1DPC Structure Research Articles

Load transfer behavior of 3D printed concrete formwork for ribbed slabs under eccentric axial loads

3D printed concrete (3DPC) has primarily been used for non-structural applications, with limited exploration into its potential for structural load-bearing applications. This is mainly due to the layered structure of 3DPC and the lack of compatibility of conventional reinforcement strategies to be integrated within the 3D concrete printing process. The post-tensioning of 3DPC structures presents an effective solution to improve the load-carrying capacity and cracking behavior of 3DPC. However, understanding the load transfer behavior and failure modes of 3DPC structures under a particular post-tensioning configuration are crucial to determine the permissible post-tensioning load for a structure without premature failure and to understand the distribution of stresses within the concrete structure under post-tensioning loads. The current study aims to investigate the load transfer behavior and failure mode of a 30 mm thick 3DPC formwork designed for one-way ribbed slabs when subjected to end-anchorage post-tensioning. For this purpose, a series of mechanical characterization and load transfer experiments were conducted on ribbed 3DPC formwork. The mechanical characterization investigations involved examining the compressive and flexural strength, as well as the elastic modulus of 3DPC, under various loading orientations relative to the print path. In the load transfer experiments, the end anchorage post-tensioning system was simulated by applying the axial load to the specimen via end plates bonded to the specimen. The variable parameters of the load transfer experiments were the boundary conditions, the eccentricity of the axial load from the neutral axis, and the topology of the ribbed 3DPC formwork. A digital image correlation system was used to study the axial and transverse strain evolution during the load transfer experiments. The experimental results showed that, regardless of the eccentricity of the applied load, the ribbed 3DPC formwork specimens exhibited higher axial load capacity when the load was applied near the bottom flange rather than the top flange. This was because of the reduced effective cross-sectional area for compression when the load was positioned near the top flanges, a consequence of the selected formwork topology, where top flanges were discontinuous to allow for pouring of the cast concrete within the formwork.

Flexural performance of the integrated steel truss reinforced 3D printed concrete beams: Experimental and numerical analysis

This study explored the feasibility of the integrated steel truss (IST) reinforced 3D printed concrete beams (3DPC truss beams for abbreviation) as a load-bearing element. Forty-five 3DPC truss blocks were firstly tested under axial compression to obtain an appropriate sectional dimension range and reinforcement ratio for the design of 3DPC truss beams. Subsequently, six reinforced and one non-reinforced 3DPC truss beams were designed and tested under flexural loading. The results demonstrated no debonding or local anchorage failure, indicating a strong integration between the printed layers and IST. More notably, the 3DPC truss beams exhibited a ductile failure mode comparable to that of balanced-reinforced RC beams, an outcome rarely observed in contemporary reinforced 3DPC structures. Finally, a time cost-efficient design flow with great accuracy based on finite element analysis for the flexural performance of 3DPC truss beams was proposed and validated. The results from this study show substantial promise for 3DPC truss beams in future applications, particularly in constructing lateral structures that require significant load-bearing capacity and enhanced ductility.

Time-dependent behaviour of 3D printed fibre-reinforced limestone calcined clay cement concrete under sustained loadings

The evolution of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) structures has made remarkable impacts in the construction industry and academia for prospective engineering practice globally. This is due to promising outcomes of various investigations on its construction coupled with several advantages it offers over conventional cast concrete. However, the time-dependent deformation of 3DPC under sustained loading is still unknown and requires extensive research. Quasi-static studies have also shown that creep could be of great concern due to its production technique involving layer stacking, which eventually leads to weak interlayer bond strength. This paper experimentally investigates the time-dependent behaviour of fibre-reinforced printed concrete (FRPC) containing limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) under sustained tensile and flexural loadings. The experimental tests conducted on LC3-FRPC specimens in two orthogonal directions were individual creep and shrinkage to determine other parameters associated with creep responses, including creep fracture. The specimens for tensile and flexural creep were subjected to sustained stresses of 40, 60 and 80 % of the tensile and 40 % flexural strength results obtained from quasi-static tests. The quantified creep is compared in terms of the difference in stress levels, as the results revealed that none of the specimens fractured under sustained loadings. Instead, higher direct tensile strengths were recorded for the creep specimens after 225 days loaded at different stress levels. Then, it is postulated that direct tensile tests on similar LC3-FRPC specimens without creep loading may confirm that the monotonic stress-strain response at the age at which the tests are terminated forms an envelope for creep fracture.

Comparative eco-efficiency assessment of 3D-printed recycled aggregate concrete structure for mid-rise residential buildings

3D-printed concrete (3DPC) is an emerging construction technique that extrudes concrete to automatically fabricate structural elements. While prior studies indicate the environmental benefits of 3DPC, limitations include a lack of project-level inventory data and assessment of whole buildings. This study provided a comprehensive framework through a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison by using 3DPC structures (3DPCS) with project-specific data and conventional masonry structures (CMS) for six-storey residential buildings sharing similar architecture designs. Findings showed that 3DPC reduced cost by 16.9 % due to a 64.1 % decrease in workforce requirements. Environmental impacts were lower by up to 72.5 % for 3DPCS compared to CMS, primarily due to the low-cement-content concrete mixture incorporating recycled aggregates. The research further identified opportunities to enhance the economic and sustainability advantages of 3DPCS versus traditional approaches by increasing the proportion of 3D-printed components and the utilization of 3D printers across different buildings. This empirical research validated 3DPCS sustainability benefits and provided strategies for further promotion of digital concrete techniques in urban and rural construction.

Design for early-age structural performance of 3D printed concrete structures: A parametric numerical modeling approach

This paper presents a design framework based on structural performance of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) that considers three strength criteria for early-age failure modes: plastic collapse, elastic buckling, and flexural collapse. A simulator of structural behavior during printing was developed to take any shell or linear model, slice it into layers, perform incremental structural analysis layer by layer, and assign the respective material properties by adjusting the age of each layer when a new one is added. Then, finite element analysis for each printing stage indicates whether collapse might occur based on rheological and mechanical material properties over time. Printing experiments validated the criteria based on collapse layer estimation for a solid cylinder (plastic collapse), a thin-wall structure (elastic buckling), and an overhang structure (flexural collapse). Plastic collapse was most accurately predicted by a Drucker-Prager yield criterion for an unrestrained base and by a Modified Lade and Mohr-Coulomb criterion for a partially restrained base, while elastic buckling was predicted by linear elastic analysis. Additionally, this paper introduces flexural collapse as a distinct failure mode in early age 3DCP, proposing design criteria for overhang structures based on printing experiments. Experimental lessons learned were used to establish design constraints to aid the design of 3DCP structures, which were tested in the design of a hollow column and a cantilever structure. This study advances computational design for 3DPC structures with a new design methodology that combines constrained design and parametric numerical modeling.

Optimal design of multilayer optical thin film structure for smart energy saving applications using needle optimization approach

In this work, a novel design of a one dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) is investigated. The 1DPC structure is composed of alternating layers of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) and silicon dioxide (Sio2). The proposed 1D PC structure is designed to act as short wave pass (SWP) edge filter that selectively passes light of short wavelengths, while the infrared light is blocked. In this study, Essential Macleod software is used to create the optimal design with the computational support of the needle synthesis technique. By varying the incidence angle of the mean polarized light mode, we can determine the features of the optimal SWP edge filter design, which leads to an important application for this filter. It can shed light on the filter’s suitability as a smart energy saving window coating for hot climate regions. The study includes different hot regions in Saudi Arabia such as Mecca, Riyadh, Dammam, Arar and Alaqiq. They were used as case studies in this research. According to the study of the optimal design of SWP edge filter applied in Mecca, Riyadh, Dammam, Arar and Alaqiq provinces, the light transmittance in the visible region is more than 99% during the summer solstice and more than 96% during the winter solstice. The photonic band gab (PBG) is almost constant during the summer solstice without shifting or decreasing in size whereas in the winter solstice, the PBG shifts toward the short wavelengths and decreases in size by increasing the angle of incidence. This allows an amount of solar energy to enter in winter. Riyadh, Dammam, and Arar provinces experienced a significant increase in solar energy during the winter solstice, more than Mecca and Alaqiq provinces.

Silicon-based planar devices for narrow-band near-infrared photodetection using Tamm plasmons

Abstract Designing efficient narrow-band near-infrared photodetectors integrated on silicon for telecommunications remains a significant challenge in silicon photonics. This paper proposes a novel silicon-based hot-electron photodetector employing Tamm plasmons (Si-based TP-HE PD) for narrow-band near-infrared photodetection. The device combines a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) structure, an Au layer, and a silicon substrate with a back electrode. Simulation results show that the absorption of the TP device with a back electrode is 1.5 times higher than without a back electrode, due to increased absorption from multiple reflections between the back electrode and the 1DPC structure. Experimentally, the responsivity of the fabricated device reaches 0.195 mA/W at a wavelength of 1400 nm. A phenomenological model was developed to analyze the photoelectric conversion mechanism, revealing reasonable agreement between the theoretically calculated and experimentally measured internal quantum efficiencies. Additional experiments and simulations demonstrate the tunability of the resonance wavelength from 1200 nm to 1700 nm by adjusting structural parameters. The Si-based TP-HE PD shows potential for silicon-based optoelectronic applications, offering the advantages of a simple structure, low cost, and compatibility with silicon photonic integrated circuits. This work represents the first demonstration of a silicon-based hot electron NIR photodetector utilizing Tamm plasmons.

3D Superclusters with Hybrid Bioinks for Early Detection in Breast Cancer.

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has garnered significant interest due to its ultrahigh sensitivity, making it suitable for addressing the growing demand for disease diagnosis. In addition to its sensitivity and uniformity, an ideal SERS platform should possess characteristics such as simplicity in manufacturing and low analyte consumption, enabling practical applications in complex diagnoses including cancer. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning algorithms with SERS can enhance the practical usability of sensing devices by effectively classifying the subtle vibrational fingerprints produced by molecules such as those found in human blood. In this study, we demonstrate an approach for early detection of breast cancer using a bottom-up strategy to construct a flexible and simple three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic cluster SERS platform integrated with a deep learning algorithm. With these advantages of the 3D plasmonic cluster, we demonstrate that the 3D plasmonic cluster (3D-PC) exhibits a significantly enhanced Raman intensity through detection limit down to 10-6 M (femtomole-(10-17 mol)) for p-nitrophenol (PNP) molecules. Afterward, the plasma of cancer subjects and healthy subjects was used to fabricate the bioink to build 3D-PC structures. The collected SERS successfully classified into two clusters of cancer subjects and healthy subjects with high accuracy of up to 93%. These results highlight the potential of the 3D plasmonic cluster SERS platform for early breast cancer detection and open promising avenues for future research in this field.

Compressive behavior of FRP-confined 3D printed ultra-high performance concrete cylinders

Three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing technology has attracted increasing applications due to its merits such as labor-saving. Due to difficulties in implementing reinforcements in 3D printed concrete (3DPC), 3DPC structures are commonly designed to predominantly resist compressive loadings. This paper proposes to further enhance the compressive performance of 3D printed ultra-high performance concrete (3DPU) elements by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping. Axial compression tests on FRP-confined 3D printed UHPC (FC3DPU) and unconfined 3D printed UHPC (UC3DPU) cylinders were conducted. The key variables include the loading directions (i.e., X, Y, Z directions) of the 3DPU cylinders and the FRP confinement thickness (i.e., one and two layers). Test results show that FRP wrapping can substantially enhance the strength and deformation capacity of 3DPU. Furthermore, the compressive strengths of the UC3DPU and FC3DPU in the X-direction are the highest, while they are the lowest in the Z-direction. The actual confinement ratio threshold for sufficient confinement of FC3DPU is 0.1. Two existing models of FRP-confined concrete were assessed, and results show that models of Liao et al. and Teng et al. have a comparable accuracy in predicting the ultimate axial stresses and strains of FC3DPU. Microscopic analysis reveals that 3DPU has more large defects (i.e., equivalent diameter (Eq) > 2 mm) in interlayers but less small defects (Eq < 2 mm) than the cast counterparts.

Constitutive modeling of orthotropic nonlinear mechanical behavior of hardened 3D printed concrete

3D printing of concrete is a promising construction technology, offering the potential to build geometrically complex structures without the use of cost-intensive formwork. The layer-wise deposit of filaments during the 3D printing process results in an intrinsic orthotropic mechanical behavior in the hardened state. Beyond that, the material behavior of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) is governed by a highly nonlinear behavior, characterized by irreversible deformations, strain hardening, strain softening and a degradation of the material stiffness. In this contribution, a new constitutive model for describing the orthotropic and highly nonlinear material behavior of 3DPC will be presented. It is formulated by the extension of a well-established isotropic damage plasticity model for concrete to orthotropic material behavior by linear mapping of the stress tensor into a fictitious isotropic configuration. The performance of the new model will be evaluated by finite element simulations of three-point bending tests of 3DPC samples, performed for different orientations of the loading direction relative to the printing direction and comparison with experimental results. In addition, the applicability of the model to replicate the mechanical behavior of 3DPC, manufactured by the alternative 3D printing process of binder jetting of cementitious powders, will be demonstrated by 3D finite element simulations of an arch structure with varying orientations of the loading direction relative to the layering. Overall, the proposed model provides a computationally efficient modeling approach for large-scale finite element simulations of 3DPC structures, being a promising alternative to complex and computationally expensive finite element models considering distinct interfacial planes.

Highly boosted trace-amount terahertz vibrational absorption spectroscopy based on defect one-dimensional photonic crystal.

Although terahertz (THz) spectroscopy demonstrates great application prospects in the fields of fingerprint sensing and detection, traditional sensing schemes face unavoidable limitations in the analysis of trace-amount samples. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, absorption spectroscopy enhancement strategy based on a defect one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) structure is proposed to achieve strong wideband terahertz wave-matter interactions for trace-amount samples. Based on the Fabry-Pérot resonance effect, the local electric field in a thin-film sample can be boosted by changing the length of the photonic crystal defect cavity, so that the wideband signal of the sample fingerprint can be greatly enhanced. This method exhibits a great absorption enhancement factor, of about 55 times, in a wide terahertz frequency range, facilitating the identification of different samples, such as thin α-lactose films. The investigation reported in this Letter provides a new research idea for enhancing the wide terahertz absorption spectroscopy of trace samples.

Multiplication of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals by using hyperbolic metamaterial in IR range

The light-slowing effect near band endpoints is frequently exploited in photonic crystals to enhance the optical transmittance. In a one-dimensional binary photonic crystal (1DPC) made of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), we theoretically examined the angle-dependent omnidirectional photonic bandgap (PBG) for TM polarization. Using the transfer matrix approach, the optical characteristics of the 1DPC structure having dielectric and HMM layers were examined at the infrared range (IR). As such, we observed the existing of numerous PBGs in this operating wavelength range (IR). Meanwhile, the HMM layer is engineered by the subwavelength dielectric- nanocomposite multilayers. The filling fraction of nanoparticles have been explored to show how they affect the effective permittivity of the HMM layer. Furthermore, the transmittance properties of the suggested structure are investigated at various incident angles for transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric polarizations. Other parameters such as, the permittivity of the host material, the filling fraction of nanoparticles, and the thickness of the second layer (HMM) are also taken into account. Finally, we investigated the effect of these parameters on the number and the width of the (PBGs). With the optimum values of the optical parameters of the nanocomposite (NC) layer, this research could open the way for better multi-channel filter photonic crystals.

Design of Temperature Sensor Based on One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Containing Si–BGO Layer

This paper describes the theoretical investigation of enhancement in temperature sensitivity using one-dimensional (1D) symmetric defective photonic crystal (PC) containing Si (Silicon) and Bi4Ge3O[Formula: see text] (Bismuth Germanate, BGO) material. The proposed sensor consists of a defect layer (air defect) sandwiched between two 1D-PCs with a symmetrical and asymmetrical structure composed of Si and BGO, respectively. Sensor performance has been evaluated by calculating the transmittance spectra of the proposed structure. In order to obtain the transmittance spectra, a transfer matrix method (TMM) is employed. The principle of temperature sensing is based on the shift in the resonant wavelength (or peak) of the transmission mode with a change in temperature. This is due to the temperature-dependent refractive index of the Si and BGO layers. Analysis of the transmittance spectra shows that temperature sensitivity of 1D-PC structure can be enhanced by using a symmetric defective PC with and without an external defect layer over asymmetric defective PC. It is found that symmetric defective PC with and without defect shows sensitivity equal to 0.173[Formula: see text]nm/[Formula: see text]C and 0.140[Formula: see text]nm/[Formula: see text]C, whereas asymmetric defective PC shows 0.125[Formula: see text]nm/[Formula: see text]C, for the same parameters. Further, the results show that symmetric defective 1D-PC (without the presence of any external defect layer) gives a higher [Formula: see text]-factor than a symmetric and asymmetric defective 1D-PC with an external defect layer. The proposed structure is cost-effective, easy to fabricate and compact in size.

Unraveling pore structure alternations in 3D-printed geopolymer concrete and corresponding impacts on macro-properties

Extrusion-based 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) structures are reported to hold mechanical anisotropy behaviors and weak transport properties compared with cast concrete. Fundamental insights into the pore structure discrepancy between printed and cast concrete are essential to the performance prediction and improvement strategy for 3DPC. This study analyzes the pore structure alternations in 3D-printed geopolymer concrete (3DPGC) with cast ones as the reference. Several pore characteristics, i.e., pore volume, distribution, specific surface area (SSA), shape and connectivity are investigated via X-ray CT and MIP. The results demonstrate that a larger porosity, coarser pore size distribution and higher pore SSA exist in 3DPGC compared with CGC. The coarser pore size distribution respectively lies in large voids (>0.2 mm) and small pores (<400 nm) for printed concrete. The pulling stress applied by nozzle movements during the extrusion process contributes to the pore elongation of printed concrete. The mechanical anisotropy of printed concrete without fibers originates from two factors: (i) Oriented pore elongation induces the discrepancy in stress concentration and deformation, and (ii) The weak interlayer presence may cause sliding between layers during loading. However, the pore elongation effect decays with the pore size reduction, limiting its impact on mechanical-anisotropic behaviors. Targeted strategies are then proposed for the matrix strengthening and mechanical anisotropy mitigation in printed concrete.

Investigation on Ultra-Compact 2DPC Coarse Wavelength Division Demultiplexer

A two dimensional Photonic Crystal (2DPC) based eight-channel wavelength division de-multiplexer is proposed and designed for Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) applications. The circular ring resonator, channel selector, circulator rod, L bend waveguide and linear bus waveguide are essential parts of the proposed system. The system’s functional parameters such as Transmission efficiency, resonant wavelength, spectral width, channel spacing, Quality factor and crosstalk investigated this paper. The eight different wavelengths of channels are filtered out by altering the size of channel selector rod, setting the radius of the circle shaped cavity and relative refractive index of circulator rod. Initially the Photonic Band gap (PBG) is manipulated by applying Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method of the 2DPC structure. The functional parameters are analysed by Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method in periodic and non-periodic structure of the proposed system to arrive normalized transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths of designed eight paths of the device are varying from 1420nm to 1460nm with average spectral width and channel spacing are 5.8nm, 5.6nm respectively. The footprint of the device is 286.84μm2. Hence, this small device can be implemented for CWDM systems in Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC)

Resource Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of 3D Printable Concrete Building Envelopes Optimized by Performance Enhancing Insulation: A Numerical Study

3D concrete printing has gained tremendous popularity as a promising technique with the potential to remarkably push the boundaries of conventional concrete technology. Enormous research efforts have been directed towards improving the material properties and structural safety of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) over the last decade. In contrast, little attention has been accorded to its sustainability performance in the built environment. This study compares the energy efficiency, operational carbon emission, and thermal comfort of air cavity 3DPC building envelopes against insulated models. Four insulations, namely expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyurethane foam (PUF), and fiberglass (FG), are iteratively paired with three different 3DPC mix designs, and their resulting performances are reported. A numerical optimization analysis is performed to obtain combinations of 3DPC building models and insulation with the least energy expenditure, carbon production, and thermal efficiency. The results indicate that insulation considerably enhances the overall environmental performance of 3DPC structures. The optimization process also demonstrates the potential of using 3D printable fiber reinforced engineered cementitious concrete (3DPFRECC) with polyurethane infill for amplified sustainable performance in modern construction.

Design and Optimization of One-Dimensional TiO2/GO Photonic Crystal Structures for Enhanced Thermophotovoltaics

In this paper, we theoretically explore the spectroscopic features of various one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC)-based spectrally selective filters. The 1D-PC structure is composed of alternating layers of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene oxide (GO). Employing the transfer matrix method (TMM), the impacts of the incidence angle, the number, and thicknesses of TiO2/GO layers in various 1D-PC stacks on the spectroscopic features of the filters are explored in detail. The proposed 1D-PC structures are designed for practical use for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) applications to act as filters that selectively transmit light below 1.78 μm to a GaSb photovoltaic cell, while light with longer wavelengths is reflected back to the source. The optimal design presented here consists of two Bragg quarter-wave 1D-PC filters with different central frequencies stacked to form a single structure. We demonstrate that our optimized 1D-PC filter exhibits a large omnidirectional stop band as well as a broad pass band and weak absorption losses. These features meet the fundamental exigencies to realize high-efficiency TPV devices. Additionally, we show that when integrated in a TPV system, our optimized filter leads to a spectral efficiency of 64%, a device efficiency of 39%, and a power density of 8.2 W/cm2, at a source temperature of 1800 K.

Fluorescence coupling to internal modes of 1D photonic crystals characterized by back focal plane imaging

The coupling of fluorescence with surface electromagnetic modes, such as surface plasmons on thin metal films or Bloch surface waves (BSWs) on truncated one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs), are presently utilized for many fluorescence-based applications. In addition to the surface wave, 1DPCs also support other electromagnetic modes that are confined within the 1DPC structure. These internal modes (IMs) have not received much attention for fluorescence coupling due to lack of spatial overlap of their electric fields with the surface bound fluorophores. However, our recent studies have indicated that the fluorescence coupling with IMs occurs quite efficiently. This observed internal mode-coupled emission (IMCE) is (similar to BSW-coupled emission) indeed wavelength dependent, directional and S-polarized. In this paper, we have carried out back-focal plane imaging to reveal that the IMs of 1DPCs can couple with surface bound excited dye molecules, with or without a BSW mode presence. Depending on the emission wavelength, the coupling is observed with BSW and IMs or only IMs of the 1DPC structure. The experimental results are well matching with numerical simulations. The occurrence of IMCE regardless of the availability of BSWs removes the dependence on just the surface mode for obtaining coupled emission from 1DPCs. The observation of IMCE is expected to widen the scope of 1DPCs for surface-based fluorescence sensing and assays.

Enhanced-performance relative humidity sensor based on MOF-801 photonic crystals

We proposed an enhanced-performance relative humidity (%RH) nano-sensor based on MOF-801/TiO2 one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPC). The maximum reflectance-peak wavelength of it shifted obviously in the range of 20%-90% under varying %RH levels, due to the highly moisture-sensitive MOF-801 film in the 1DPC structure. It was demonstrated that the linear spectrum sensitivity of the MOF-801/TiO2 %RH 1DPC sensor is exceeding 119 pm/%RH from 20%RH to 90% RH, and the sensitivity of reflection power variations exhibits 1.34 dB/%RH with the resolvable relative humidity variation less than 0.1%RH at 15°C. Meanwhile, the sensor shows a fast optical response time less than 100 ms with exceptional repeatability and reliability, which promises successful measurements of human respiration. Moreover, the sensor performance on the structure of 1DPC is investigated, representing a tradeoff between the sensing sensitivity and response time.

Spin Hall effect of tunneling mode in one-dimensional photonic crystal based on frustrated total internal reflection

The spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) upon reflection and refraction of p and s waves in one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) tunneling mode based on frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) is investigated in this paper. We discuss the SHEL in three different cases based on both theoretical derivation and simulation. These results have demonstrated that the SHEL in 1DPC can be enhanced significantly when the designed 1DPC structure simultaneously satisfies both high reflection coefficient of p-wave and high transmission rate of s-wave. A transverse shift of 28.47 μm (equivalent to 45λin length) can be achieved in the structure without any amplification method, which is much larger than those previously reported in literature.