tied to urban design and its geometrical features. This increase in temperature can lead to increased energy consumption, particularly for air conditioning, as populations strive to maintain thermal comfort. Within this framework, this paper seeks to advance our comprehension of the influence of urban design on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and building energy requirements. It makes a valuable contribution to the expanding body of research in this field, offering insightful guidance on optimal urban design strategies tailored to diverse climate zones in Morocco. To achieve these goals, we explore multiple urban design scenarios incorporating variations in building heights, street aspect ratios, building layout configurations, and street orientations. We employ the Urban Weather Generator and EnergyPlus for our analysis, with the former enabling the generation of synthetic weather data that accounts for the UHI effect in urban contexts, and the latter facilitating building energy simulations. The simulation results reveal a wide-ranging hourly variation in Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity, spanning from 11°C to -5°C across the cities under study. Among these cities, Ifrane, Marrakesh, and Fes exhibit the highest average annual UHI intensity. Incorporating UHI considerations into energy simulations has yielded notable outcomes. Low-rise buildings experience a reduction in total energy requirements, while mid-rise and high-rise buildings exhibit an increase. For instance, adopting an urban design scenario featuring 20-story buildings and a street aspect ratio of 0.33 led to a rise in total energy demands between 8% and 19%. Furthermore, the street aspect ratio (H/W) emerges as the primary driver of UHI, whereas street orientation and building layout exert the most substantial influence on building energy requirements. Inefficient building layouts result in a significant increase in building energy needs, ranging from 106% to 121%, while less energy-efficient street orientations lead to total energy needs escalating by 28% to 76%.

Comparison of Seismic Response of Multi-Storey Building Having Shear Walls Without Opening on STAAD-PRO and ETAB

In India’s main cities, high-rise reinforced concrete residential buildings with more than 15, 16, or 17 stories are widespread these days, which are aligned parallel to the Indian government’s “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna”. The development of an economical and eco-friendly R-C building by providing a limited area of shear walls at the diagonal corners of the structure is evaluated in STAAD-PRO and ETAB in this paper. This work also focuses on the location and minimal area of shear walls along with maximum strength, and its 3-D analysis gives conclusions. The paper concludes that the design of 20-story buildings in STAAD and ETAB with minimum shear walls gives safe results, and Horizontal forces increase the structure’s strength and stiffness requirements.

Critical issues in nonlinear modeling of reinforced concrete buildings: code-compliant modeling approaches and the 2015 E-defense shake table tests on a full-scale 10-story building

Critical issues in nonlinear modeling of reinforced concrete buildings: code-compliant modeling approaches and the 2015 E-defense shake table tests on a full-scale 10-story building

A New Methodology for Optimal Design of Hybrid Vibration Control Systems (MR + TMD) for Buildings under Seismic Excitation

This study proposes a new methodology, based on the optimization procedure by a metaheuristic algorithm, for designing a hybrid vibration control system to mitigate the dynamic response of buildings under nonstationary artificial earthquakes (NSAEs). For illustration purposes, a 10-story shear building is studied. The hybrid control system involves the use of an MR damper (MR) and a tuned mass damper (TMD) located in different places of the structure. To describe the behavior of the MR, the modified Bouc–Wen model (MBW) was used. To calculate the damping force of the MR, the clipped optimal control associated with linear quadratic regulator (LQR), CO-LQR, was considered. The optimization was performed using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and seismic load generated by the Kanai–Tajimi spectrum. Different control scenarios were evaluated: MR-OFF, MR-ON, CO-LQR, STMD, and CO-LQR (MR + TMD) to determine the best control scenario that can effectively control the structure. Overall, the optimized hybrid control scenario (MR + TMD) was the only one able to adapt all story drifts to the control criterion of the consulted normative. Then, CO-LQR (MR + TMD), designed via the methodology proposed in this work, proved to be the best alternative to control the seismic response of this building.

Seismic Response Control of a Nonlinear Tall Building Under Mainshock–Aftershock Sequences Using Semi-Active Tuned Mass Damper

Under the excitation of strong mainshock (MS), the structure will enter the nonlinear stage, whose hysteretic characteristic can be well-simulated by the Bouc–Wen (BW) model. The accompanying aftershock (AS) may increase structural damage and cause the safety problem, therefore, the advanced structural control technology is worthy of being applied to nonlinear structure under MS–AS sequences. The tuned mass damper (TMD) is a popular vibrational absorber, however, it is sensitive to the frequency deviation and may lose its effect for nonlinear dynamic response control in this issue. To protect the nonlinear tall building under MS–AS sequences effectively, a semi-active TMD (STMD) is investigated in this study, which can vary its frequency and damping in real time simultaneously. It can adapt to structural nonlinear behavior in each time segment through varying its stiffness according to the wavelet transform (WT) based algorithm, and meanwhile, enhance the energy dissipation through switching its damping coefficient in real time. A 10-story nonlinear tall building is proposed as a case study and for comparison, a passive TMD (PTMD) is used. Nine MS–AS sequences are elected and nonlinear structural control performance of STMD is highlighted. Results show that STMD can control structural displacement responses and base shear effectively and performs better than PTMD in reducing the plastic development of the structure as well. Further, energy analysis is proposed and it is verified that STMD has an excellent effect in decreasing the structural input energy from MS–AS sequences and dissipating more energy than PTMD. Especially, it is found that a strong AS may cause a larger response to the nonlinear structure than MS, while the nonlinear control effect of STMD is still significant in that case.

Performance Evaluation of Structures with Buckling Restrained Braced Frame Under Earthquake Load

Structures with buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF) resist lateral load, i.e., earthquake, using special bracings that yield under axial tension and compression loads. Following the applicable building code SNI 1726-2019, the design for the BRBF structure has a limitation on the structure height for seismic design category D, which is 48 meters. Three structures are modelled: a 5-story building, a 10-story building, and a 20-story building, to evaluate the height limitation on the code. The initial design of the structures used modal response spectrum analysis (MRSA), then the structures were checked using linear response history analysis (LRHA). Finally, a pushover analysis was conducted to obtain the structural performance level. The study revealed that the structural design for BRBF with MRSA satisfies all requirements of SNI 1726-2019. However, the results of the evaluation of BRBF with LRHA show a structure exceeding the height limit does not meet the requirement for inter-story drift. The pushover analysis showed that the structure’s performance reached the Immediate Occupancy (IO) level. Thus, all structures with BRBF in this study that were designed using MRSA have satisfactory performance under the seismic design load, even though the height limit has been exceeded.

A fuzzy based intelligent scheme for enhancing the performance of the optimal controllers by online weighting matrix selection in seismically excited nonlinear buildings

In the present work, an effective strategy is proposed to improve the efficiency of the optimal controllers that are based on minimizing a performance index by using a fuzzy controller. In the used fuzzy system, the weighting matrices of the optimal controller are tuned online according to the response of the structural system. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, its function is investigated in two phases on a 3-story nonlinear benchmark building equipped with MR dampers. In the first phase, a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is combined with a fuzzy logic system (Fuzzy-LQG) and the efficiency of the used technique is compared with three different cases of the conventional LQG controllers. The results show that the Fuzzy-LQG, in addition to using an optimal level of demand energy, has a better performance than the conventional LQG methods in controlling the maximum responses of the structure. In the second phase, the performance of a polynomial optimal controller that is a summation of polynomials in nonlinear states in combination with the fuzzy system is investigated. At this stage, the effectiveness of the designed control system (Fuzzy Polynomial) in terms of seismic performance criteria with the results of a conventional LQG active control system, an optimal adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a neural network predictive control (NNPC) system is evaluated. The results show that this method is successful in improving the structural performance of a nonlinear building subjected to earthquakes.

Real-time hybrid simulation for seismic control performance evaluation of an active inerter damper system

Active structural control has been recognized as an intelligent method to mitigate seismic vibrations of structures by generating superior supplemental damping in structural engineering studies. Recently, active inerter damper (AID) that consists of an inerter and an actuation system has been evolved from active mass damper. AID has advantages of small volume and light weight because of the mechanical properties of inerter that amplify the inertial force by numerous times the mass of the inerter; therefore, installation of an AID system becomes simple in real engineering applications. However, it is difficult to validate seismic control performance of a multi-story specimen with an AID system in structural laboratories limited by capacity of testing facilities. In this study, real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS), which combines experimental testing with numerical simulation is applied to evaluate the control performance of the AID system. A 10-story shear building is numerically simulated as a benchmark building controlled by the AID, which is physically driven in the structural laboratory. A modal linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) with optimized weighting matrices is designed for generating the desired control force for the AID. Meanwhile, a surrogate model of the modal LQR is trained and implemented for comparison purpose. In addition, two force tracking controllers are implemented to reproduce the desired control force through the AID. Furthermore, three approaches for acquiring the achieved force of AID are proposed and employed to feedback the control force to the numerical model for completing the RTHS loop. Finally, mitigation of seismic response is compared and discussed methodically based on the RTHS results. This study suggests the most appropriate RTHS technique for evaluating the control performance of buildings with the AID system.