Thiobarbituric Acid Test Research Articles

The Addition Effect of Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopodidae) on the Quality of Snakehead Fish oil (C. striata) during Storage

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the freshwater fish consumptions that has high economic value so that many people like it. Processing snakehead fish into fish oil can be an alternative to product diversification. Fish oil is an oil that contains high unsaturated fatty acids that are easily oxidized. Adding antioxidants to the oil can suppress oxidation so it is necessary to add antioxidant agents derived from natural ingredients such as sea cucumber extract (Stichopodidae). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of sea cucumber extract antioxidants with the best concentration on changes in the quality of snakehead fish oil obtained from previous research during storage. The material used in this study was sea cucumber extract and snakehead fish oil. The study was carried out using experimental laboratories method using Split Plot in Time design where the difference in adding sea cucumber extract as the main plot and storage duration as a sub-plot for Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), Peroxide Value (PV), and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) tests. The treatment of this study was the addition of sea cucumber extract (0% as a control; 0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3%) with 2 storage points (0 and 5 days) for 3 repeats. Making sea cucumber extract extraction method using 96% ethanol. Parametric data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance tests (ANOVA) and Honest Real Difference (HRD) while non-parametric data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results of preliminary research obtained sea cucumber extract ration with 96% ethanol solvent of 16.1%, % inhibition of 80.30% and antioxidant activity of IC50 of 80.875 ppm (strong). The results of the main study obtained TBA values ranging from 0.07 to 0.27 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, PV range from 0.13 to 5.31 mEq/kg, and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) values range from 0.39 to 1.54%. Based on the results of the study showed that the interaction between the concentration of sea cucumber extract and the duration of storage had a real effect (p < 0.05). 0% sea cucumber extract produced the lowest TBA sapling, which was 0.07±0.05 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, 0.1% yielded the lowest peroxide number at 3.40±1.25 mEq/kg, and 0.2% yielded the lowest FFA number of 0.58±0.00% on day 5. The results suggest that ethanolic extract of sea cucumber does not act as an efficient antioxidant agent to prevent fish oil degradation.

Estimating Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Arbutus Pavarii Extracts

The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers extracts of arbutus pavarii. For the purpose, the antioxidant potential of crude methanol extracts of arbutus pavarii was screened in vitro using reducing power, phosphor molybdenum assay, and radical scavenging activity by employing DPPH, NO, .OH methods as well as ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests to confirm the antioxidant potential of these extracts. Resultantly, it was confirmed that the leaves extract (LE) has displayed higher reducing ability compared with flowers extract (FE). The maximum antioxidant activity was found it in leaves methanol extract (199.38±12.73 mg of ascorbic acid/g of dry weight). The Methanolic LE was able to reduce the DPPH concentration with an IC50 of 1.09 ± mg/mL, which was noticeable stronger (P < 0.01) than that of the positive control (ascorbic acid), (IC50 = 0.01 ± 1.6 mg/mL) and FE (IC50= 1.25 ± mg/mL) as well. The LE showed slightly inhibited .OH radical (IC50, 0.78 mg/mL) compared with FE (IC50, 0.91 mg/ml). The obtained results of this investigation indicated the usefulness of utilization of arbutus pavarii leaves as a reliable source of antioxidants for nutritive and industrial purposes.

ВПЛИВ АЛКОГОЛЮ НА ЛІПІДНИЙ СКЛАД КРОВІ ТА ЛІПОПЕРОКСИДНІ ПРОЦЕСИ У ТКАНИНАХ МОЗКУ ЩУРІВ З РІЗНОЮ АЛКОГОЛЬНОЮ МОТИВАЦІЄЮ І РІЗНОЮ ЗДАТНІСТЮ ДО НАВЧАННЯ

B a c k g r o u n d . Alcohol, as a factor of negative influence on the organism, induces metabolic changes and may affect cognitive task performance, asnervous tissue is particularly sensitive to ethanol exposure. This sensitivity is manifested through oxidative processes in the brain and alterations in lipid metabolism. The study investigated the sensitivity of oxidative processes in brain tissue and changes in the blood lipid spectrum under the influence of ethanol with different combinations of alcoholization and trainingin rats. M e t h o d s . Male rats aged three to five months were used in the study. Learning ability was assessed in the radialmaze. The impact of ethanol on metabolic processes wase valuated by determining the lipid levels in blood plasma usingthin-layer chromatography. The effect of ethanol and training on brain tissues was examined by determining the amount of malondialdehyde in rat brain tissues spectrophotometrically using the 2-thiobarbituric acidtest. R e s u l t s . Unequali poperoxidative reactivity of rat brain tissues with different alcohol motivations was demonstrated under various combinations of ethanol and training. Rats showing no preference for alcohol exhibited higher lipoperoxidative reactivity, especially those that performed poorly in learning and consumed ethanol after training. Animals that learned well had a lowerlevel of peroxide oxidation after alcohol consumption. Rats preferring alcohol demonstrated the lowest degree of peroxideoxidation in brain tissues. C o n c l u s i o n s . Chronic alcoholism led to alterations in the lipid concentration in the rats' blood, indicating a moderate destabilizing effect of ethanol on lipid metabolism under the conditions of our experiment. High levels of lipid peroxidation in rat brain tissues are characteristic of rats with low alcohol motivation, while training rat spriorto the onset of alcoholismmayreduce the level of lipidperoxidation.

Investigation of Determinant Factors for Oxidative Stress Prevention in Leather-shoe Workers Exposed to Benzene

This investigation aimed to determine the importance of benzene and phenol exposure in the urine, routine blood profiles, and worker oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde levels in the blood and workers’ blood are routinely measured to determine the level of oxidative stress. This cross-sectional survey only included leather shoemakers in Semarang. The research included 42 active and productive shoemakers as the study’s participants. The dependent variables in this study were age, work period, nutritional status (BMI), urinary phenolic levels, and blood profile. The variable tied to this study was the level of oxidative stress (MDA). The sample is taken immediately after the employee’s work shift is finished. The normal average level for MDA is 2.61 µmol/L. Questionnaires were utilized to determine the respondent’s characteristics and urinary phenolic levels. MDA was used to test lipid peroxidation using spectrophotometry method of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Venous blood samples were taken from the tip of middle finger. Workers are measured in height by microtoice while weight is measured by digital body scales. BMI were categorized as follows: BMI (kg/m 2) < 18.5, 18.5–24.9 and ≥25. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 25.0. The analysis of bivariate data used the Kruskal–Wallis test (α=0.05). There were no significant all-off variables and Malondialdehyde levels in workers in the leather-shoe sector. For future research, the management of leather-shoe production should make a simple vent (exhaust fan) at the gluing site so that workers were not exposed to benzene.

The Gelatin-Coated Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Containing Salvia officinalis Extract: Optimization by Combined D-Optimal Design and Its Application to Improve the Quality Parameters of Beef Burger.

The current study aims to synthesize the gelatin-coated nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to encapsulate sage extract and use this nanoparticle to increase the quality parameters of beef burger samples. NLCs were prepared by formulation of gelatin (as surfactant and coating biopolymer), tallow oil (as solid lipid), rosemary essential oil (as liquid lipid), sage extract (as active material or encapsulant), polyglycerol ester and Tween 80 (as low-molecular emulsifier) through the high-shear homogenization-sonication method. The effects of gelatin concentrations and the solid/liquid ratio on the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of sage extract-loaded NLCs were quantitatively investigated and optimized using a combined D-optimal design. Design expert software suggested the optimum formulation with a gelatin concentration of 0.1 g/g suspension and solid/liquid lipid ratio of 60/40 with a particle size of 100.4 nm, PDI of 0.36, and EE% 80%. The morphology, interactions, thermal properties, and crystallinity of obtained NLC formulations were investigated by TEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRD techniques. The optimum sage extract-loaded/gelatin-coated NLC showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than free extract after 30 days of storage. It also indicated a higher inhibitory effect against E. coli and P. aeruginosa than free form in MIC and MBC tests. The optimum sage extract-loaded/gelatin-coated NLC, more than free extract, increased the oxidation stability of the treated beef burger samples during 90 days of storage at 4 and -18 °C (verified by thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values tests). Incorporation of the optimum NLC to beef burgers also effectively decreased total counts of mesophilic bacteria, psychotropic bacteria, S. aureus, coliform, E. coli, molds, and yeasts of treated beef burger samples during 0, 3, and 7 days of storage in comparison to the control sample. These results suggested that the obtained sage extract-loaded NLC can be an effective preservative to extend the shelf life of beef burgers.

Validation of commercial antimicrobial intervention technologies to control Salmonella on skin-on market hog carcasses and chilled pork wholesale cuts

Pork substantially contributes to salmonellosis, and processors are increasingly interested in antimicrobials. This study applied antimicrobials using commercial equipment and parameters to reduce Salmonella in pork. Skin-on carcasses inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail (ca. 5 log CFU/cm2) were treated in a commercial Chad cabinet using a low-volume spray [3% lactic acid (lLA), 400 ppm peracetic acid (lPAA), or acidified 400 ppm peracetic acid (laPAA)] or high-volume wash [ambient water (hAW), 400 ppm PAA (hPAA), 400 or 600 ppm hypobromous acid (hDBDMH), or 71 °C water (hHW)]. Chilled subprimals and trim were inoculated and treated with AW, 400 ppm PAA, 400 ppm aPAA, 400 or 600 ppm DBDMH, 2% LA, or modified LA (mLA)] in a subprimal spray cabinet or ribbon mixer (trim). On the skin-on carcass, hPAA, hDBDMH600, and hHW achieved larger (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella reductions (2.8–3.1 log CFU/cm2) compared to AW (1.5 log CFU/cm2). Other antimicrobial treatments provided 2.0–2.4 log reductions. Chemical interventions reduced Salmonella by 0.7–0.9 and 0.1–0.3 logs on butt and trim, respectively, in comparison to the respective 0.3 and 0.1 achieved by hAW. Thiobarbituric acid test (TBARS) data indicate no negative impact on subprimal quality. Carcass interventions reduced Salmonella; however, Salmonella control was less evident on chilled subprimals and trim.

Hearing loss in Type 2 diabetes: Impact of duration, glycemic control, and oxidative stress

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been linked to many problems, including hearing loss, which research studies have not paid much attention to. This study looks into the possible links between hearing loss in people with T2DM, the duration of time they have had diabetes, how well they control their blood sugar, and measures of reactive stress. Understanding how these things work together can help doctors find problems faster, develop better ways to treat them, and improve their patients’ health. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to see if there are any links between hearing loss and duration of T2DM, levels of glycemic control, and measures of oxidative stress in people with T2DM. The results of this study will help come up with early identification and healing ways to improve patient care. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study at Government Medical College, Kozhikode, 63 diabetic patients aged 30–60 were compared with 63 age and sex-matched controls. Blood sugar was assessed using the glucose oxidase peroxidase method, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) through cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) through the thiobarbituric acid test, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) using the technique by Marklund and Marklund, with the latter two assessed spectrophotometrically. Hearing abilities were evaluated using pure tone audiometry. Results: Diabetic participants exhibited a marked increase in hearing loss incidence compared to controls (P < 0.001). Males with diabetes showed a higher prevalence of hearing loss than females (P = 0.043). A significant correlation was found between hearing loss and the duration of diabetes (P < 0.001), elevated glycemic levels (fasting blood sugar, random blood sugar, and HbA1c, all P < 0.001), and altered oxidative stress parameters. Specifically, MDA levels were higher in people with diabetes (P < 0.001) and associated with hearing loss (P = 0.033), while SOD levels were reduced (P < 0.001) and significantly linked to hearing loss (P = 0.047). Logistic regression identified age, sex, HbA1c, MDA, and SOD as independent risk factors for hearing impairment in Type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the significant association between Type 2 diabetes and heightened risk of hearing loss, influenced by age, gender, glycemic levels, and oxidative stress markers. Regular audiological assessments are crucial for early detection and intervention in diabetic patients.

Effects of curcumin and melatonin treatment in the cerebral cortex of adult rats.

The study investigated the effect of exogenous melatonin and (or) curcumin treatment on the cerebral cortex of adult rats. In this context, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and SIRT2 protein expression were examined. A total of 30 Wistar albino rats involved in the study were randomly divided into five groups. Over 30 days, the control groups received phosphate-buffered saline or dimethyl sulfoxide injections, and the treatment groups received melatonin, curcumin, or a combination of melatonin and curcumin injections. In the cerebral cortex homogenates, the MDA, GSH, and sum of NO were respectively determined by the thiobarbituric acid, modified Ellman and Griess test methods. The SOD and Nrf2 levels were examined using the ELISA method and SIRT2 protein expression using the Western blot technique. The study found that both melatonin and curcumin treatments significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and SIRT2 protein expression levels (p < 0.05) and increased the Nrf2 level in the cytoplasm (p < 0.05). The study revealed that curcumin and melatonin treatments reduced MDA and SIRT2 protein expression level and increased intracellular Nrf2, GSH, and SOD in the cortex tissue. We also found that the combined melatonin and curcumin treatment produced no synergistic effect.

Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Bell Pepper Processing By-Products for the Development of Value-Added Sausage Formulations

Nowadays, when the supply chain of natural compounds for the production of value-added meat products is limited, the use of by-products from vegetable processing could become an attractive solution, contributing to the concept of circular economy. In this regard, our study investigated the effectiveness of yellow and red bell pepper processing by-products used in dried form (DYBPB, DRBPB) in the sausages recipe, instead of synthetic nitrites, to enhance their oxidative stability during cold storage (4 °C) for 20 days. Two types of nitrite-free sausages were obtained, such as smoked and dried sausages (I) and smoked and blanched sausages (II). Nitrite-free sausage formulations were designed by adding DYBPB and DRBPB at a dose to ensure a total phenolic compounds (TPC) level of 50, 90, 180, and 270 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/kg of processed meat. The formulations developed were compared with control samples of sausages obtained with added sodium nitrite or without any additive. The DYBPB and DRBPB were investigated for total and individual phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The obtained sausages were investigated in terms of proximate composition as well as lipid oxidation progression based on specific chemical indices such as peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), TOTOX index, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test during cold storage for 1, 10, and 20 days. The antioxidant activity of DYBPB and DRBPB has been shown to be closely related to their total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. It was found that a higher inhibitory potential against oxidative damage was evidenced in smoked and scalded sausages compared to smoked and dried formulations when the same dose of bell pepper processing by-products was applied. Our results showed that the use of dried bell pepper processing by-products in a dose that provides a TPC of a minimum of 180 mg GAE/kg processed meat for DRBPB and 270 mg GAE/kg processed meat for DYBPB have the potential to ensure lipid oxidative stability during cold storage of sausages for 20 days and can be considered for obtaininginnovative nitrite-free sausage formulations. Bearing in mind that the meat industry is currently looking for natural and sustainable ingredients to replace synthetic ones, our research recommends bell pepper processing by-products as promising substitutes for sodium nitrite to develop value-added meat products.

Malondialdehyde and carbonyl levels in skeletal muscle tissues after intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposures

Background: Hypobaric hypoxia is a state of decreased oxygen pressure at high altitudes that can lead to hypoxia and oxidative stress as a result. Skeletal muscle is one of the important organs that can be affected by oxidative stress and cause contractile dysfunction.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on oxidative stress markers in rat skeletal muscle, by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl levels.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty-five Wistar rats were allocated into five groups, including one control group and four hypoxic groups (I-IV). The hypoxic groups were exposed to an altitude of 25,000 feet for 5 minutes using hypobaric chamber in once (I), twice (II), three (III), and four (IV) times, with a 7-day interval period between exposures. The control group remained in normobaric conditions throughout the study. MDA levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, while carbonyl levels were measured using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reagent.&#x0D; Results: The MDA level was significantly increased in group I compared to the control group (p=0.008). There were decreasing MDA levels in groups II, III, and IV compared to group I. The carbonyl level was significantly higher in group I than the control group (p=0.000), with an even higher level observed in group II. Although the carbonyl levels tended to decrease in groups III and IV, they still remained higher than those of the control group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia leads to an increase in MDA and carbonyl levels in the skeletal muscles, indicating an elevation of oxidative stress levels. However, the subsequent intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure resulted in a reduction in these levels, implying that skeletal muscles may adapt to hypoxic conditions.

Pendugaan Umur Simpan Ikan Patin Salai Menggunakan Metode Akselerasi Dengan Kemasan HDPE dan Teknik Pengemasan Aluminium Foil

The goal of this research was to estimate the shelf life of salai catfish using the ASLT (Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing) method with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, vacuum aluminum foil, and non-vacuum aluminum foil. By storing the salai catfish for thirty days at different temperature levels, namely 30, 35, and 40°C, the acceleration method was used to predict the shelf life. Changes in rancidity sensory and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) levels were observed. The obtained data were analyzed using linear regression to show the relationship between storage time and the measured variables. Furthermore, the Arrhenius method was used to calculate the shelf life of salai catfish in order to compare the quality degradation of salai catfish. The best result was obtained in the treatment of salai catfish with vacuum aluminum foil was 32,56 days at 30°C based on the TBA test. The regression equation were y= -2875,7x + 5,2812, R2= 0,9855.

Evaluation of Malondialdehyde Levels, Oxidative Stress and Host-Bacteria Interactions: Escherichia coli and Salmonella Derby.

Either extracts, cell-free suspensions or bacterial suspensions are used to study bacterial lipid peroxidation processes. Along with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and several other strategies, the thiobarbituric acid test is used for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) as the basis for the commercial test kits and the colorimetric detection of lipid peroxidation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation processes levels in the suspensions, extracts and culture supernatants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Derby strains. The dependence of the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels in the cell extracts, the suspensions and cell-free supernatants on bacterial species, and their concentration and growth phase were revealed. The effect of bacterial concentrations on MDA formation was also found to be more pronounced in bacterial suspensions than in extracts, probably due to the dynamics of MDA release into the intercellular space. This study highlights the possible importance of MDA determination in both cell-free suspensions and extracts, as well as in bacterial suspensions to elucidate the role of lipid peroxidation processes in bacterial physiology, bacteria–host interactions, as well as in host physiology.

Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese 1 genotype infections on brain iron metabolism in mice

To investigate the effect of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese 1 genotype infections on host brain iron metabolism and brain damages. Twenty C57BL/6 mice, each weighing 15 to 17 g, were randomly divided into the control and infection groups, of 10 mice in each group. Each mouse in the infection group was injected intraperitoneally with 4 000 tachyzoites of the TgCtwh3 isolate with Chinese 1 genotype, while each mouse in the control group was injected with an equal amount of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). All mice were sacrificed 6 day post-infection and brain tissues were sampled. The iron levels were measured in mouse brain specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The differentially expressed genes were determined between the experimental and control groups using RNA chips and Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed. The mRNA expression of Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (TgSAG1) gene and some Zrt- and Irt-like protein (ZIP) family member coding genes was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. The ultrastructure of the hippocampus dentate gyrus in mouse brain specimens was observed using optical and electronic microscopy. The glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) expression was determined using Western blotting, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. In addition, the optical density (OD) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein was measured using immunohistochemistry. Optical microscopy showed cell necrosis in the hippocampus dentate gyrus of mouse brain specimens in the infection group, and electronic microscopy cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear atrophy and necrosis, disruption of cristae mitochondriales and increased autophagosome levels in the mouse brain hippocampus specimens in the infection group. The iron level was significantly greater in mouse brain specimens in the infection group than in the control group [(32.92 ± 0.90) μg/g vs. (37.72 ± 1.10) μg/g; t = 3.397, P < 0.01]. RNA chips revealed 721 up-regulated genes and 276 down-regulated genes in mouse brain specimens between the infection and control groups, and the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in metal ion binding ability (molecular function). Elevated expression of metal element transporter ZIP2 mRNA (t = 8.659, P < 0.05), reduced GPx4 expression [(1.046 ± 0.025) vs. (0.720 ± 0.101); t = 3.129, P < 0.01], increased MDA level [(4.37 ± 0.33) nmol/mgprot vs. (5.93 ± 0.54) nmol/mgprot; t = 2.451, P < 0.05], and up-regulated mean OD of VEGF protein [(0.348 3 ± 0.017 8) vs. (0.490 6 ± 0.010 5); t = 6.641, P < 0.01] were found in mouse brain specimens in the infection group than in the control group. Chinese 1 genotype T. gondii infection results in iron accumulation in brain tissues, reduced antioxidant ability and elevated levels of oxidative stress in mice, suggesting that T. gondii infection may cause brain damages through affecting iron metabolism in host brain tissues.

Ginsenoside Rg1 improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation through Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that can cause cognitive impairment. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has a significant neuroprotective effect on animals with memory impairment. However, the mechanism of how Rg1 mediates the Wnt signaling pathway and improves cognitive function by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation is still unclear. In this study, the spatial memory ability of tree shrews was tested by Morris water maze, the expression levels of amyloid protein (Aβ1-42), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba-1), nitrotyrosine (NT), and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) were detected by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, the activity of catalase (CAT) and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was, respectively, measured by the ammonium molybdate method and the 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was determined by the thiobarbituric acid test. Finally, the expression levels of Beta-secretase (BACE1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), BCL2-Associated X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), caspase-anti-apoptotic factor Cleaved-caspase-3 (Caspase-3), microtubule-associated proteins 2 (MAP2), Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), as well as the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and β-catenin were detected by Western blot. This study implied that Rg1 reduced the phosphorylation of Tau protein, the deposition of Aβ1-42, and the expression of BACE1. It also showed that Rg1 increased the antioxidant activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and instead reduced the oxidation products of NT, 8-OHG, and MDA, as wells as the inflammatory factor interleukin-1 and iba-1. It further showed that Rg1 increased the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax and expression of neuronal markers MAP2 and NeuN, but instead reduced the expression of Caspase-3, GSK-3β, and β-catenin. In conclusion, by regulating the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, Rg1 of moderate and high dose could alleviate oxidative stress damage, improve neuroinflammation, protect neurons, finally improve the cognitive impairment of the AD tree shrew. This study provides theoretical basis for the Rg1 clinical application in AD.

Relationship of Sleep Quality and Oxidative Stress Level in Smartphone Users; Study in Faculty of Medicine Student, Universitas Baiturrahmah

BACKGROUND: Excessive smartphones can affect sleep quality, reducing sleep duration. This lack of sleep will impact various health and increase levels of free radicals in the body, affecting various cell functions. AIM: The aim of the study was to measure the relationship between sleep quality due to smartphone use and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental with pre- and post-test group study. Sleep quality was assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the smartphone addiction was assessed based on Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) score. The subjects were divided into four groups (n = 6) based on their PSQI and SAS score. The first group was the subjects with normal sleep and non-smartphone addict. The second group was the subjects with normal sleep but smartphone addict. The third group was the subjects with abnormal sleep and non-smartphone addict. Furthermore, fourth was the subjects with abnormal sleep and smartphone addiction. All the subjects were asked to sleep usually and used the smartphone as necessary a day before the study started. Blood plasma was collected from the subject before and after the study for MDA measurement. Plasma MDA was determined using the thiobarbituric acid test. RESULTS: Smartphone use can reduce sleep quality and duration, resulting in sleep deprivation. There was no increase in MDA concentration (p &gt; 0.05) in the ordinary and non-addictive or smartphone-addicted sleep group. Meanwhile, the group that stayed up late and was neither addictive nor addictive showed an increase in MDA levels and was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adequate sleep can reduce blood serum MDA levels and smartphone use does not affect MDA levels.

Effect of fish and soybean oils feed supplementation on the characteristic of Romanov crossbred lamb meat

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of roughage and/or fattening feed rations and CLA-rich fish oil and soybean-supplemented diets on meat quality parameters (pH, color and fatty acids) of crossbred Romanov lambs. As compared to the control group, soybean and fish oil-supplemented groups had almost 3 times greater feed conversion ratios. The amount of feed consumed for 1 kg of live weight during the fattening period was 4.77 kg in the soybean oil-supplemented group, 5.70 kg in the fish oil-supplemented group and 13.33 kg in the control group. In terms of M. longissimus dorsi (MLD) area and thickness, treatment groups all had similar values. Soybean and fish oil-supplemented groups had superior pH and color (L*, a*, b*) values. In the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) produced due to the oxidation of fatty acids, results revealed that soybean and fish oil-supplemented groups yielded more ideal outcomes for TBARS values and fatty acid profiles.

Chili and Sweet Pepper Seed Oil Used as a Natural Antioxidant to Improve the Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil

The main purpose of this work was to assess the potential of chili pepper seed oil (CPSO) and sweet pepper seed oil (SPSO) to inhibit or retard the thermo-oxidative processes undergoing in sunflower oil (SFO) when subjected to high-temperature heating for 4 and 8 h in simulated frying conditions. The effects of high-temperature treatment for 4 and 8 h on the fatty acid composition and the lipid oxidation degree of the investigated oil samples were evaluated using the peroxide value (PV), the p-anisidine value (p-AV) and the thiobarbituric acid test (TBA). All determinations were performed before and after sample heating in order to evaluate the changes in lipid oxidation as well as in the chemical composition. In all studied samples, both after 4 h and 8 h of high-temperature heating, there was an increase of the saturated fatty acid content. This increase is lower in the case of SFO samples supplemented with CPSO and SPSO when compared with SFO. A 41.67% increase was recorded for the SFO sample supplemented with 300 ppm CPSO, and a 36.76% increase was recorded for the SFO supplemented with 300 ppm SPSO, compared to the 44.97% increase recorded for the SFO. Heating the samples supplemented with CPSO and SPSO with a concentration of 300 ppm for 8 h led to the much lower values of the investigated parameters in relation to the control sample, as follows: PV (12.95 ± 0.17 meq/kg oil for SFO + 300 ppm CPSO and 13.45 ± 0.32 meq/kg oil for SFO + 300 ppm SPSO, compared with 16.4 + 0.17 meq/kg oil for SFO), p-AV (63.445 ± 1.259 ppm oil for SFO + 300 ppm CPSO and 64.122 ± 1.208 ppm oil for SFO + 300 ppm SPSO, compared with 72.493 + 1.340 ppm oil for SFO), CD (45%; 30%), TOTOX (88.374 for SFO + 300 ppm CPSO and 101.366 for SFO + 300 ppm SPSO compared with 105.347 ppm for SFO) and TBA (98.92 ± 2.49 µg MDA/g oil for SFO + 300 ppm CPSO and 114.24 ± 3.51 µg MDA/g oil for SFO + 300 ppm SPSO, compared with 180.08 + 5.82 µg MDA/g oil for SFO). Regarding the lipid oxidation process occurring during the heat treatment, we observed the reduction of lipid oxidation by the addition of CPSO and SPSO and recommend these seed oils as potential natural antioxidants in order to improve the oxidative stability of SFO during heat treatment.

Effects of quercetin on apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of chondrocytes induced by oxidative stress-mediated pyroptosis.

Quercetin has been preliminarily proven to serve as a potential agent for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, its effects and potential mechanisms on the pathological process of OA are not very clear. This study aimed to study the protective effect of quercetin on OA. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated chondrocytes (C28/I2 cell) and anterior cruciate ligament transection with partial medial meniscectomy-treated Wistar rats were used as models of OA in vitro and in vivo. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8 kit), flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, western blot, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) kit, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, toluidine blue staining, Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to evaluate cell viability, cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines level, protein expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, morphological changes, and chondrocyte apoptosis of cartilage, respectively. Results showed that quercetin could reduce LPS-induced C28/I2 cell apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and cell pyroptosis, and overexpression of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) revealed that quercetin reduced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Furthermore, quercetin could reduce chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, and inhibit NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis through blocking oxidative stress. It was further confirmed in the rat OA model that quercetin alleviated OA by blocking oxidative stress, reduces chondrocyte pyroptosis, apoptosis, and ECM degradation. In conclusion, quercetin inhibited OA via blocking oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte pyroptosis in models of OA in vitro and in vivo.

Application of edible film incorporated with Portulaca oleracea extract to inhibit microbiological and oxidative damage in sausages

Abstract. Qoeroti B, Pangstuti A, Susilowati A. 2021. Application of edible film incorporated with Portulaca oleracea extract to inhibit microbiological and oxidative damage in sausages. Biodiversitas 22: 3556-3561. Environmental pollution by plastic from food packaging can be reduced by applying edible film as a biodegradable casing and safe for consumption. Utilization of Indonesia's biodiversity, especially purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea L.) at Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia as an antimicrobial compound that can improve the quality of chitosan edible films. This study aims to determine the effect of purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent in edible films in inhibiting microbiological and oxidative damage to sausages. The film was made by mixing the extract (0%; 2.5%; 5%; 10%) into the chitosan solution and sorbitol, then applied to casing the sausage. The sausage was then stored at room temperature (27°C) and in refrigerator (4°C). Sausage quality testing was carried out on days 0; 3; 6; 9; 12; 15 during storage, including determination of Total Plate Count, Yeast Mold Count, and thiobarbituric acid test. The results of tensile strength, water vapor permeability, elongation, antioxidant, FTIR film, and morphology observed by using SEM of the films with and without the purslane extract addition were different. After 15 days of storage, Kruskal-Wallis analysis also revealed that the addition of purslane extract significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms and oxidative damage to sausages.

Incorporation of purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea) to chitosan edible film as a packaging material to prevent damage of mozzarella cheese during storage

Mozzarella cheese is usually packaged using non-biodegradable plastic, and edible films are used as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Furthermore, incorporating bioactive compounds into the edible film helps prevent microorganism damage and oxidation to the product. One of the traditional herbal plants that have the characteristics as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent is the Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). This study aims to determine the effect of purslane extract in chitosan edible film to inhibit microbiological and oxidative damage to mozzarella cheese. Purslane ethanol extract was added to the chitosan mixture for film making and then the film was applied to wrap the mozzarella cheese. The mozzarella cheese was then stored at room temperature (27 °C) and in the refrigerator at a temperature of (4 °C). The tests to determine the quality of the cheese were performed on day 0; 3; 6; 9 respectively, during the storage, which involves determining total bacteria and mold yeast using the Total Plate Count test, while oxidation damage was measured using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Based on data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis method, during 9 days of storage, the incorporation of purslane extract to the edible film significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms and oxidative damage in the mozzarella cheese packed, compared to control and the use of chitosan edible film alone. In conclusion, Chitosan edible film with purslane extract can be used as a substitute for plastic packaging to preserve mozzarella cheese during storage at room temperature or in the refrigerator.