Solvents 2-propanol Research Articles

Separation of Benzene from Cyclohexane by Liquid-Liquid Extraction for a pseudo-ternary system with (Sulfolane + 2-propanol) solvent: An experimental and Modeling study

Since the condensation temperatures of Cyclohexane and Benzene are close, the distillation process is useless for extraction, and it must be done with the help of a solvent. Sulfolane is widely used as a solvent for extracting aromatic hydrocarbons. The experimental (Liquid-Liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data will measure the ternary system of [Sulfolane + Benzene + Cyclohexane] and the pseudo-ternary systems (PTS) of [(Sulfolane + 2-propanol) + Benzene + Cyclohexane] at a temperature of 303.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Experimental distribution coefficients and selectivity factors were presented to evaluate the efficiency of the solvent for the extraction of benzene from cyclohexane. Solvents included pure sulfolane and a mixture of sulfolane with 5, 10, and 20% mass fractions of 2-propanol. The results indicated that adding 10% and 20% propanol to sulfolane leads to an increase of 70% and 169% in selectivity and a decrease of 14.3% and 2.9% in distribution coefficient respectively. It was found that using the cheaper solvent of Sulfurane + 2-Propanol can have the same efficiency in extracting cyclohexane from benzene compared to the expensive solvent of Sulfurane. The LLE data of the studied system are used to achieve binary interaction parameters in universal quasichemical)UNIQUAC(and non-random two-liquid)NRTL(thermodynamic models. They minimize the root mean square deviations (RMSD) between the experimental data and the computed results. The UNIQUAC model fits better with the liquid-liquid equilibrium data set for the systems considered. The low values of RMSD indicate that the ternary and pseudo-ternary systems could be well-fitted by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. RMSDs achieved measuring computed and experimental two-phase compositions are 0.0481 for the UNIQUAC and 0.0512 for the NRTL models.

Evaluating three water-based systems and one organic solvent for the removal of dammar varnish from artificially aged oil paint samples

A framework was developed to evaluate and compare cleaning systems and cleaning system delivery methods, collectively referred to as varnish removal methods, within art conservation practice. This framework was applied to two water-based cleaning systems, optimised for the removal of dammar varnish from an artificially aged brown earth oil paint, including the surfactant-containing microemulsion, Polar Coating B (from the Nanorestore Cleaning series) delivered via the chemical gel, Higher Water Retention (HWR) (from the Nanorestore Gel Dry series), and a surfactant-free microemulsion delivered via the microfiber cloth, Evolon. In addition, two water-based systems and one organic solvent were used to remove dammar varnish from an artificially aged lead white oil paint sample, including a xanthan gum-stabilised emulsion delivered via a synthetic brush, a surfactant-free microemulsion delivered via cotton swab rolling, and 2-propanol solvent delivered via cotton swab rolling. The evaluation framework was thus applied to two different oil paints, with different sensitivities to cleaning. Through this work, the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the varnish removal methods were demonstrated. Notably, cleaning system compatibility with multiple delivery methods afforded greater versatility, including for reducing unwanted interactions between the cleaning system and oil paint. In addition, a surfactant-free microemulsion proved to be a promising, clearance-free, inexpensive, and modifiable option within current offerings for largely water-based methods for varnish removal.

Study and Evaluation of Charge Current Rate for Fe/ZnPc Sensitizers Molecule Interface System

A theoretical investigation and evolution of the current rate produced in the Fe/molecule system results from charge transport interaction processes. The current flow charge rate properties of Fe metal contact with ZnPc organic sensitizers are investigated and studied based on analytical calculation and a simple quantum scenario model coupled with a semi-empirical continuum energy state. The current flow charge rate is done due to the transition energy, potential interface, driving energy, and coupling coefficient for considering Fe/ ZnPc system. The evolution of current flow charge rate for Fe/ ZnPc system with variety coupling coefficient. Fe/Zn-tri-PcNc-8 sensitized system is studied at room temperature. The flow charge rate of Fe/ ZnPc system results is found to be increasing with decreasing the transition energy and increasing the coupling coefficient. Potential at the interface is estimated according to energy absorption and transition energy. Our data shows that, at high polarity, the current flow charge rate is a smooth shift with propanol solvent compared with methanol, whereas at a higher transition energy for a system with methanol solvent. It is found that the Fe/ ZnPc system with propanol solvent has good mobility of electrons compared with methanol solvent.

Solubility and Thermodynamics Profile of Benzethonium Chloride in Pure and Binary Solvents at Different Temperatures.

Benzethonium chloride (BTC) has various applications in several industries. The solubility and solution thermodynamic properties of BTC were measured. The solubility of BTC in methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, water, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetic acid, and dimethyl formamide neat solvents and methanol + water and ethanol + water binary solvents at 298.15-318.15 K over an atmospheric pressure was measured. The solubility data of BTC is positively related to the temperature in all selected solvents. The solubility data was fitted by the Apelblat model, λh model, Yaws model, Van't Hoff equation, CNIBS/R-K model, and modified Jouyban-Acree equation. The RMSD and ARD were chosen to evaluate the fitting of each model. The dissolution thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy of the solution, entropy of the solution, and Gibbs energy of the solution were calculated. The solubility data and dissolution thermodynamic parameters of BTC will provide significant guidance for purification, crystallization, and separation in various areas.

Bimetallic ordered mesoporous carbon from lignin for catalytic selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone

Herein, a Ni/Ru bimetallic ordered mesoporous carbon (Ni/Ru@WOMC) was prepared through solvent evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) method with walnut shell organosolv lignin as carbon precursor and Ni2+ as crosslinking agent followed by impregnating small amount of Ru, where the mass ratio of Ni/Ru was about 10:1. The resulting material showed superior catalytic activity on hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). A nearly 100 % GVL yield could be obtained in 2-propanol solvent under mild conditions at a low reaction temperature of 80 °C in 4 h reaction time. The Ni/Ru@WOMC catalyst could be used at least 5 times without obvious loss of its catalytic performance, which can be ascribed to the confinement effect provided by their ordered mesoporous structure. This successful development of Ni/Ru@WOMC in the hydrogenation of LA to GVL opens up new opportunities for the catalytic application of lignin derived functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon in biomass transformation reactions.

Phthalimide Ligand Coordination as a Critical “Key” for Constructing Chlorine–Platinum–Nitrogen Single-Site Catalysts for Effective Acetylene Hydrochlorination

Owing to the low dispersion and deficiency of active species in Pt catalysts, Pt-complexes catalysts (Pt–Lx/SAC–IPA) were synthesized using 2-propanol (IPA) solvent via ligand coordination strategy. The IPA, which exhibits a low boiling point and weak polarity, promotes the dispersion of Pt species. Further, the introduction of phthalimide ligand (L1) modulates the electronic properties of active metals, thereby constructing the single-site-dispersed Cl–Pt–N local structure bearing Pt(II) (presumably the active center of the reaction). Concurrently, the enhanced adsorption and activation performances of the catalyst toward an HCl reactant, as well as its weakened performances toward a C2H2 reactant, improve its anticoking performance and lower the reaction energy barrier. Therefore, the most active Pt–L1/SAC–IPA catalyst achieves an outstanding performance comparable with that of the standard Au/activated carbon (AC)–aqua regia (AR) catalyst, and it is reasonable to conclude that the L1 ligand functioned as a critical “key” in the Pt-based catalytic acetylene hydrochlorination.

Treatment of Used lubricant Oil by Solvent Extraction

This study investigates the treatment of used lubricating oils from AL-Mussaib Gas Power Station Company-Iraq, which was treated with different extractive solvents (heptane and 2-propanol). The performance activity of these solvents in the extraction process was examined and evaluated experimentally. Operating parameters were solvent to oil ratios of (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8), mixing time (20, 35, 50, and 65 min), temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 ºC), and mixing speed (500 rpm). These parameters were studied and analyzed. The quality is determined by the measuring and assessment of important characteristics specially viscosity, viscosity index, specific gravity, pour point, flash point, and ash content. The results confirm that the solvent 2-Propanol gave great proficiency with the most elevated percent of sludge removal compared with heptane. The greatest percentage of waste removal is enhanced when the solvent/oil ratio increases with optimal economic aspects. The significant characteristics of the reused lubricating oil were estimated. The outcome of the results indicates that the adjustment of the characteristics of reused oil has great effectiveness and the best working conditions for 2-Propanol (35 min, 1:6 S/O ratio, 40 ºC), and heptane (50 min, 1:6 S/O ratio, 50 ºC).

Exhaustive Syntheses of Deuterium-labelled Compounds

Deuterium (2H, D) is a stable isotope of hydrogen (1H). Deuterium-incorporated (labelled) compounds are widely utilized in various scientific fields such as mechanistic studies of organic reactions, elucidation of drug metabolism, application as tracers for microanalysis. Recently, development of heavy drugs and molecular imaging using techniques such as neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy are spotlighted. We have developed various deuterium-incorporated compounds using D2O as an inexpensive deuterium source to construct novel functional materials. The use of platinum group metals on carbon as catalysts could result in the multi-deuteration of compounds in the mixed solvents of 2-propanol and D2O, and site-selectively deuterated compounds can be synthesized by organocatalytic methods. In this review, the latter deuteration methods using organocatalysts and their applications are summarized. Terminal alkynes smoothly underwent deuterium incorporation by using triethylamine as an organic base or a solid resin possessing the tertiary amine moiety in the same molecule to give mono-deuterated alkynes. These compounds were partially reduced over our prepared specific palladium catalyst under atmospheric D2 gas to produce tri-deuterated alkenes. Achiral or chiral di-deuterated β-nitro alcohols were also prepared by the organic-base-catalyzed deuteration of nitromethane, followed by nitroaldol reactions in a one pot manner. The mono-deuteration of aromatic aldehyde could be effectively catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene. Furthermore, the α-deuteration of aliphatic aldehydes using a basic resin catalyst and the subsequent Knoevenagel condensation with malononitrile could provide γ-deuterium-incorporated α,β-unsaturated nitrile derivatives. The deuterated compounds thus obtained can be important synthetic precursors to construct the deuterium-incorporated target functional materials.

Enhanced mechanical performance of cellulose nanocrystal doped eco-friendly calcium-alginate based bio-composite fiber with superior flame retardancy

Petroleum-based polymer fire-resistant fabric is not considered as eco-friendly, and has other problems like heavy weight and irritating tickling. On the other hand, even though Ca–alginate fiber is a natural fire-resistant polysaccharide derivative, its low tensile strength prevents the fiber from being a potential fire-resistant material. To enhance its mechanical performance, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) functioned as reinforced nanofiller, assisted by a small amount of propanol to improve CNC dispersion in solution. CNC-doped alginate fiber (pC–Alg) was fabricated by the microfluidic spinning technique, and the effects of CNC content and the drawing ratio on the fibrous mechanical performance were investigated. Comparative studies indicated that a combination of 0.50 wt.% CNC, 6.00 v.% propanol, and 1.6 draft ratio helped pC–Alg fiber to achieve outstanding breaking strength of around 2.00 cN/dtex. It was shown that the use of propanol solvent and the incorporation of CNC can effectively eliminate CNC aggregation and reach a three-fold better tensile performance than the control. Limiting oxygen index test also showed that the resultant hybrid pC–Alg fiber still displayed good flame retardancy, making it an ideal candidate for fire-protection clothing.

Semi-Batch Hydrotreatment of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds over Raney-Ni with a Continuous Regeneration of the H-Donor Solvent.

Lignin can be converted into useful precursors of fuels and fine chemicals by thermochemical conversion followed by catalytic hydrogenation using metal catalysts at severe reaction conditions. Thus, mild hydrogenation would significantly improve the sustainability of lignin valorization. Here, hydrogenation of phenols, alkylphenols, and methoxyphenols was achieved at mild reaction conditions (70 °C and atmospheric pressure) via H-transfer hydrogenation over Raney-Ni catalyst in 2-propanol and 2-butanol solvents. The transfer hydrogenation was feasible at the mild conditions, but the complexity of the reactant greatly decreased or even completely suppressed its reactivity. The position of the functional group (o-, m-, p-position) had a great effect on the reactivity of phenols. Moreover, 2-butanol enhanced the conversion of phenols in comparison with 2-propanol. When comparing classic hydrogenation with H-transfer hydrogenation in presence of external H2 , it was found that external H2 not only regenerated H-donor solvent and ensured stable performance but also increased conversion of phenols and alkylphenols. On the other hand, the absence of external H2 boosted the conversion of methoxy phenols. Finally, phenols extracted from a pyrolysis oil aqueous phase were hydrogenated. The conversion of phenols was greatly affected by competitive adsorption of different compounds present in the reaction mixture. External H2 promoted hydrogenation of the complex reaction mixture and prevented condensation of the reactive species in contrast to the H-transfer hydrogenation.

CeO2-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Imidazolidinone from Ethylenediamine Carbamate.

CeO2 acted as an effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the direct synthesis of 2-imidazolidinone from ethylenediamine carbamate (EDA-CA) without further addition of CO2 in the reaction system. 2-Propanol was the best solvent among the solvents tested from the viewpoint of selectivity to 2-imidazolidinone, and the use of an adequate amount of 2-propanol provided high conversion and selectivity for the reaction. This positive effect of 2-propanol on the catalytic reaction can be explained by the solubility of EDA-CA in 2-propanol under the reaction conditions and no formation of solvent-derived byproducts. This catalytic system using the combination of the CeO2 catalyst and the 2-propanol solvent provided 2-imidazolidinone in up to 83% yield on the EDA-CA basis at 413 K under Ar. The reaction conducted under Ar showed a higher reaction rate than that with pressured CO2, which clearly demonstrated the advantage of the catalytic system operated at low CO2 pressure or even without CO2.

GC-MS and Antioxidant Capacity Analysis in Propanol Extract of Carthamus tinctorious L

Safflower, were extracted using propanol solvent at different time intervals: 10, 20, and 30 min at a constant temperature of 40°C. The extracts were analyzed by GC/MS technique. The major compounds identified were tetrapentacontane, tetracontane, triacontanol, gamma sitosterol, myristic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and lauric acid. However, some levels of palmidrol, beta-amyrin, cubenol, and tocopherol were also found in safflower extracts. Most of the volatile compounds were detected between 10–30 min time of extraction. The 30 min time of extraction also showed the maximum content of polyphenols and antioxidants in safflower extracts. Thus, 30 min was suggested as the most suitable time for maximum extraction of bioactive volatiles, antioxidants, and polyphenols from Safflower using propanol solvent.

Synthesis of new solid phase sorbent for sensitive spectrophotometric determination of Quercetin

Sensitive and easy applicable analysis of Quercetin molecules was executed whereby solid phase extraction (SPE) and molecular spectrophotometric determination. For the determination of quercetin, an accurate, economical, time-saving and a new environmentally friendly method has been developed with a simple spectrophotometer device available in every laboratory. As a solid-phase sorbent, a new polymer nanocomposite has been synthesized and characterized by Fouirer Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM). Experimental solid phase extraction variables have been investigated and optimized step by step, such as pH, adsorption time and desorption conditions, etc. According to optimization results, desorption of quercetin molecules was carried out by 2-propanol solvent and absorbance of eluent solutions were measured as systematic at 255 nm and at 370 nm. However, the best results were obtained at 370 nm wavelength. Therefore, all measurements were made at 370 nm. (LOD) means that the detection limit and (LOQ), the quantitation limit values for quercetin were calculated as 5.97 ng mL-1and 17.91 ng mL-1, respectively. Standard addition and recovery experiments were performed as an indicator of the accuracy of the method. The method developed was effectively conducted to model solutions.

An Investigation of the Fill Factor and Efficiency of Molecular Semiconductor Solar Cells

This study investigated and calculated the fill factor and efficiency of N719 and D149 organic dyes in titanium dioxide (TiO2) solar cell systems using a current equation that we derived using a quantum transition-state theory (TST). The theory of charge transfer reactions was used to investigate the electronic current to enhance both the fill factor and efficiency of both N719/ and D149/TiO2 solar cell systems. The current calculated for Di-terabtylammoniumcis-bis (isthiocyanato) bis (2,2-bipyridyl-4,4dicarboxylato) ruthenicyanatoum (II)(N719) and 5-[[4-[4-(2,2-Diphenylethenyl) phenyl]-1,2,3-3a,4,8b-hexahydrocyclopent [b] indol-7-yl] methylene]-2-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-5-thiazolidinylidene)-4-oxo-3-thiazolidineacetic acid indicated that the molecules of D149, an indoline-based dye, have to be in contact with the semiconductor due to the quantum donor-acceptor scenario model. The efficiency of N719/and D149/TiO2 solar cells were significantly affected due to transition energy, which is caused by the mechanisms of the charge transfer process. Solvents; such as trifluoroethanol (C2H3F3O), propanol (C3H8O), ethanol (C2H5OH), and acetonitrile (C2H3N); were used to determine the current, fill factor, and efficiency. Coefficients of charge transfer; such as transition energy, barrier, driving force energy, current, power-conversion efficiency, fill factor (FF), and efficiency; were evaluated theoretically. The current of the N719/ system with acetonitrile and ethanol solvents was higher than current of the N719/ system with trifluoroethanol and propanol solvents. While the current of the D149/ system with trifluoroethanol and propanol solvents was higher than current of the D149/ system with acetonitrile and ethanol solvents. The current and transition energy efficiencies of both systems varied. devices were found to have the best power conversion efficiency and low transition energies while the power conversion efficiency was large for devices with sizeable current density and activity with lower transition energies. Keywords: Fill Factor, Efficiency, Molecule/Semiconductor, Solar Cells.

Tin Halide Perovskite Polycrystalline Films Formed with Nonhazardous 2-Propanol Solvent

The use of safe and environmentally friendly materials is an important issue for industrial mass production processes. In this study, we demonstrate the deposition of tin halide perovskite films using environmentally benign 2-propanol as a solvent. Sequential deposition of 2-propanol solutions containing SnBr2 and CH3NH3I led to the formation of CH3NH3SnBr3−xIx, which exhibited good crystallinity and visible-light absorption.

Solubility of 3-aminosalicylic acid in 2-propanol + water mixtures at different temperatures

ABSTRACT Solubility and density profiles for 3-aminosalicylic acid (3-ASA) in the mixed solvents of 2-propanol and water is determined by a shake-flask method at 293.2–313.2 K. The obtained numerical data is correlated by some mathematical models such as van’t Hoff, the mixture response surface, Jouyban–Acree, Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff and the modified Wilson models. The accuracy of the used models is investigated by calculation of the mean relative deviations for back-calculated data. Moreover, apparent thermodynamic properties such as standard enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy of the 3-ASA dissolution process are computed and discussed. Further, 3-ASA is preferentially solvated by water in almost all the aqueous mixtures.

Solubility behaviour of CL-20 and HMX in organic solvents and solvates of CL-20

2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) are promising cocrystal coformers, but only little solubility data are available. Knowledge about their solubility and solvate formation is essential for the development of cocrystallisation experiments. This paper provides the solubility values of HMX and CL-20 in 29 solvents at 293.15 ​K and 333.15 ​K as well as the solubility in five 2-propanol solvent mixtures at 293.15 ​K. Novel CL-20 solvates of 5-methyloxolan-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, tetrahydrotiophene 1-oxide, 1,3-dioxolane, furan-2-carbaldehyde and butane-2,3-dione have been isolated and characterised. For all new solvates, single crystal data were obtained, except for furan-2-carbaldehyde. The novel ϑ-conformation of CL-20 was observed in the tetrahydrotiophene 1-oxide solvate. It was found that none of the tested solvents and likely no existing solvent exhibits a beneficial solubility ratio of CL-20 and HMX in the tested temperature range, exceptionally good solubility ratios are most likely the result of solvate formation, and that solvate forming solvents cannot be categorically excluded from consideration as solvent for cocrystallisation of HMX and CL-20.

Synthesis of Narrowly Dispersed Block Copolymer of Butyl Acrylate and Acrylic Acid in a Solution Acquiring Colloidal Properties during Cooling

The homophase polymerization of acrylic acid is carried out in a solution of poly(butyl acrylate) trithiocarbonate (PBATC) in a mixed solvent 2-propanol–water. The phase diagram of the three-component PBATC-2-propanol–water system at 22°C is obtained. The homophase region of the compositions of semidilute solutions is determined. The homophase polymerization of AA in the three-component system at 70°C, in which the mixed solvent with respect to PBATC is similar in thermodynamic quality to the θ-solvent at 22°, yields solutions of the narrowly dispersed block copolymer butyl acrylate–acrylic acid. The content of the block copolymer in solutions is 15–23%, the MW of the copolymer is 10–20 × 103, and the polydispersity coefficient is 1.12–1.16. As evidenced by dynamic light scattering, under normal conditions, the solutions contain nanoparticles with a diameter of up to 50 nm with a narrow size distribution.

Efficient Continuous-Flow H–D Exchange Reaction of Aromatic Nuclei in D2O/2-PrOH Mixed Solvent in a Catalyst Cartridge Packed with Platinum on Carbon Beads

Abstract Herein, a continuous-flow deuteration methodology for various aromatic compounds is developed based on heterogeneous platinum-catalyzed hydrogen-deuterium exchange. The reaction entails the transfer of a substrate dissolved in a mixed solvent of 2-propanol and deuterium oxide into a catalyst cartridge packed with platinum on carbon beads (Pt/CB). Pt/CB could be continuously used without significant deterioration of catalyst activity for at least 24 h. Deuteration proceeded within 60 s of the substrate solutions being passed through the Pt/CB layer in the Pt/CB-packed cartridge.

Recycling of copper from waste printed circuit boards by modified supercritical carbon dioxide combined with supercritical water pre-treatment

Copper is one of the main elements used in printed circuit boards (PCBs) of electronic products. This study aims to find a way to make the supercritical CO2 extraction method more efficient for copper recovery from PCBs waste. For this purpose, supercritical water was applied to PCBs waste as a Pre-treatment process to increase the concentration of copper during the initial solid feed. To increase copper's solubility in CO2, the solvents methanol, ethanol, propanol solvents were used along with complexing agents of cyanide 301, 302 and tri-butyl phosphate. Investigations were carried out to determine the effects of static/dynamic times, as well as pressure and temperature on extraction efficiency. Consequently, cyanide 301 and methanol were selected as best ligand and co-solvent, respectively. The optimum condition, in which Copper Extraction Efficiency reached 97 % with high purity (98.7 %), was obtained at 60 °C temperature, 200 bar pressure, 30 min residence time, and 1 ml/min CO2 flow rate.