2-chloroethane Phosphonic Acid Research Articles

Effect of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid (Ethrel) on Health, Dormancy, and Flower and Corm Yield of Gladioli

Summary2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel), an ethylene releasing compound, was used on gladiolus corms as a 30-minute dip treatment in various concentrations and at various times during storage.The most important effect of Ethrel was the marked increase in health and survival of treated plants infected with latent Fusarium.Ethrel at 1000 ppm enhanced sprouting when corms were stored at high temperatures or stored for a short period at 5 °C. Treatment of cold-stored corms at high concentrations delayed sprouting.Ethrel increased corm splitting, delayed flowering and slightly shortened flower stems. The size of harvested corms was reduced, but the yield of cormels was greatly increased by Ethrel.

Floral Induction in a Short-Day Plant, Plumbago indica L., by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Floral Induction in a Short-Day Plant, <i>Plumbago indica</i> L., by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Regulation of Fruit Growth with 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Regulation of Fruit Growth with 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruit Bud Hardiness in Prunus1

Abstract Chemical regulation of cold hardiness is a fascinating objective for pomological research. In the past 5 years gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) have been reported to increase fruit bud hardiness of peaches (3, 4, 7). Trees treated with these two chemicals and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) were exposed to -11°F on December 30, 1968, permitting us to observe their effects on resistance of fruit buds to cold injury.

Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruit Bud Hardiness in Prunus1

Abstract Chemical regulation of cold hardiness is a fascinating objective for pomological research. In the past 5 years gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) have been reported to increase fruit bud hardiness of peaches (3, 4, 7). Trees treated with these two chemicals and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) were exposed to -11°F on December 30, 1968, permitting us to observe their effects on resistance of fruit buds to cold injury.

Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1

Abstract Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars. The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration. Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.

Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1

Abstract Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars. The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration. Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.

Effects of 2-Chloroethane Phosphonic Acid and Its Interaction with Gibberellic Acid on Quality of ‘Early Italian’ Prunes1

Abstract The growth regulator, 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) advanced color and soluble solids development by about 2 weeks, softening by 1 week when applied at 80 ppm 31/2 weeks before commercial maturity of untreated fruit. Lesser effects of a similar nature were produced by rates down to 10 ppm on the same date. Gibberellic acid (GA) delayed softening by 1 week, color and soluble solids development by 1 or 2 days when applied at 50 ppm 31/2 weeks before commercial maturity of untreated fruit. Internal browning was reduced. Ethrel combined with GA to produce better colored fruit with higher soluble solids and less internal browning than untreated checks.

Effects of Growth Regulators and Herbicides on Germination of Hydrilla Turions

Turions of Hydrilla verticillata (Casp.) were treated with gibberellic acid (GA), napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indoleacetic acid (1AA), 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid, 6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2,-a:2′, 1′-c)-pyrazinediium salts (diquat), 1,1′dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (paraquat), mono-N,N-dimethylcocoamine salt of 7-oxabicyclo (2.2.1)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (cocoamine salt of endothall), or the dimethyl amine formulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Germination and growth of subterranean turions was enhanced by GA and axillary turions by 1AA and 2,4-D. The herbicides exhibited little phytotoxicity to the propagules.

Chemical Stimulation of Ethylene Evolution and Bud Growth

A formulation containing 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid, its ethyl ester and anhydride (hereafter referred to as 66-329), caused defoliation and, subsequently, growth of inactive basal buds of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell]. With huisache [Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.], the same treatments increased the number of branches and leaves per node; however, apical buds often were killed. Application of 66-329 to mesquite increased the release of ethylene to levels in the experimental system which were physiologically active. Bud release by 66-329 appeared to be mediated by ethylene. Treatments that induce growth of basal and lateral buds of woody plants may allow the killing of more plants by subsequent herbicide application.

The Effect of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid (Ethrel) on the Sex Expression and Yields of Cucumis sativus1

Abstract The effect of 2-chloroethanepliosphonic acid (ethrel) on the sex expression of pickling cucumbers was studied. Tests to determine concentrations, effect on sex expression, and yield potential were conducted in greenhouse and field situations. As many as 19 successive pistillate nodes were observed for the treated monoecious cultivar ‘SC 23’. The most effective concentrations of ethrel were 120, 180 and 240 ppm for these studies. These rates in single or multiple application resulted in the greatest number of continuous female nodes with the least shortening of internodes. A much lower concentration of 24 ppm had little effect as to stunting and only limited effect on sex conversion. Significant yield increases, as measured by value per acre, were obtained for 3 monoecious cultivars, ‘Model’, ‘SC 23’ and ‘Chipper’, treated with ethrel.

Ethrel (2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid) a Tool for Plant Hybridizers

HYBRID seed of monoecious cucurbits is costly because roguing staminate flowers from seed-parent lines and transferring pollen from male to female parents by hand is costly. The introduction of a new growth-regulating compound, ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) (Am-chem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pennsylvania), offers promise in significantly reducing the labour necessary for production of hybrid cucurbit seed.

Induced femaleness in cucumber by 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid.

SEX expression of cucumber can be altered by exogenous plant growth regulators1–3, as well as by environmental conditions, such as temperature and day length. The work described here was undertaken to test the induction of femaleness in cucumber plants by 2-chloroethane-phosphonic acid (CEPHA), as a presumptive substitute for ethylene, both in the greenhouse and field.

Stimulation of Ethylene Evolution and Abscission in Cotton by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Ethrel, a mixture of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid and its ethyl ester, hastens abscission of leaves, debladed petioles, and flower buds of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum, L.). Both young and old leaves abscissed while still green. Application of Ethrel stimulated evolution of ethylene, and this response preceded abscission. Air concentrations of ethylene around enclosed, treated-plants were adequate to produce abscission in plants. Non-treated plants defoliated when enclosed with plants sprayed with Ethrel. The stimulation of abscission of explant petioles by Ethrel was reversed by naphthalene acetic acid. The stimulation of abscission by Ethrel was concluded to be mediated by ethylene.

Increase in femaleness of three cucurbits by treatment with Ethrel, an ethylene releasing compound

The application of Ethrel (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid), an ethylene-releasing compound, to monoecious cultivars of cucumber and squash and an andromonoecious cultivar of muskmelon, caused a shift towards femaleness in all three species. The increase in femaleness manifested itself in several symptoms: a decrease in the number of staminate (male) flowers, an increase in the number of pistillate (female) or hermaphrodite (perfect) flowers, and a change in flowering pattern, namely, formation of female flowers at lower nodes in cucumber and squash, and formation of hermaphrodite flowers on the main axis in muskmelon where normally only male flowers are formed in this cultivar.

Effect of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid on Tomato Fruit Development and Maturation

Effect of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid on Tomato Fruit Development and Maturation

Regulation of Growth, Flowering and Fruit Abscission with 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid1

Abstract The new growth regulator 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel)3 was applied to apple and peach branches or young trees at several stages of development from prebloom to harvest. Application at 1000 to 2000 ppm during the prebloom to early postbloom stages on several apple cultivars virtually eliminated all fruit with little or no phytotoxicity. Peach foliage and shoots were more sensitive to the chemical. Vegetative growth was checked and flower bud formation promoted in some cases. From one week after bloom to 4 weeks after bloom, fruit set could be reduced but it was not possible to eliminate the fruit in all cases without phytotoxicity. Application from then until a few weeks before maturity had little effect on abscission. Fruit abscission at maturity was promoted with application of Ethrel.

Cucumber sex expression modified by 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid.

Application of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (120 to 240 parts per million) to monoecious cucumber plants when the first true leaf was 2 centimeters in diameter has resulted in as many as 19 continuous pistillate nodes. Control of the flowering habit simplifies the production of hybrid seed and offers the possibility of enhancing cucumber yields.

Regulation of growth and fruit maturation with 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid.

THE new growth regulator, 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (CEP), is active in forcing flowering of pineapple1, as a fruit ripening agent2, for promoting petiole and fruit abscission3 and inducing swelling of pea stems4. (CEP had been released as G-996 in a formulation identified as Amchem 66-329. Previous published reports have referred to it with these designations.) It has been suggested that the growth regulatory action was the result of the stimulation of ethylene production in the tissue similar to that resulting from treatment with IAA (ref. 4). In our laboratory tests with CEP it became clear that aqueous solutions of this compound were direct sources of ethylene which could be regulated by pH of the solution. This is similar to the release at ambient pressure of ethylene from solutions of beta-hydroxyethylhydrazine (BOH) as reported by Palmer et al.5. This report presents the results of laboratory and field experiments with CEP as a plant growth regulator.