2D Barcode Research Articles

Performance of QR Code Detectors near Nyquist Limits.

For the interacting with real world, augmented reality devices need lightweight yet reliable methods for recognition and identification of physical objects. In that regard, promising possibilities are offered by supporting computer vision with 2D barcode tags. These tags, as high contrast and visually well-defined objects, can be used for finding fiducial points in the space or to identify physical items. Currently, QR code readers have certain demands towards the size and visibility of the codes. However, the increase of resolution of built-in cameras makes it possible to identify smaller QR codes in the scene. On the other hand, growing resolutions cause the increase to the computational effort of tag location. Therefore, resolution reduction in decoders is a common trade-off between processing time and recognition capabilities. In this article, we propose the simulation method of QR codes scanning near limits that stem from Shannon’s theorem. We analyze the efficiency of three publicly available decoders versus different size-to-sampling ratios (scales) and MTF characteristics of the image capture subsystem. The MTF we used is based on the characteristics of real devices, and it was modeled using Gaussian low-pass filtering. We tested two tasks—decoding and locating-and-decoding. The findings of the work are several-fold. Among others, we identified that, for practical decoding, the QR-code module should be no smaller than 3–3.5 pixels, regardless of MTF characteristics. We confirmed the superiority of Zbar in practical tasks and the worst recognition capabilities of OpenCV. On the other hand, we identified that, for borderline cases, or even below Nyquist limit where the other decoders fail, OpenCV is still capable of decoding some information.

Metadata enriched system for the documentation of multi-modal digital imaging surveys

In the field of Digital Heritage Studies, data provenance has always been an open and challenging issue. As Cultural Heritage objects are unique by definition, the methods, the practices and the strategies to build digital documentation are not homogeneous, universal or standardized. Metadata is a minimalistic yet powerful form to source and describe a digital document. They are often required or mandatory at an advanced stage of a Digital Heritage project. Our approach is to integrate since data capture steps meaningful information to document a Digital Heritage asset as it is moreover being composed nowadays from multiple sources or multimodal imaging surveys. This article exposes the methodological and technical aspects related to the ongoing development of MEMoS; standing for Metadata Enriched Multimodal documentation System. MEMoS aims to contribute to data provenance issues in current multimodal imaging surveys. It explores a way to document CH oriented capture data sets with a versatile descriptive metadata scheme inspired from the W7 ontological model. In addition, an experiment illustrated by several case studies, explores the possibility to integrate those metadata encoded into 2D barcodes directly to the captured image set. The article lays the foundation of a three parted methodology namely describe - encode and display toward metadata enriched documentation of CH objects.

Challenges for Implementing Digital Drug Traceability in Developing Countries

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the challenges for the implementing digital traceability of pharmaceuticals drugs in developing countries. The digital traceability of pharmaceutical drugs has been proving a very impactful process to minimize the risk of counterfeit and illicit drugs in the market. Developed countries like Unites States of America in 2018, and Europe in 2019, made unique identifier with 2D barcode mandatory in each drugs packet. Unique identifier on each packets provide provision of digital traceability since drug manufacturers encode them and keep the data in their repository Any stakeholders in supply chain can easily verify the authenticity of product by asking manufacturer to compare product values with their database. Implementing digital traceability of pharmaceutical drugs in developing countries will be challenging due lack of technical infrastructure, weak regulations, geopolitical instability, poverty, low literacy, and government willingness. Developing countries are facing economic depression and unable to allocate funds on research and development which can improve overall healthcare system. Recently COVID-19 also played a major role for collapsing their entire healthcare infrastructure. Developing countries impacted by global supply chain restrictions and unavailability of resources which created inflation and unemployment.

Efficient Localization of Multitype Barcodes in High-Resolution Images

Barcode positioning technology is one of the important components of barcode technology. However, most of the current algorithms are only applicable to a single type of barcode positioning or limited to low-resolution images due to a large amount of calculation, and thereby it is still a challenge to locate multitype barcodes in high-resolution images. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a reliable multitype barcode localization method for multibarcode localization in high-resolution images where one-dimensional (1D) barcodes, two-dimensional (2D) barcodes, or multitype barcodes are present simultaneously. The method consists of three main steps: first, extracting multiple types of barcode features through a joint edge detection algorithm; next, marking target barcode regions with a bidirectional contour labeling method; and finally, extracting barcode regions by an improved affine transformation. The experimental results show that, in terms of localization accuracy, the proposed method has a better accuracy of 97.83% than existing algorithms in low-resolution images and can locate multitype barcodes in high-resolution images with an accuracy rate of 98.04%. Besides, in terms of time cost, the proposed method effectively reduces the time cost by 50% and improves the barcode localization efficiency.

Transferrable SERS Barcodes

AbstractThe demand for encoded surfaces has increased significantly over the past decade driven by the rapid digitalization of the world. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers unique capabilities in generation of encoded surfaces. The challenge is the limited versatility of SERS‐based encoding systems in terms of the applicable surfaces. This study addresses this challenge by using a temporary tattoo approach together with simplified fabrication of SERS‐active patterns by ink‐jet printing of a particle‐free reactive silver ink. Plasmonic silver nanostructures form on the tattoo paper upon ink‐jet printing and a brief thermal annealing. The SERS activity is sufficient to detect taggant molecules of rhodamine 6G, methylene blue, and rhodamine B with a nanomolar level sensitivity. Raman‐active taggants can be incorporated into the ink, for drop‐on‐demand patterning of multiple molecules in 1D and 2D barcode geometries. The SERS barcodes can be effectively transferred to a range of different substrates retaining high plasmonic activity and geometric integrity. The presented approach decouples the SERS‐active pattern preparation from the final substrate and greatly improves the versatility of the barcodes.

Data Extraction Method for Industrial Data Matrix Codes Based on Local Adjacent Modules Structure

A 2D barcode is a reliable way to provide lifetime traceability of parts that are exposed to harsh environments. However, there are considerable challenges in adopting mobile cameras to read symbols directly marked on metal surfaces. Images captured by mobile cameras are usually of low quality with poor contrast due to the reflective surface of 2D barcode symbols. To deal with this problem, a novel laser-marked Data Matrix symbols reading method based on deep learning is proposed for mobile phone captured images. Utilizing the barcode module features, we train different convolutional neural network (CNN) models to learn the colors of two adjacent modules of a Data Matrix symbol. Depending on whether the colors of the two adjacent modules are the same or not, an edge image is transformed from a square grid, which is the same size as the barcode. A correction method based on the KM algorithm is used to get a corrected edge image, which helps to reconstruct the final barcode image. Experiments are carried out on our database, and the results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms in high accuracy of barcode recognition.

Improving the Retailing Experience of the New Age Information-Seeking Consumers Using QR Code

Shopping your apparels by scanning your friend's clothes sounds bizarre, however QR technology can make it possible. This paper intends to introduce the idea of how QR Codes of shoppable links can be printed on the tags of apparels and can be scanned by the wearer's social group to shop the product anywhere and anytime. The QR technology was developed by an engineer at Denso Wave, a company located in Aichi, Japan. It started as 1D Barcode then progressed to a 2D barcode and now we have multi-coloured, customisable and personalised QR Codes. This technology has a long history. Since QR codes have been around for more than a decade now there is already a considerable share of businesses and brands that have successfully started the use of QR code campaigns. However apparel marketing industry is taking longer than expected to catch up with QR code technology. Today, smartphones come with in-built QR Code Readers, hence it takes only a few seconds to scan the code that lends customers to the product's website. In Scannable marketing, QR Codes have a big future.

Problems of false medicines' distribution and prospects of combat: survey of specialists and consumers results

The aim: comparative analysis of the results of a questionnaire survey of pharmaceutical and medical professionals and consumers, conducted by the authors during 2019-2021 to identify opinions on which there are coincidences and differences, as well as an assessment of the problem of drug counterfeiting in Ukraine to develop approaches to prevent their spread.
 Materials and methods. The study used scientific publications, as well as the results of a survey of specialists of the State Service of Ukraine for Medicines and Drug Control (State Medical Service) and its territorial bodies, pharmaceutical and medical professionals of health care institutions and consumers on the fight against drug falsification. The research was conducted using the methods of questionnaires, systematization and generalization.
 Results. According to the results of a comprehensive questionnaire during 2019-2021, it was found that the share of CM in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market is estimated at 5 % by a majority of respondents on average 58.5 %, including 59.7 % of experts of the State Medical Service, 42.3 % of pharmacy specialists, 11.4 % by doctors and 73.5 % by consumers. Respondents' answers about the signs of drug falsification differ significantly, so most experts believe that this is a change in the usual signs (taste, smell, color), while pharmacy specialists - labelling in a foreign language, doctors - no therapeutic effect, for consumers it is a change in packaging design (labels) and a significantly lower price. The main sales channels of CM for experts and pharmacy specialists are e-commerce (68.7 % and 75.7 %, respectively), while the majority of consumers could not determine.
 Many experts and pharmacy specialists pointed to the need to introduce special security features of packaging in the form of 2d barcodes as the main method for protection and detection of CM (79.1 % and 39.6 %, respectively). Most of the surveyed pharmacy workers and consumers believe that the risk of purchasing counterfeit drugs is higher in the pharmacies of individual entrepreneurs or small pharmacy chains.The main problem that hinders the effective fight against drug counterfeiting was the imperfect legislation (68.7 %). Regarding effective tools in the fight against counterfeit drugs, experts called a significant strengthening of the powers of the regulatory body - following the example of the FDA (70.1 %).
 Conclusions. It is established that the most important priorities of the state policy for combating CM in Ukraine are the improvement of the system of state control and quality assurance of medicines, in particular 2d coding, as well as the need to strengthen the responsibility for drug falsification. The results of research on the problem of drug falsification indicate the feasibility of introducing a systematic survey for a wider range of respondents - professionals and consumers

Utilization of 2D Barcode Technology to Create Surgical Pathology Reports

Abstract Introduction/Objective After professional transcription service is eliminated, pathologists inevitably undertake the task of diagnostic data entry into pathology repot by adapting a variety of methods such as speech recognition, manual typing, and pre-texted command. Errors and inefficiency in reporting remain common problems, especially for information with unusual syntax such as genotype or nucleotide sequences. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce here a novel application of a well-established technology as a complementary method, namely 2- dimensional (2D) barcode symbology. Methods/Case Report Commonly used diagnostic wordings of pathology reports including specimen type, surgical procedure, diagnosis, and test results are collated and organized by organ (specimen type) and by their frequency of usage/occurrence. Next, 2D data matrix barcodes are created for these diagnostic wordings using a on-line tool (www.free-barcode-generator.net/datamatrix/). The 2D barcodes along with their text are displayed on the computer screen (or printed out as a booklet). A 2D barcode scanner (Symbol LS2208, Motorola) was used to retrieve the text information from the barcodes and transfer into the pathology report. To assess the efficacy of this barcode method, we evaluated the time of data entry into reports for 117 routine cases using an on-line stopwatch and compared with those by other data entry methods. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Unlike manual typing or speech recognition, the barcode method did not introduce typographic or phonosemantic errors since the method simply transferred pre-texted and proof-read text content to report. It was also faster than manual typing or speech recognition, and its speed was comparable to that of the pre-text method integrated in LIS but did not require human memorization of innumerable text commands to retrieve desired diagnosis wordings. Conclusion Our preliminary results demonstrated that the diagnostic data entry time was reduced from 28.5% by other methods to 22.1% by the barcode method although due to the small sample size, statistical analysis was not conclusive.

Scanning 2d barcodes on vaccine vials to link vials to immunized child, a pilot study

Abstract Background Vaccine stockouts contribute to millions of children missing their routine immunizations globally. This is often due to inadequate forecasting and management of vaccine stocks, especially in low and middle-income countries, such as Pakistan, already characterized by suboptimal coverage. Tracking vaccines via 2D barcodes on each vial, could improve management of vaccine stocks. Vial level data can then be linked to Electronic Immunisation Registry (EIR) data (2D Bar codes already used), facilitating data quality improvements which could unlock programmatic gains. Our aim was to test feasibility and acceptability of scanning vaccine vials in a “live” setting. Methods We conducted a pilot in 12 vaccination sites in Karachi/Pakistan. Vaccinators were divided into 3 groups and allocated to use one of the following: their existing android phone (government of Sindh's Zindagi Mehfooz [Safe life; ZM-EIR]); a Zebra touch computer; a handheld scanner. The box of dummy vaccine vials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) each with a 2D barcode on it, was scanned by the stockroom manager prior to deployment. Vaccinators were required to scan the corresponding dummy vial and immunization cards while working. We integrated the OneScanTM API on the ZM-EIR to link vial to child data and evaluated the vaccinator's experience through thematic analysis of interviews. Results 2,310 vaccine vials were scanned and linked to immunized children (Zebra Touch Computer 72.6%, Android phone 19%, Handheld device 8.4%). Overall, vaccinators gave positive feedback and highlighted that scanning vials would simplify their work and save time, contingent on the program going paperless. Likewise, managers outlined digitally tracked vials would greatly reduce stock mismanagement. Conclusions Linking vaccine vial to child is a feasible and effective solution for vaccine stock management, acceptable by both vaccinators and stock managers. Key messages Linking vial to child is an acceptable method for accurate vaccine stock management and usage, improving forecasting and reducing stock outs. Linking vial to child will better facilitate rapid tracking of reported adverse events from vaccinated child back to the exact vaccine vial.

A Survival Guide for the Rapid Transition to a Fully Digital Workflow: The "Caltagirone Example".

Digital pathology for the routine assessment of cases for primary diagnosis has been implemented by few laboratories worldwide. The Gravina Hospital in Caltagirone (Sicily, Italy), which collects cases from 7 different hospitals distributed in the Catania area, converted the entire workflow to digital starting from 2019. Before the transition, the Caltagirone pathology laboratory was characterized by a non-tracked workflow, based on paper requests, hand-written blocks and slides, as well as manual assembling and delivering of the cases and glass slides to the pathologists. Moreover, the arrangement of the spaces and offices in the department was illogical and under-productive for the linearity of the workflow. For these reasons, an adequate 2D barcode system for tracking purposes, the redistribution of the spaces inside the laboratory and the implementation of the whole-slide imaging (WSI) technology based on a laboratory information system (LIS)-centric approach were adopted as a needed prerequisite to switch to a digital workflow. The adoption of a dedicated connection for transfer of clinical and administrative data between different software and interfaces using an internationally recognised standard (Health Level 7, HL7) in the pathology department further facilitated the transition, helping in the integration of the LIS with WSI scanners. As per previous reports, the components and devices chosen for the pathologists’ workstations did not significantly impact on the WSI-based reporting phase in primary histological diagnosis. An analysis of all the steps of this transition has been made retrospectively to provide a useful “handy” guide to lead the digital transition of “analog”, non-tracked pathology laboratories following the experience of the Caltagirone pathology department. Following the step-by-step instructions, the implementation of a paperless routine with more standardized and safe processes, the possibility to manage the priority of the cases and to implement artificial intelligence (AI) tools are no more an utopia for every “analog” pathology department.

Codes in Code: AIE Supramolecular Adhesive Hydrogels Store Huge Amounts of Information

With the continuous advancement of information technology, the requirements for the information storage capacity of materials are getting higher and higher. However, information code materials usually only store a single piece of information. In order to improve their storage capacity, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) supramolecular adhesive hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared, and a "Codes in Code" method is used to demonstrate the storage capacity for large amounts of information. Four kinds of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) supramolecular hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared; based on the hydrogen bonds on the hydrogel surface, these hydrogels can be assembled into a hydrogel, G5, which shows multiple fluorescent colors under the irradiation of UV light. When many 1D barcode patterns or/and 2D code patterns are incorporated into G5, not only a kind of 3D information but also plenty of 1D or/and 2D information can be stored. Therefore, the information codes prepared by the "Codes in Code" method can store a large amount of information.

A REVIEW ON STEGANOGRAPHY AND DATA HIDING IN QR CODE

In comparison to 1D barcodes, a two-dimensional matrix is regarded as a Quick-Response (QR) code which is a programme that contains a vast quantity of data. QR codes offer quick scanning, omnidirectional reading, and a variety of other benefits, such as error correction. Barcode scanners can readily reveal the content of QR codes. In reality, however, gratified QR apps could contain confidential information, like an electronic-ticket or an electronic-coupon. To safeguard quick response essence from unauthorized users or scanners, it should be password protected. We'll look at QR codes and different sorts of QR barcode steganography mechanisms in this article.

The 2D Barcodes Identify the Workpieces by using Microcontroller Interface between Image Processing and PLC Machine

This paper focuses on 3 main subjects; the first is the presentation and implementation of a PLC concept as a core component to control the system in the industry. The next subject of this work involves some tests to detect 2D barcodes with a web camera on 5 similar workpieces. It is difficult to classify and detect 2D barcodes since they are small about a size of 0.5×0.5 cm2 patterned squares. The last part of the paper presents the implementation of a technique by using a microcontroller to link between a vision system and PLC. This method can be used in an old type of PLC without an additional equipment in the PLC, which can be connected to various types of cameras. The results of the system test show that the vision system can operate in the automatic classifying machine of the PLC controller. The machine vision can classify similar workpieces by using small 2D barcodes with image processing methods. The workpieces are stored in the correct position of 5 boxes in the storage compartment. This method of using a microcontroller interface with image processing and the PLC was successful. HIGHLIGHTS Web camera sensor read 2D barcodes Decoding 2D barcode and transform to digital signal Incorporating image processing into PLC system by using microcontroller and relay Transform signal into PLC processing to classifying the workpieces GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development of 50 InDel-based barcode system for genetic identification of tartary buckwheat resources.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gartn.) is a highly functional crop that is poised to be the target of many future breeding efforts. The reliable ex situ conservation of various genetic resources is essential for the modern breeding of tartary buckwheat varieties. We developed PCR-based co-dominant insertion/deletion (InDel) markers to discriminate tartary buckwheat genetic resources. First, we obtained the whole genome from 26 accessions across a superscaffold-scale reference genome of 569.37 Mb for tartary buckwheat cv. "Daegwan 3-7." Next, 171,926 homogeneous and 53,755 heterogeneous InDels were detected by comparing 26 accessions with the "Daegwan 3-7" reference sequence. Of these, 100 candidate InDels ranging from 5-20 bp in length were chosen for validation, and 50 of them revealed polymorphisms between the 26 accessions and "Daegwan 3-7." The validated InDels were further tested through the assessment of their likelihood to give rise to a single or a few PCR products in 50 other accessions, covering most tartary buckwheat genome types. The major allele frequencies ranged from 0.5616 at the TB42 locus to 0.9863 at the TB48 locus, with the average PIC value of 0.1532 with a range of 0.0267-0.3712. To create a user-friendly system, the homology of the genotypes between and among the accessions were visualized in both one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) barcode types by comparing amplicon polymorphisms with the reference variety, "Daegwan 3-7." A phylogenetic tree and population structure of the 76 accessions according to amplicon polymorphisms for the 50 InDel markers corresponded to those using non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism variants, indicating that the barcode system based on the 50 InDels was a useful tool to improve the reliability of identification of tartary buckwheat accessions in the germplasm stocks.

Smart Supervision for Food Safety in Food Service Establishments in China: Challenges and Solutions

Foodborne diseases are a burden in countries worldwide. Several countries have successfully implemented policies that establish innovative systems for the inspection and grading of food service establishments (FSEs), which have greatly contributed to a reduction in foodborne diseases. China's government has also responded by developing policies to protect consumers' food safety, including the routine inspection policy and the risk-based grading policy. However, implementation of both policies has been poor to date. The aim of this study was to identify regulatory challenges and design a smart supervision solution. The results of a national survey showed that the major barriers to policy implementation were a heavy individual workload, the high turnover rate of FSEs, lack of a monitoring and evaluation system, lack of social support, low development of food safety training programs in FSEs, and a lack of financing. A smart supervision solution to these challenges was designed based on mobile Internet and two-dimensional (2D) barcode technology. A pilot application in Jilin province assisted local supervisors in carrying out regulatory work on FSEs, which proved the feasibility of smart supervision. This study can be used as an example for food safety supervision in other regions, and it can assist other governments that wish to implement similar policies to ensure food safety in their countries.

Next generation of chemistry and biochemistry conference posters: Animation, augmented reality, visitor statistics, and visitors' attention

Every branch of science needs visitors' attention during the poster presentation session at conferences, symposiums, seminars, etc. In particular, participants in the chemistry and biochemistry conference need more visual tools to explain their research work in detail. Presence of smartphones and the ability of 2D barcodes will allow chemical reactions or processes to be shown in the form of a movie, animation or augmented reality (AR). Therefore, the next generation of posters will be more interested in this view. Here, the ability of 2D barcodes or QR codes to help researchers to catch more attention in their research work was presented during a poster presentation session. In this way, the visitors showed positive attitudes to the applicability of such tools. Also, some information including the number of poster visitors and interesting topics in the conference can be collected easily which is useful for the scientific and organizing committee of conferences. As a result, biochemistry conference posters can be presented in new ways, based on animation images or video, to capture the attention of viewers and deepen their understanding of poster concepts.

Individual Ants Do Not Show Activity-Rest Rhythms in Nest Conditions.

Circadian rhythms, which respond to the day-night cycle on the earth, arise from the endogenous timekeeping system within organisms, called the "biological clock." For accurate circadian rhythms, daily fluctuations in light and temperature are considered one of the important time cues. In social insects, both abiotic and biotic factors (i.e., social interactions) play a significant role in activity-rest rhythm regulation. However, it is challenging to monitor individual activity-rest rhythms in a colony because of the large group size and small body size. Therefore, it is unclear whether individuals in a colony exhibit activity-rest rhythms and how social interactions regulate their activity-rest rhythms in the colony. This study developed an image-based tracking system using 2D barcodes for Diacamma cf. indicum from Japan (a monomorphic ant) and measured the locomotor activities of all colony members under laboratory colony conditions. We also investigated the effect of broods on activity-rest rhythms by removing all broods under colony conditions. Activity-rest rhythms appeared only in isolated ants, not under colony conditions. In addition, workers showed arrhythmic activities after brood removal. These results suggested that a mixture of social interactions, and not light and temperature, induces the loss of activity-rest rhythms. These results contribute to the knowledge of a diverse pattern of circadian activity rhythms in social insects.

Blur-readable two-dimensional barcode based on blur-invariant shape and geometric features

In recent years, the application of two-dimensional (2D) barcode is more and more extensive and has been used as landmarks for robots to detect and peruse the information. However, it is hard to obtain a sharp 2D barcode image because of the moving robot, and the common solution is to deblur the blurry image before decoding the barcode. Image deblurring is an ill-posed problem, where ringing artifacts are commonly presented in the deblurred image, which causes the increase of decoding time and the limited improvement of decoding accuracy. In this article, a novel approach is proposed using blur-invariant shape and geometric features to make a blur-readable (BR) 2D barcode, which can be directly decoded even when seriously blurred. The finder patterns of BR code consist of two concentric rings and five disjoint disks, whose centroids form two triangles. The outer edges of the concentric rings can be regarded as blur-invariant shapes, which enable BR code to be quickly located even in a blurred image. The inner angles of the triangle are of blur-invariant geometric features, which can be used to store the format information of BR code. When suffering from severe defocus blur, the BR code can not only reduce the decoding time by skipping the deblurring process but also improve the decoding accuracy. With the defocus blur described by circular disk point-spread function, simulation results verify the performance of blur-invariant shape and the performance of BR code under blurred image situation.

Optimizing QR code readability for curved agro-food packages using response surface methodology to improve mobile phone-based traceability

Quick response (QR) codes are two-dimensional (2D) barcodes that are widely used in food packaging. Moreover, scanning QR codes with mobile phones has become a convenient method to ensure product traceability. However, attaching QR codes to curved agro-food products to improve traceability effects and increase customer satisfaction presents a significant challenge. This paper reports an optimization method developed for curved surfaces that uses response surface methodology (RSM) analysis. The value ranges of the following four factors affecting QR readability were selected and analyzed: reading distance, ball diameter, code size, and coded characters. A central composite inscribed experiment using four factors with five levels was designed using RSM to obtain the optimal reading parameters, and experimental equipment was designed in-house. The results indicate the primary factors that significantly affect QR code readability are reading distance, ball diameter, the interactions between reading distance and code size, and the interactions between ball diameter and code size. Optimal parameters were obtained with the established model by using apples and melons. For actual experimental testing, two solutions for apples and one solution for melon were selected to determine the requisite average values for the parameters. Tests were performed using different mobile phones, including both iOS and Android platforms. An analysis of the results reveals only slight differences between simulated readability and actual readability for different fruits and mobile phone platforms.