1st-year MBBS Students Research Articles

A study of self-medication practices among 1st-year MBBS students aged 19–21 years at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital, Tumkur

Background: Self-medication (SM) is practiced throughout the world and although it has known benefits, it is being abused mostly by the medical students community. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge of 1st-year MBBS regarding various aspects of SM such as the most commonly used drugs and its side effects. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to study the pattern of SM among 1st-year medical students and to improve pharmacovigilace and drug safety. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done among 1st-year MBBS students aged 19–21 years of Sri Siddartha Medical College and Hospital, Tumkur. This was carried out after the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A modified questionnaire was circulated to 150 1st-year MBBS students who voluntarily participated and who’s consent was taken to carry out this study, through Google Forms. Results: Results show that 61% of self-medicate with the major reason being previous exposure. About 51% are fully aware of the medication and its side effects while 44% are partly aware. About 37% have reported that they do not self-medicate due to risk of adverse effects and 25% do not self-medicate due to reasons such as lack of knowledge, awareness, and risk of using the incorrect drugs. Conclusions: This shows that SM is prevalent among 1st-year medical students and more insight and clinical exposure regarding the drugs is needed for cautious practice. Hence, SM is an essential part of self-care as per the WHO but more knowledge and awareness is needed which is acquired through the MBBS course. This can help reduce the risk of experiencing adverse effects.

A study on junk food consumption of 1st-year MBBS students aged 19–21 years of batch 2021–22 at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital, Tumakuru

Background: As per National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, “Junk food is foods containing little or no proteins, vitamins, or minerals but are rich in salt, sugar, fats, and are high in energy (calories).” Many studies show junk foods have an adverse effect on both physical and mental health. Aims and Objectives: This study was taken up to take an insight into the adverse effects of excess calorie consumption during stress which is associated obesity and depression. Materials and Methods: A study on junk food consumption at SSMC, Tumkur to study the relationship between mental and physical health with the consumption of junk food among 1st-year MBBS students. A cross-sectional study was done on 1st-year MBBS students aged 19–21 year at SSMC, Tumkur with the approval of Institutional Ethics Committee. A modified questionnaire was circulated among 150 1st year MBBS students aged 19–21 years at SSMC, Tumkur through Google forms. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and interpreted. Results: About 49% of the participants consumed junk foods regularly with 34% of the participants consuming more than once per week. More than 65% of participants consumed junk food in the evening. Around 46% of participants preferred weekend to consume junk foods. More than 50% of the participants consume junk foods when they are residing in hostel rather than home. More than 70% of the participants prefer junk food consumption during screen time. Conclusion: Factors that have led to consumption of junk food are affordability and cravings. Preference of consumption of carbonated drinks with junk food is also high. The study also shows a strong association of junk food consumption with stress and screen time behavior. Due to its low nutritional value, junk food should be discouraged. Hence, awareness program should be included in to the curriculum of all medical students and in other professions also.

Comparison of multiple choice questions and very short answer type questions to assess different levels of cognition among medical undergraduates

Introduction: Very short answer type questions (VSAQs) and multiple choice questions (MCQs) are markedly effective assessment tools for regular formative evaluation at the end of each class. However, their relative efficacy for assessing higher cognitive domain of the students and to prepare them for summative examinations is still inconclusive. Methods: The effectivity of VSAQs and MCQs was analyzed to assess different cognitive levels among 1st-year MBBS students as regular formative assessment tools. Ten MCQs and 10 VSAQs of both average and higher cognitive domains were given at the end of each learning session to all students throughout their first semester for 4 months. At the end of first-semester examination, mean scores for MCQs and VSAQs from both domains were calculated for each student and compared with their semester marks. Results: In comparison to MCQs, students obtained significantly higher marks in VSAQs at both medium and higher cognitive levels. A significant positive association was found between the semester marks and scores of VSAQs irrespective of their cognitive level. On the other hand, students obtaining higher marks in MCQs having higher cognitive levels only showed a positive correlation with their semester scores. Conclusion: For regular end of the class formative assessments, MCQs become efficient tools only when they contain elements of higher cognition with problem-solving approach. Otherwise, students are more comfortable with VSAQs and give a better response with a positive correlation with periodical summative assessments for all cognitive levels.

Perceptions of 1st-year MBBS students and 1st-year medical faculties toward AETCOM-based medical curriculum

Background: The field of medical education is constantly evolving to meet the demands of an ever-changing health-care landscape. To address the dynamic challenges faced by medical professionals, medical colleges across the globe are adopting innovative and comprehensive approaches to curriculum design. One such approach that has gained significant attention is the attitude, ethics, and communication (AETCOM) based medical curriculum, which emphasizes developing not only clinical knowledge and technical skills but also ethical values, empathetic communication, and a patient-centric approach among medical students. Aim and Objective: This study aims to record the perceptions of medical students and faculties regarding the effectiveness of AETCOM modules. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study performed in October 2022 where a pre-validated questionnaire consisting of components of AETCOM was e-mailed to the 1st-year MBBS students of Jhalawar Medical College and teaching faculties of Jhalawar Medical College through Google Forms. The results were analyzed by statistics is a statistical software suite 23.0 (trail version) and the Chi-square test was used for data analysis and P < 0.05 is considered significant. Results: About 95% of students have positive perceptions regarding the mandatory inclusion of AETCOM competencies. However, only 73.3% of faculties have positive perceptions regarding the mandatory inclusion of AETCOM competencies and 26.7% completely disagree with the beneficial role of mandatory inclusion of AETCOM competencies in competency-based medical education curriculum. Conclusions: A hybrid problem-oriented approach is one of the most effective ways for students to promote communication skills, in building doctor-patient relationships and understanding the professional qualities and roles of a physician.

Assessment of mental health status in male and female medical students of 1st-year MBBS

Background: There is an increase in mental health issues throughout the globe. The major age group that was affected is young adults. Although from the outside, it appears that college life is very happy and enjoyable. However, the actual scenario is different. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the mental health status of male and female medical students in the 1st year. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 male and female young adults, studying 1st-year MBBS, were part of the study after obtaining informed consent. Standard questionnaires were used to assess the mental health of the students. Results: Out of 150 students, 140 students responded to the study. Anxiety scores were significantly higher in females when compared to males (P < 0.05). Insomnia was significantly higher in females when compared to males (P < 0.01). Eating disorder scores were higher in females when compared to males (P < 0.0001). Depression, anxiety, and stress scores were significantly higher in females when compared with males. Distress was significantly higher in females when compared to males (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The study results explain that female students’ mental health was in borderline and there is a strong need to counsel them and train them with coping methods. The study highlights a strong need for the future studies.

Morphometry of Arch of Aorta and its Branches- A Cadaveric Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The Arch of Aorta (AA) originates from the ascending aorta in the superior mediastinum, specifically at the level of the right 2nd costal cartilage, behind the lower half of the manubrium sterni. The AA typically gives rise to three major arteries, namely the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian, which is the most common branching pattern. Aim: To investigate the morphometric parameters of the AA and its branches, including the diameters, angles formed by the branches with the AA, and the distance of origin of these branches from the mid vertebral line. Materials and Methods: This descriptive observational cross- sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at NRI Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India,, from June 2017 to August 2021. A total of 50 aortic arches, along with their branches, were examined from cadavers (45 males, 5 females) assigned to 1st-year MBBS students for regular dissection practicals. Measurements such as the diameter of the arch at its origin and termination, diameter of major vessels at their origin, angles made by major vessels at their origin with the convexity of the arch, and the distance of origin of major branches from the midvertebral line were recorded. Vernier calipers with an accuracy of 0.01 mm were used to measure various parameters, and angles were measured using a Goniometer. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) were calculated for each parameter using an MS Excel sheet. Results: The distance of origin of the brachiocephalic trunk from the midvertebral line was found to be 1.86±5.13 mm to the right of the midline, while the distance of origin of the Left Common Carotid Artery (LCCA) and Left Subclavian Artery (LSA) from the midvertebral line were +12.68±6.43 mm and +26.31±6.73 mm, respectively. The diameters of the mentioned branches at their origin were 11.22±2.29 mm, 7.39±1.49 mm, and 8.38±2.15 mm, and the angles made by these branches with the aortic arch were 89.10±18.48, 73.52±14.55, and 73.93±16.80 degrees, respectively. Conclusion: The morphometric parameters of the AA and its branches, as observed in the present study, hold significant clinical importance and can be valuable for cardiothoracic and vascular surgeons working in this region.

Morphometry of Arch of Aorta and its Branches- A Cadaveric Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The Arch of Aorta (AA) originates from the ascending aorta in the superior mediastinum, specifically at the level of the right 2nd costal cartilage, behind the lower half of the manubrium sterni. The AA typically gives rise to three major arteries, namely the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian, which is the most common branching pattern. Aim: To investigate the morphometric parameters of the AA and its branches, including the diameters, angles formed by the branches with the AA, and the distance of origin of these branches from the mid vertebral line. Materials and Methods: This descriptive observational cross- sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at NRI Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India,, from June 2017 to August 2021. A total of 50 aortic arches, along with their branches, were examined from cadavers (45 males, 5 females) assigned to 1st-year MBBS students for regular dissection practicals. Measurements such as the diameter of the arch at its origin and termination, diameter of major vessels at their origin, angles made by major vessels at their origin with the convexity of the arch, and the distance of origin of major branches from the midvertebral line were recorded. Vernier calipers with an accuracy of 0.01 mm were used to measure various parameters, and angles were measured using a Goniometer. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) were calculated for each parameter using an MS Excel sheet. Results: The distance of origin of the brachiocephalic trunk from the midvertebral line was found to be 1.86±5.13 mm to the right of the midline, while the distance of origin of the Left Common Carotid Artery (LCCA) and Left Subclavian Artery (LSA) from the midvertebral line were +12.68±6.43 mm and +26.31±6.73 mm, respectively. The diameters of the mentioned branches at their origin were 11.22±2.29 mm, 7.39±1.49 mm, and 8.38±2.15 mm, and the angles made by these branches with the aortic arch were 89.10±18.48, 73.52±14.55, and 73.93±16.80 degrees, respectively. Conclusion: The morphometric parameters of the AA and its branches, as observed in the present study, hold significant clinical importance and can be valuable for cardiothoracic and vascular surgeons working in this region.

Student Perception and Comparison of their Academic Performance in Online Formative Assessment Vs Summative Assessment during Covid Period

Background: Covid pandemic forced the teachers and students to adopt e-learning to replace traditional pedagogy. Aim: To see student perception on altered teaching methodology, its effectiveness by comparison of their academic performance. Methodology: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 141 students of 1st year MBBS (session 2019-20), participated. After taking informed consent, data was collected from score sheets of online formative assessment, ‘Socrative,’ and marks obtained in on-campus summative assessment in histology. Different parameters regarding student perception for e-learning and assessment were measured by using a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Paired Samples t-test was used to see the effectiveness of online teaching and was found to be insignificant (P = 0.307). Pearson Chi-square test showed a statistically significant result (P < 0.001) between the responses on learning and assessment tools, with linear association, (P value < 0.001). A correlation between learning and assessment scores (r= 0.727, P value < 0.001) was observed. Conclusion: Online learning can assist the teaching process in medical studies without influencing their academic performance. Practice of online teaching has prepared both students and teachers for blended learning in routine days as well as in case of a future pandemic. MeSH Keywords: Feedback, Academic Performance, Perception

Comparing and analysing working memory and its adjustments with classical instrumental background music in adolescents of diverse ethical origin – An RCT

Students use variety of music while studying. The aim was to analyse effect of instrumental, background music on working memory in medical students of Indian and Malaysian origin.Age and gender matched 120 1st-year MBBS students (60 Indian and 60 Malaysian), were randomised into music and control groups equally. Music used was non vocal flute, raga malkauns. After 5 min of music/rest, working memory was assessed using Rey-Ostherrieth-complex-figure-test (ROCF). After another concentration task(SDMT) and a gap of 25min, recall of figure was assessed. Copy and recall figures were scored for 36 points.(significant p value<0.05).There was no statistical difference between copy and recall score of ROCF when compared between music and control group of both ethnicities (p=0.223). Malaysian students performed significantly better in copy and recall score compared to Indian students.Instrumental music does not seem to influence working memory, but it does not hamper it too. As a diverse population, Malaysian students are bestowed with efficient working memory than Indian students. Music has no differential influence on the working memory of the two ethnic groups. Students can be advised to use instrumental music, preferably of raga Malkauns, in background while studying which will not hamper their retention.

Challenges faced by 1st phase MBBS students during online teaching of competency-based medical education curriculum – COVID times

BACKGROUND: Competency-based medical education (CBME) is a learner-centered, outcome-based approach which motivates self-learning. Currently, the world is experiencing COVID-19 pandemic which led to shutdown of colleges, and hence, online teaching has become a key component in the continuity of medical education. The main aim of the study is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on online teaching among 1st-year MBBS students and to assess the challenges faced during this time. METHODS: After obtaining institutional ethics committee clearance, a mixed-method study design was used to collect data from 100 respondents among 1st-year MBBS students of Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, during the month of September 2020. A prevalidated, semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the participants through Google Forms. The quantitative analysis was done through survey questions on a five-point Likert scale. RESULTS: The reported challenges to online medical education during COVID-19 pandemic were lack of in-person communication (57%), technical issues while attending online classes (49%), difficulty in time management (50%), confusion in understanding course expectations/competencies (44%), and more focused on theory than practicals (59%). Some of them stated that “having online classes is really helpful than not having any classes at all.” CONCLUSIONS: Hence, we conclude that though challenges mentioned above were faced during online teaching of CBME curriculum, effective leadership and student teamwork would be helpful in successful online teaching.

Practical Anatomy Online Learning among COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Introduction: With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, digital learning has been implemented in medical colleges across India to continue the ongoing medical education. Anatomy is the basis of medical science and is best learned through offline classes that allow students to experience the texture of structures and handling of specimens. During this pandemic period, cadaveric dissection was not used to study anatomy. The aim of this study was to learn about students' attitudes regarding virtual teaching and learning in anatomy, as well as the problems they may confront. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of anatomy among the 50 1st-year MBBS students of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot in April 2021. Google Forms were used to obtain informed consent from students. Prevalidated questionnaires were given online to the students and responses were noted and descriptive statistical data was derived from the analysis. Results: About 37 (74%) respondents found traditional classes are better than online teaching. Majority preferred to attend anatomy practicals offline with safety precautions. About 17 (34%) showed interest in prerecorded videos. About 35 (60%) students faced social isolation as an impact of online learning. Technical issues and distractions were the key problems faced while learning anatomy online. Conclusion: Prerecorded videos of the practicals are helpful in teaching anatomy practicals, and can be used in future to ensure an unbroken, continuous, and effective delivery of medical education.

An Online Study of MBBS Student Performance in Internal Assessment of a Pre-clinical Department during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on medical education. As the crisis persists, it is critical to develop valid and reliable assessment methodologies. Aims: The aims of this study were to determine the impact of competency-based medical education (“COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION”) implemented online in the biochemistry department during the pandemic on the results of online internal assessments. Materials and Methods: After receiving institutional clearance in 6 months, this pilot study was done on 150 1st-year MBBS students at IQ City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur. In 6 months, two internal assessments have to be completed online. Multiple choice questions, short answer type questions, orals, and spots were divided into four compartments during our internal evaluation sessions, which were held 3 times a month. A survey was conducted to gather data pertaining to student stress levels during offline and online examinations. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. Reliability of data was checked using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Participants ranked Expected Offline Examination Stress Risk higher (M = 4.7200, Standard deviation [SD] = 1.58906) as opposed to the Expected Online Examination Stress Risk (3.6800, SD = 1.53841), a statistically significant mean increases of 1.04000, and 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.81192, 1.26808], t (149) = 9.010, P < 0.001. In case of perceived risks, participants ranked Perceived Offline Examination Stress Risk higher (M = 4.7600, SD = 1.64533) as opposed to the Perceived Online Examination Stress Risk (M =3.6867, SD = 1.63081), a statistically significant mean increases of 1.07333, 95% CI [0.83098, 1.31568], t (149) = 8.751, P < 0.001. Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, students expect and perceive online examination stress risk to be lower than that of offline examinations. The research also revealed that students were able to score higher in online tests than in offline exams, implying that the department of biochemistry may conduct internal assessments as well as implement “COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION” online.

Design and implement elective module on yoga and yoga-based research in physiology

Background: Elective allows students to think of a career beyond examinations and gives them an impetus to think laterally besides laying down the foundation for future professional pathways. Hence, understanding the importance of electives among medical undergraduates in their academic life is important and electives is not being offered by medical students in India till now. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To design elective module on yoga and implement (pilot test) the elective module in 1st MBBS students and (2) to analyze the perception of students and the faculties for the module. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of physiology among 106 subjects including 1st-year MBBS students and faculty. Faculty sensitization program on the development of the elective module. The evaluation was done by a pre-post standardized validated questionnaire. Perception of faculty (n-05) and students (n-100) taken on Likert’s scale questionnaire by Google form. Results: Results of pre-test and post-test of student’s assessment were compared by paired t-test suggested that outcome is statistically significant with P<0.05 in post-test. Eighty percent of students and 80% of faculties found that the elective module is excellent. Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that the elective module of yoga was well perceived by students and faculty. Electives are learning experiences that will provide the learner with an opportunity to gain an immersive experience of carrier stream, discipline, or research project.

Impact of Gamification on Education Prime Time

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of Gamification approach for teaching anatomy to first year medical students by comparing the students’ performance in traditional teaching with gamification approach. Method: A Comparative Analytical study was conducted in undergraduate students having Taught anatomy in a private medical college of Lahore (mention Name), from 16th July -31st August 2019. A total 155 students of 1st year MBBS were enrolled and divided randomly into two groups Group 1(Traditional n=77) and Group 2 (Gamification n=78). Shapiro-wilk and Kolmogorov-smirnov test were applied to check the normal distribution of pre-test and post-test scores. Comparison of pre and post test scores by paired sample t-test resulted in significant decrease in the control group while a significant positive change in learning of experimental group. Results: Findings of the study showed that students studied in Group 2(i.e. Gamification) achieved the highest scores in post-test, compared with the other group. Mean difference of Group 2 is (MD=-6.100) compared to Group 1(Traditional) which is MD=-1.040 and paired sample t-test shows p-value=.000 of both groups, thus evident from the statistics that students of group 2(Gamification) achieved high scores as compared to traditional group. Conclusion: This study concluded that planned gamification frameworks can be generally welcomed by students. It is recommended that this approach in small group discussion is worth pursuing in future, this teaching approach can be implemented for teaching medical students where the role of teacher is more of facilitator. Keywords: Gamification, Effectiveness, Education

Correlation between Morphological Variations and Morphometry of Scapula and Suprascapular Notch with Its Clinical Significance in South Indian Population

Introduction: The biological profile is one of the most important things that forensic anthropologists accomplish in their work, which includes determination of age, sex, race and stature. These components aid in identification of an individual in forensic context. Since the beginning of the field of physical anthropology, anthropologists and anatomists have studied human remains in order to provide new and more accurate ways of building the biological profile. Aim: To compare the metric difference between right and left scapula, calculate scapular index, and to correlate the morphometry between the scapula and the suprascapular notch. Materials and Method: This study was carried out in 200 dry ossified adult human scapula bones collected from the Department of Anatomy and from the students of 1st year MBBS of Yenepoya Medical College. Study done using vernier calliper and measuring tape. Scapula having gross deformity or any pathological alterations were excluded from the study. Results and Discussion: Out of 100 right and left scapulae, maximal width and projection length of scapular spine and maximal length of coracoid process were more on the right sided scapula. The superior- transverse diameter of suprascapular notch, maximal depth of suprascapular notch, morphological length and width of scapula and scapular index were more on the left sided scapulae. The mean scapular index of right side scapula was 70.11 and left side was 70.26, which shows that the left scapula is slightly shorter than right. Also there were more scapulae with longer superior transverse diameter of suprascapular notch (STD>MD) with 52% than the scapulae with longer maximal depth of suprascapular notch (MD>STD) 24% and STD=MD was 9%. Absent notches were seen in 15% of scapulae. The superior transverse scapular ligament was completely ossified in 12% of cases. Both right and left scapula shows more of ‘U-shaped’ suprascapular notch. There was no statistically significant difference between anthropometric measurements of the group with higher maximal depth and the group with higher superior transverse diameter of the suprascapular notch. Conclusion: The scapular index was more in left scapula, which shows that left scapula is slightly shorter than the right scapula compared to other populations. This may be due to the difference in general built and stature of South Indians compared to other populations. Completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament can result in entrapment of suprascapular nerve. Keywords: Scapula, Suprascapular notch, Spine of scapula, Coracoid process.

Perceptions of 1st -Year MBBS Students about the Medical Council of India Mandated Foundation Course

Background: Foundation course (FC) program was introduced recently by the Medical Council of India for the 1st-year of MBBS students in India to serve as a bridge into the MBBS program as well as to orient the students to various aspects of the medical college environment. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the feedback on FC by the 1st-year MBBS students. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, during August 1–31, 2019, involving 242 1st-year MBBS students. At the end of each day of the program, the students received a multiple-choice questionnaire along with a feedback form. Further, at the end of the 1-month of the FC program, the students received a final feedback form reflecting upon various aspects of the FC. Results: Majority of the students felt that the FC was well organized and helpful in gaining knowledge and information. Basic life support was the “most preferred” skill session (68.5%), followed by a session on immunization clinic (31.6%). Students felt that the training sessions organized under the six modules of the FC were able to impart ample information on respective topics and were considered helpful to a great extent for majority of the students. Fifty-eight percent of the students felt content overload and rushed pace of content delivery did not help in learning. Other hindering factors recognized by students included excessive use of technical/medical terminology, audio–visual disturbances, and spread out locations for small group activities. Conclusions: High levels of satisfaction with the FC in general and in terms of content and organization were observed. Shortcomings recognized through feedback will help us to improve.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of first year medical students toward Novel Coronavirus disease

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID) also known as COVID-19 caused by a novel human coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 is transmitted from person to person through inhalation of aerosols from the infected individual. The WHO has declared as public health emergency of international concern and has put forth certain norms and rules to prevent the spread of the disease such as hand washing, social distancing, and wearing masks to control the outbreak along with lockdowns at periodic intervals. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of 1st year medical students of 19–20 batch aged 19–20 years toward Novel Coronavirus disease during lockdown. Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted among fresher’s of 150 students of 1st year MBBS 19–20 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, aged 19–20 years. A link from Google form was posted and circulated using various social media such as WhatsApp group and e-mail address of the students. The questionnaire consisted of 29 questions which included KAP assessment. Results: Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test are applied to analyze the data. Among 160 respondents, 98.1% were aware of COVID-19, majority of them showed positive attitude and social distancing to prevent COVID-19 pandemic according to the WHO norms. Conclusion: Our study showed that during COVID-19 pandemic 98.1% of the students had good knowledge about the novel coronavirus infection and 89.7% had a positive attitude toward COVID-19. Although the students showed a very good KAP toward COVID-19, still some grey areas regarding KAP toward COVID-19 were still left.

Impact of Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Stress Levels of Exam Going MBBS Students of a Medical College in South Gujarat, India

Introduction: Academic examinations are a very stressful event for an Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) student. While many students learn to deal with it through the use of helpful or unhelpful coping skills, many still end up with considerable psychological morbidity in the form of anxiety and depression along with deterioration in overall health. Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation (JPMR) causes deep muscle relaxation. Aim: To find out the prevalence of stress and exam anxiety in students of 1st year MBBS and to study the impact of JPMR. Materials and Methods: It was a quasi-experimental, pretest and post-test interventional study conducted amongst the first year MBBS students studying at the Government Medical College Surat, Gujarat, India, during March to May 2019. Two months before their internal exams, 114 1st year MBBS students were recruited for the study. They were given a pretest proforma which comprised of socio-demographic profile, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28. They were asked to attend JPMR sessions over the following month in batches of 30 each and asked to practise JPMR for one month leading up to their exams. Total 43 students attended these sessions while 71 did not. After one month, all 114 students were again given a post-test proforma comprising of the same scales. Paired t-test was applied to compare the pretest and post-test scores to see the impact of JPMR. Results: The mean age of participants was 19 years.The students who completed their schooling in Gujarati medium and those who reported to be staying at hostel experienced significantly more TAS scores at baseline evaluation as compared to their counterparts from English medium schools and those staying at home respectively. There was a statistically significant reduction in mean scores of PSS and TAS before and after practice of JPMR in the 43 students who attended and practiced JPMR (p-value=0.005 and p-value=0.002, respectively; p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant). Conclusion: One month practice of JPMR was found to be effective in reduction of stress and exam anxiety.

Impact of a Residential Rural Community-Based Training Program for Medical Students on Cognitive and Affective Domains of Learning in Community Medicine: A Mixed Methods Study.

Introduction:As part of undergraduate training in community medicine, students of 1st-year MBBS at our medical college in South India undergo rural residential community-based training called Rural Orientation Program (ROP).Objective:The objective was to study the impact of ROP at a medical college in South India.Methodology:Short-term impact was studied immediately before and after ROP using a 30-item questionnaire administered to 142 students. Medium-term impact was studied among 23 students in 2nd-year MBBS. Quantitative component consisted of objective structured practical examination scores and qualitative component documented reflections on learnings. Long-term impact was studied by surveying 287 alumni (batches of 1979 onward) to explore the impact of ROP on their career.Results:We found a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in the median posttest score (21, interquartile range [IQR]: 20–23) when compared to pretest (12, IQR: 10–16). The mean OSPE score was 19.34 ± 3.19 (maximum score = 25) with 54.55% obtaining a score ≥20. Thematic analysis of reflections depicted that students gained insights on factors influencing health and social organizations in rural areas. ROP helped develop empathy toward patients and a holistic approach toward health, in understanding rural dynamics and improved communication skills.Conclusion:ROP increases subject knowledge and plays a role in molding attitudes of students toward the care of people in rural areas and improves communication skills. This time-tested model can be replicated in other medical colleges across the country.

Effect of exposure to formalin on peripheral and smaller airways of 1st-year medical students

Context: One of the occupational hazards experienced by a doctor is the exposure to formaldehyde during gross anatomy dissection classes. As it vaporizes at room temperature, the respiratory system is easily affected. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of formaldehyde on the smaller and peripheral airways. Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde exposure on the smaller and peripheral airways of 1st-year medical students. Settings and Design: A longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, among 1st-year MBBS students in the academic year 2015–16. Materials and Methods: The spirometric parameter, forced expiratory flow at 25%–75% (FEF25%–75%)was recorded in eighty medical students using spirometer RMS Helios 401 available in the research laboratory of the department. Percent-predicated values were used for the analysis. The baseline values were recorded at the beginning of the academic calendar and followed up at the end of the 1st, 6th, and 10th months. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA were used for the analysis.P