2-butoxyethanol Research Articles

Higher prevalence of breathlessness in elderly exposed to indoor aldehydes and VOCs in a representative sample of French dwellings

The purpose of this study was to explore respiratory health effects of indoor exposures to aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in elderly living in a population-based representative sample of French dwellings and to compare them to the rest of the occupants of the dwellings. Twenty VOCs were objectively measured in 490 main dwellings. The respiratory conditions were assessed through a standardized questionnaire in 1012 inhabitants aged over 15 years, 144 of whom were aged over 65 years. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to model the relationship between respiratory health outcomes and air pollutants concentrations using the median value of the distribution to define elevated exposure. Similar levels of indoor air pollutants were found in elderly and others. However, associations between breathlessness and living in dwellings with elevated concentrations of toluene and o-xylene respectively were statistically significant in elderly but not in the rest of the population (adjusted odds ratios (AOR(95% confidence interval)=3.36(1.13, 9.98) and 2.85(1.06, 7.68) in elderly vs. 0.91(0.59, 1.39) and 0.79( 0.47, 1.34) in the others respectively). A more pronounced effect of n-decane on past year breathlessness was observed in case of poor ventilation in the dwellings. Our results showed a higher risk of breathlessness in elderly exposed to indoor air pollution than in the rest of the exposed population. Further investigations are needed to confirm whether this is related to frailty in elderly.

Thermodynamic and spectral investigations of binary liquid mixtures of 2-butoxy ethanol with alcohols at temperature range of 293.15–313.15 K

This paper reports densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) of 2-butoxy ethanol CH3(CH2)3OC2H4OH, 1-propanol CH3(CH2)2OH, 2-propanol (CH3)2CHOH, 1-butanol CH3(CH2)3OH and 2-butanol CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 and their binary mixtures with 2-butoxy ethanol as a common component, measured at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K and viscosities (η) measured at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15K over the entire composition range. These experimental data were used to calculate the values of excess molar volume (VmE), excess molar isentropic compressibility (KS,mE), excess Gibbs free energy (ΔG*E) and deviation in speed of sound (uD) at all mole fractions of 2-butoxy ethanol. The observed variations of these properties, with composition and temperature, are discussed in terms of molecular interactions due to physical and chemical effects between the unlike molecules of the binary mixtures. These properties, especially excess functions, are found to be quite sensitive towards the intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. These excess functions and deviations have also been correlated using Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least- squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors. FT-IR and 1H NMR studies of these mixtures are also reported.

Thermodynamic, transport and excess properties of 2-butoxy ethanol +1-alkanol (C6, C8, C10) at different temperatures

The density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) of ethylene glycol mono butyl ether, CH3(CH2)3OC2H4OH, 1-hexanol C6H14O, 1-octanol C8H18O and 1-decanol C10H22O and their binary mixtures with ethylene glycol mono butyl ether as a common component, were measured at T=(293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15)K and the viscosity (η) was measured at T=(298.15, 303.15 and 308.15)K over the entire composition range. These experimental results were used to calculate the values of excess molar volume (VmE), excess molar isentropic compressibility (κS,mE), speed of sound (u), excess Gibbs energy (ΔG∗E) and deviation in speed of sound (uD) at all values of mole fraction of ethylene glycol mono butyl ether. The variations observed for these parameters, with composition and temperature, are discussed in terms of the molecular interactions due to physical and chemical effects between the unlike molecules of the binary mixtures. These parameters, especially excess functions, are found to be quite sensitive towards the intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. These excess functions and deviations have also been correlated using Redlich−Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least-squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors.

Partial molar volumes partial molar adiabatic compressibilities and molar Gibbs energies of anisaldehyde with some alkoxyethanols — Insights through plots showing compositional, volumetric and temperature dependence

Partial molar volumes (V¯ı) and their excess values, apparent (Vϕ) and reduced molar volumes have been derived from the measured density values for the binary liquid mixtures of Anisaldehyde (AA)+Methoxy ethanol (MOE), Ethoxy ethanol (EOE), and Butoxy ethanol (BOE) at 303.15K, 308.15K, 313.15K and 318.15K over the entire composition range and at atmospheric pressure. An analytical method based on Redlich–Kister fitting equations for VmE as a function of the mole fraction has been used to obtain partial molar volumes at infinite dilutions (V¯ıα). Comparison has also been made by analyzing the apparent molar volumes, and reduced molar volume graphs for infinite values. The derivatives, ∂VmE∂x1T,P in PMV equations, substituted with βadE values in place of VE to obtain the partial molar adiabatic compressibility (ϕ0ks) deviation in molar Gibbs energies (ΔG⁎E) have also been derived from the measured viscosity values to further substantiate the thermodynamic and PMV analysis.

Large scale synthesis of non-transformable tetragonal Sc2O3, Y2O3 doped ZrO2 nanopowders via the citric acid based gel method to obtain plasma sprayed coating

Abstract Non-transformable tetragonal scandia, yttria doped zirconia (SYDZ) nanopowders were prepared in large scale by the citric acid (CA) based gel method. The effect of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGM):CA ratios and pH on the structure, morphology and SYDZ particle size was investigated. The microstructure of SYDZ was characterized by XRD, Raman scattering, TG–DTA, SEM, TEM, and FTIR analyses. The SYDZ nanopowders, synthesized with 1Zr 4+ :4EGM:4CA mole ratio in acidic medium (pH ∼1) at 700 °C, had an average diameter of 15±2 nm. Finally, air plasma spray (APS) coatings were produced from nanostructured SYDZ agglomerated powders.

Exposure of German residents to ethylene and propylene glycol ethers in general and after cleaning scenarios

Glycol ethers are a class of semi-volatile substances used as solvents in a variety of consumer products like cleaning agents, paints, cosmetics as well as chemical intermediates.We determined 11 metabolites of ethylene and propylene glycol ethers in 44 urine samples of German residents (background level study) and in urine samples of individuals after exposure to glycol ethers during cleaning activities (exposure study).In the study on the background exposure, methoxyacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) could be detected in each urine sample with median (95th percentile) values of 0.11mgL−1 (0.30mgL−1) and 0.80mgL−1 (23.6mgL−1), respectively. The other metabolites were found in a limited number of samples or in none.In the exposure study, 5–8 rooms were cleaned with a cleaner containing ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE), propylene glycol monobutyl ether (PGBE), or ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (EGPE). During cleaning the mean levels in the indoor air were 7.5mgm−3 (EGBE), 3.0mgm−3 (PGBE), and 3.3mgm−3 (EGPE), respectively. The related metabolite levels analysed in the urine of the residents of the rooms at the day of cleaning were 2.4mgL−1 for butoxyacetic acid, 0.06mgL−1 for 2-butoxypropionic acid, and 2.3mgL−1 for n-propoxyacetic acid.Overall, our study indicates that the exposure of the population to glycol ethers is generally low, with the exception of PhAA. Moreover, the results of the cleaning scenarios demonstrate that the use of indoor cleaning agents containing glycol ethers can lead to a detectable internal exposure of residents.

Comparative studies on synthesis of nanocrystalline Sc2O3–Y2O3 doped zirconia (SYDZ) and YSZ solid solution via modified and classic Pechini method

Nanocrystalline tetragonal Sc2O3 (3.5 mol%) and Y2O3 (0.5 mol%) doped zirconia (SYDZ and YSZ) solid solutions were prepared by modified and classic Pechini method, respectively. In this approach, zirconium oxynitrate, scandium and yttrium nitrate, citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGM) were used as the sources of Zr4+, Sc3+, Y3+, and the chelating and solvent agents, respectively. The SYDZ nanocrystals, synthesized with a 1Zr4+ : 4EGM : 4CA mole ratio in acidic medium (pH ∼1) at 700 °C, had a smaller particle size (15 ± 3 nm) than YSZ synthesized with the classic Pechini method. Also, our optimized synthesis was applied to a large scale elaboration by increasing the quantity of precursors. Finally, The optical properties of SYDZ nanocrystals were also investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisaldehyde with Some Alcoxyethanols at Different Temperatures

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde with alcoxyethanols like methoxyethanol (MOE), ethoxyethanol (EOE), and butoxyethanol (BOE) have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto's relation (), impedance relation (), ideal mixing relation (), Jungie's relation (), and Rao’s specific velocity relation (). The molecular interaction parameter () has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Thermodynamic, ultrasonic and FT-IR studies on binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde and alkoxyethanols at different temperatures

The experimental density, viscosity, and ultrasonic speeds of anisaldehyde (AA) and alkoxyethanols namely 2-methoxy ethanol (MOE), 2-ethoxy ethanol (EOE) and 2-butoxy ethanol (BOE) have been measured over the full range of compositions at atmospheric pressure and at different temperatures (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15K). From these experimental values the molar volume (Vm), adiabatic compressibility (βad) and intermolecular free length (Lf), are computed and their excess properties along with deviation in viscosity (Δη) are fitted to Redlich–Kister type equation, a multi parametric nonlinear regression analysis technique to derive the binary coefficients and to estimate the standard deviation between experimental and calculated data. The experimental data of viscosity is also used to test the applicability of empirical relations of Grunberg–Nissan, Katti–Chaudhri, Heric–Brewer and Hind et al. for the systems studied. Further, FT IR analysis of these binary mixtures at different concentrations, confirms the presence of hydrogen bonding, and supported the results as observed in thermodynamic analysis with respect to forces of association/dispersion between unlike molecules. The interaction of AA with alkoxyethanol is found to decrease with increase in alkyl chain length of the alkoxy group.

Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Palm Oil Monoester Biofuel

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester (EGMEPM) was synthesized through transesterification with palm oil and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Through L9(34) orthogonal experiments, optimum transesterification conditions were gained as: n(EGME):n(palm oil) = 10:1, w(metal sodium) = 1.2% total amount of alcohol at 70°C for 120 min. EGMEPM yielded 85.7%. The new biofuel had a high cetane number (77), good solubility, and a large flash point. Engine combustion experiment testified that burning the novel bioenergy has little influence on engine operation. Compared with 0# diesel fuel, the pressure lifting ratio reduced 2.9%–23.9% for B25 blends and 12.8%–38.9% for the novel bioenergy (B100), and the maximal instantaneous heat release rate lowered by 11.6%–33.3% for B25 and by 26.8%–42.7% for B100, respectively. When the diesel engine burnt B100 under partial loads at 1400 rpm, smoke, CO, HC, and NOX emissions were reduced.

Performances on engine-out emissions and combustion of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester as a newtype biodiesel

In order to enhance the effect of traditional biodiesel in reducing engine-out smoke formation, the introduction of other ether group into its molecule was attempted. Now a novel biodiesel named ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester is developed, which owns more environment-friendly than the traditional biodiesel. The fuel was synthesized with palm oil and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, structurally identified through FT-IR, P1PH NMR and GPC analyses. Engine test results show that when a tested diesel engine is fueled with this biodiesel(B100) and its mixture with diesel fuel(B25) in place of 0# diesel fuel(B0), engine-out smoke emissions for B100 can be significantly decreased by 9%–54.6%, while CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are also lessened 50.0%–66.7%, 25.7%–37.1%, and 45.5%–58.3%, respectively, compared with B0 under partial load modes. The similar situation was also adequate to B25. In the area of combustion performances, B100 is ignited earlier during diesel engine operation, so utilization of the new biodiesel can remarkably improve engine brake thermal efficiency. Because of certain amount of oxygen contained in the new biodiesel resulting in the low calorific value, the higher cetane number and shorter ignition delay, both engine in-cylinder pressure and its changing rate with crankshaft angle are increased to some extent for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester, and the combustion of it can lead to a little higher heat release rate than diesel fuel.

Characterization of nonionic surfactant micellar structures in organic solvents by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

The micellar structure behavior of nonionic surfactants in nonpolar solvents has attracted great interest in the last years because of its application in the solubilization of several substances, material synthesis and stabilizers of insoluble reactive species in nonpolar solvents. In the present work we report a study on the determination of critical micellar concentration (CMC) and characterization of reverse micelles formed by a nonylphenolpolyethoxylated surfactant (Ultranex-50) in organic solvents (octane, decane and dodecane), employing ethylene glycol monobutyl ether as polar additive. In order to determine CMC and to characterize reverse micelle structural behavior under several factors (type of solvent, surfactant concentration, temperature and polar additive molar ratio), use was made of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), employing the generalized indirect Fourier transformation (GIFT). Aiming to determine CMC of systems composed of Ultranex-50, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and nonpolar solvents, we have acquired data from SAXS with the surfactant concentration varying from 0.005 to 0.2mol/L, with an ethylene glycol monobutyl ether molar ratio of 2:1. First of all, we verified that the formation of aggregates in nonpolar solvents occurred at a surfactant concentration magnitude of 10−2mol/L. From the collected data, we could visualize that for the studied systems the shape of the reverse micelle was predominantly globular. We have observed that micellar size decreases upon heating. Finally, when reducing ethylene glycol monobutyl ether molar ratio, we noticed that the micellar aggregates turned from almost spherical globular structures to less symmetrical ones.

Detecting 2-butoxy ethanol in the air of workplaces by gas chromatography

To establish a gas chromatographic method for detecting 2-butoxy ethanol in the air of workplaces. After the air samples were collected with activated carbon tubes and desorbed with methylene chloride/methanol, the target toxicant was separated with FFAP capillary columns and detected with flame ionization detector, qualified by retention time and quantified by peak area. The linear range of 2-butoxy ethanol in air of workplace was 56.3 ∼ 901.0 µg/ml, the correlation coefficient was 09999. The limit of detection was 2.0 µg/ml. The limit of quantity was 5.0 µg/ml. The minimal detecting concentration was 0.27 mg/m(3) in the condition of 7.5L sampling volume and 1ml desorbed volume. Relative standard deviation was 3.04% ∼ 7.93% and the recovery was 92.7% ∼ 95.5%. In present study the detecting method with high sensitivity, precision and accuracy can be used to determine 2-butoxy ethanol in the air of workplaces.

Rheological Behavior of Diamond Particle/Epoxy Resin Adhesive Adapted to Screen Printing

The thermal conductivity & insulating adhesive was prepared by mixed with diamond particles, epoxy resin (E-20), methanol etherified amino resin, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (BCS), mixed diethyl ester (DBE), and other additives. The influence on rheological behavior of different particle sizes, volume content of diamond particles was studied. Meantime, the effect of different concentration of dispersant and flatting agent was also investigated. The mechanism of the rheological behavior was analyzed.

Optimized foamers for natural gas well deliquification: A statistical design approach

Liquid foamers have gained their popularity in deliquifying aged natural gas wells and coal bed methane wells due to their cost effectiveness and ease of application. Foamers are usually combinational products with Corrosion Inhibitors (CIs) and Scale Inhibitors (SIs) included to provide additional benefits such as corrosion protection and addressing the scaling issues in these applications. Organic solvents are often used to improve secondary properties such as pour point, viscosity and/or pumpablity of the foamer formulations. Designing an effective multi-functional foamer is more an art than science in production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. In this paper, Design of Experiments (DOE) methods were utilized to investigate synergism and antagonism in foamer formulations containing different surfactants, CI and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (EGMBE) as the winterization solvent. Correlations between formulation compositions and performances such as liquid unloading efficiency, corrosion protection, pour point and cost effectiveness were studied. Models were developed based on these correlations and validated for performance prediction. In addition, the synergism observed in liquid unloading performance of formulations containing binary surfactants mixture was probed by studying the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) and molecular interaction in aqueous solutions. The composition of mixed micelles and the interaction parameter β obtained using Rubingh’s theory, were also discussed.

The Evaluation Of Polymers Performance As Fluid Diversion Gelling Agents In Matrix Acidizing

This paper discusses the use of diversion mechanism in matrix acidizing to increase the flow resistance in highly permeable regions due to the presence of polymer temporary plugs. In this study, three polymers, namely hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), and xanthan gum were evaluated in the laboratory to determine the best diverting agent to enhance the performance of matrix acidizing. An acidizing system was set-up using coreflooding techniques where Berea sandstone cores saturated with Sarapar were damaged by oil-based mud. Treatment fluids used were mud acid (3% HF - 12% HCl), HCl, polymer gels, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE) as the mutual solvent. Polymer solutions were prepared at 40 lb/Mgal (4793 ppm) as per field formulation. The experimental results revealed that at low injection pressure, mud acid without diverting agents furnished the best performance where the improvement ratio achieved was 4.88 at 50 psi (344.7 kPa), compared with improvement ratio of 2.42 for HEC, 2.66 for HPG, and 1.35 for xanthan gum. However, at higher injection pressure, mud acid with diverting agents gave better results, where at injection pressure of 100 psi (689.5 kPa), mud acid with HEC diverting agent produced the best result with improvement ratio of 4.88 compared to 1.80 for mud acid without diverting agents. Generally, at low injection pressure, mud acid is found to stay longer in the core and has sufficient time to dissolve mud particles. Nevertheless, low injection pressure produces insufficient force to push acid deeper into the formation and fails to dissolve the viscous diverting agents completely. At high injection pressure, there is sufficient force for the acid to dissolve mud particles and viscous diverting agents, hence the diverting agents served its purpose by diverting the mud acid into low permeability zone.

Hematological effects of exposure to mixtures of selected ethylene glycol alkyl ethers in rats

AbstractExposure to various ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers (EGAEs) is known to result in hemolytic effect caused by their metabolites, appropriate alkoxyacetic acids, generated via both alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. It has been shown in many studies that administration of single doses of EGAEs to rats lead to dose- and time-dependent hemolytic anemia. The repeated exposure to isopropoxyethanol (IPE), and butoxyethanol (BE), contrary to methoxyethanol (ME) and ethoxyethanol (EE), resulted in significantly less pronounced hematological changes. While the majority of hematological effects were dramatic at the beginning of the exposure, later these changes clearly regressed despite continued weekly exposure to these ethers. The gradual recovery from the hemolytic anemia may be associated with tolerance development to the hemolytic effect of IPE and BE. ME demonstrated high hematotoxicity, which increased progressively and reached a maximum at the end of 4 week exposure, whereas EE revealed moderate hematological effects. It might be suspected that ME and EE may modified of IPE hemolytic activity in rats simultaneously treated with these compounds. In the rats co-exposed to IPE and ME subcutaneously at a relatively low doses of 0.75mM + 0.75mM for 4 weeks, a significantly less pronounced hematological changes at the beginning of the exposure in comparison with animals treated with IPE (0.75mM) alone were observed. At the later period, i.e., at the end of 4 weeks exposure, the hematological alterations in the same animals were markedly pronounced and progressively elevated with exposure time, except for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values, which were significantly lower in comparison with IPE group. ME at the higher dose of 1.25mM/kg and EE at both doses of 0.75 and 1.25mM/kg did not modify the hematotoxicity of IPE (at doses of 0.75mM and 1.25mM) at the beginning of the exposure, whereas increased its harmful effects at the end of the treatment. The amelioration in the majority of the hematological parameters at the beginning of the exposure may be caused by inhibitory effect of ME on IPE metabolism. On the contrary, an accumulation of the methoxyacetic acid and ethoxyacetic acid, toxic metabolites of ME and EE, respectively, and no tolerance development to the hemolytic effect of these two chemicals may be responsible for elevated hematological alterations at the end of the exposure.

Dielectric Studies and Molecular Interactions of Diethylamine with Some Alcohols

The mechanism of dipolar complexation involving Diethylamine and four alcohols namely Iso propanol, Hexan-1-ol, 2 Butoxy ethanol and 2 Ethyl hexan-1-ol in non-polar solvent Benzene medium was investigated from the dielectric measurements at a static frequency and at a temperature of 303 K. The dipole moment of the complexes (μab) and dipolar increment (Δμ) of 1:1 complexes of these systems were computed. The results show that the complexation is due to the polarisation effect in all the systems studied.

The Effects that Cosolvent Takes on Ink Used in Water-Borne Pen Performance and Quality

In order to discuss the effects that cosolvent takes on ink used in water-borne pen performance and quality, select and use ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethanediol and propanediol six common water-soluble cosolvent, using them to prepare the samples of ink used in Water-borne pen, testing the surface tension, viscosity, drying rate and adhesionforce. Select three kinds of cosolvent to carry the formula experiment. The results of the study show that: the ink prepared with different kinds csolvent have different performance. The ink prepared by isopropyl alcohol has good quality performance.

Acute respiratory distress associated with inhaled hydrocarbon

Pneumonitis is a well-known complication following aspiration of ingested liquid hydrocarbons. There are few data about acute pulmonary toxicity from unintentional hydrocarbon inhalation; most human cases involve products containing a fluoropolymer in combination with hydrocarbons. Case report of a 45-year-old male who presented with respiratory distress after a 15-min inhalational exposure to a canvas waterproofing spray containing liquefied petroleum gas, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and isopropanol. Patients had symptoms, exam findings, and chest X-ray that were consistent with an acute pneumonitis. Acute pulmonary injury can occur after a short exposure to an inhaled hydrocarbon and associated symptoms appear to respond to supportive measures, including oxygen, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators.