19th 20th Centuries Research Articles

A Review of the Impacts of Industrial Revolutions in World History

The late 18th and early 19th centuries were undoubtedly the most significant periods of technological advancements and social transformations in human history. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe and England, during which society transformed from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrialized society. Key developments include technological innovations such as steam engines and textile machinery, which added momentum to this important transformation by increasing efficiency in factory production and changing production processes. This study examines significant developments, including the origins of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on modern society. It mainly focuses on technological innovation and change during the Industrial Revolution, including economic transformation and social change. This paper analyzes historical literature to explain how these changes laid the foundation for modern industrial society and how these findings explain the connection between technological progress, economic transformation, and social transformation, providing valuable insights for the development of industrial practice. It concludes that the legacy of the Industrial Revolution continues to influence current industrial policies and practices, emphasizing the importance of innovation, economic adaptability, and social responsibility in stimulating sustainable industrial growth.

Initiatives of Russian Emperors on Issues of International Peace and Arms Limitation Between the 18th and Early 20th Centuries

Initiatives of Russian Emperors on Issues of International Peace and Arms Limitation Between the 18th and Early 20th Centuries

Asceticism Practices on Mount Kumbang in the 15th-16th Century

Asceticism Practices on Mount Kumbang in the 15th-16th Century

Self-Portrait as Self-Presentation in the Works of Female Painters of the Turn of the 19th—20th Centuries

The article examines the creativity of women artists, which experienced an upsurge at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, associated with the removal of restrictions on their education at the Imperial Academy of Arts and the increasing need for self-realization in art. General tendencies are revealed, which do not concern the subject-technical side of the paintings, but allow us to draw generalizing conclusions about the artists’ thinking: self-determination and correlation of themselves with the creative environment, drawing attention to themselves as individuals. An attempt is made to understand the ways in which women were included in the full-fledged learning process as a group with its own socio-cultural characteristics.The aim of the paper is to analyze the creative approach to self-portraiture of the female artists E.A. Kiseleva, E.K. Luksh-Makovskaya, O.L. Della-Vos-Kardovskaya, who started their professional path under one teacher — I.E. Repin. The relevance of the article lies in the attempt to raise the problem of studying women’s creativity in the creation of self-portraits, identifying its artistic specificity, defining the cultural and aesthetic basis.The article focuses on the prerequisites for the formation of the creative method of female artists, based on the combination of individual and imitative. On the basis of consideration of the gallery of works the author develops a typology of female self-portrait: professional self-portrait, self-portrait-emotion, family self-portrait, self-portrait-image. It is traced how in the work of women-artists various artistic influences in Russia and Western Europe of the turn of the 19th—20th centuries, interpreted by them in their own way.

Considerations on the Setting of Cervantes’s Captivity Narratives

This study aims to explore the issues of Islamophobia and Christian ideology prevalent in Spanish society in the 16th and early 17th centuries by examining the slave trade conducted by Barbary corsairs and the hard lives of Christian captives depicted in the literary works of Miguel de Cervantes, and to highlight his efforts to overcome the clash of civilizations between Christianity and Islam. To achieve this goal, first, the study delves into the historical context of the clash between Spain and Islam in the Mediterranean during the 16th century. Cervantes, who took part in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, was captured by Barbary corsairs on his return from military service and spent five years as a captive in the Bagnio of Algiers. The painful experience left indelible marks on his works. This study focuses on the dual meaning of Orientalism in his works. One prevalent form of Orientalism in Spain and Europe during that period portrayed Muslims as barbaric and anti-Christian. However, Cervantes presented an alternative Orientalism to propose a pathway to co-existence, rather than conflict, between civilizations and religions. Therefore, this study explores how Cervantes, even though he himself was a victim of the clash of civilizations, sought to overcome the confrontations and conflicts in his works, rather than perpetuating the prevalent Islamophobia of his time.

Pavel Petrovich Shibanov as a Supplier of Books for the Libraries of the Imperial Family (Late 19th — Early 20th Century)

On the basis of letters from the collection No. 342 of the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library (RSL) the co-operation of the famous Russian antiquarian book dealer of the late 19th — early 20th century P.P. Shibanov with the members of the House of Romanov in the field of formation of their personal libraries is studied. The study was carried out with the aim of obtaining reliable information about the editions offered to complete the personal libraries of the Imperial House. On the basis of previously unexplored sources the assortment of P.P. Shibanov’s booksellers, presented for purchase to the members of the Imperial Family, is revealed. The letters from the Shibanov collection of the RSL were received by the bookseller from high-ranking officials of the courts of the grand dukes and grand duchesses, and in some cases directly from members of the dynasty. The material gives an idea of the spheres of intellectual predilections of the Romanovs, of their interest in rare and ancient editions, among which were books of the 17th—18th centuries. The prices for books indicated in the letters are of no small importance. Among the information about the booksellers’ assortment offered to the Romanovs we should mention the books that for one reason or another did not interest the members of the dynasty during the preliminary acquaintance and were returned to the bookseller.In the course of the research, the drafts of P.P. Shibanov’s letters to the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, were revealed, and the exchange of telegrams with the Pushkin enthusiast, Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Imperial Blood, was analyzed.Most of the letters were received from the court offices of the Grand Dukes Nikolai Mikhailovich (a famous historian), Konstantin Konstantinovich and Pyotr Nikolayevich (through the court office of the latter the sending of books to his wife, Grand Duchess Militsa Nikolaevna, for familiarization was discussed).The letters we have identified cover mainly the late 1890s — early 1900s; the latest are a telegram from Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Imperial Blood, received by P.P. Shibanov in 1913, and a letter from the court office of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich in 1915.The studied letters reveal the book assortment offered by P.P. Shibanov to the members of the Imperial Family and the book preferences of the Romanovs, but do not indicate whether these books were purchased by them.

Victim of an armed conflict?

During rescue excavations at a rural cemetery in Dolany (NW Bohemia) dating to the 11th-12th century, the skeleton of a young male featuring numerous wounds (n=10) of perimortem sharp force trauma was excavated. Nine of the injuries were localised to the postcranial skeleton and one to the skull. An analysis and interpretation of the wounds showed that at least eight blows were inflicted with a slashing weapon, which could have directly contributed to his death. The observed pattern is most consistent with injuries inflicted during armed conflict. Based on historical sources, it is known that there was no warfare in the immediate vicinity of Dolany during the period under review. Therefore, it has been suggested that the male may have been the victim of a fight or battle, and his body was transported and buried in the place where he probably came from. The discovery provides new information on the funerary practices of victims of early medieval armed conflicts in Bohemia.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN 2023 ON THE TERRITORY OF THE DOMINICAN MONASTERY IN VINNYTSIA

Archaeological researches of 2023 on the territory of the site of architecture and urban planning «Dominican Monastery» in Vinnytsia was carried out by the Archaeological Expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore as part of the «Program of Archaeological Research on the Territory of Sites which are part of the Vinnytsia City Territorial Community for 2022—2024» approved by the Vinnytsia City Council. The main task for 2023 was to open a preserved excavation area (excavation area 1) and to complete it. This excavation area was established and explored in 2013—2018 by the Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, headed by Dr. Larysa Vynogrodska. In the Excavation area 1 several objects in 2023 were discovered: building 1 — the remains of the foundations of a cult (?) building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and constructive ditches of the building (the name and number according to the numbering of Dr. L. Vynogrodskaya); building 2 — the remains of the foundations of the building, constructed in the late 19th — the first half of the 20th century; building 3 is a deepened structure, explored in 2013—2014 (the name and number according to the numbering made by Dr. L. Vynogrodska); building 4 — a brick crypt (?) of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; object 1 — deepened with a step (partially explored) — late 16th — 17th centuries; object 2 is a burial contained the remains of five persons (burials 3—7), burials 5 and 6 are dated ca. late 17th — early 18th century; pits 1, 3 — objects of the 20th century (pit 2 is the object explored in 2013—2014); burial 1 — an animal skeleton in anatomical order which was discovered in the 17th—19th century layer (sector B6—B7 in the excavation area); burial 2 — a human burial approximately dated to the 18th century. Photofixation, processing and drawing of the material have been done, orthophoto plans and 3D modeling of objects in excavation area 1 were made based on the results of the archaeological expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore in 2023. In addition to archaeological research, all known written sources of the 17th century about the territory of the Dominican monastery, its founders and clergy were widely involved. These sources were processed by researcher of Vinnytsia Museum Victoria Kolesnyk. Due to her sophisticated research in 2023 it was possible to attribute the architectural remains in excavation area-1 as the stone foundations of the Dominican monastery during its first phase of its existence. Probably, the discovered remains are traces of the renovation of the monastery building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and existed until the time of the second phase of construction, which began in the second half of the 18th century. The result of the second phase of construction is the raising of a complex of buildings which are in use for now and as a complex with a status of National Importance, named the «Dominican Monastery».

The Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Women's Marriage Outcomes

Abstract We present new findings about the relationship between marriage and socioeconomic background in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Imputing socioeconomic status of family of origin from first names, we document a socioeconomic gradient for women in the probability of marriage and the socioeconomic status of husbands, which widens over this period. Regional divergence in occupational structure explains half of the divergence in the probability of marriage, and most of the increase in marital sorting. Urbanization and the associated improvement in women's labor market opportunities drive most of these differences.

Unified momentum model for rotor aerodynamics across operating regimes

Despite substantial growth in wind energy technology in recent decades, aerodynamic modeling of wind turbines relies on momentum models derived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which are well-known to break down under flow regimes in which wind turbines often operate. This gap in theoretical modeling for rotors that are misaligned with the inflow and also for high-thrust rotors has resulted in the development of numerous empirical corrections which are widely applied in textbooks, research articles, and open-source and industry design codes. This work reports a Unified Momentum Model to efficiently predict power production, thrust force, and wake dynamics of rotors under arbitrary inflow angles and thrust coefficients without empirical corrections. The Unified Momentum Model is additionally coupled with a blade element model to enable blade element momentum modeling predictions of wind turbines in high thrust coefficient and yaw misaligned states without using corrections for these states. This Unified Momentum Model can form a new basis for wind turbine modeling, design, and control tools from first principles and may enable further development of innovations necessary for increased wind production and reliability to respond to 21st century climate change challenges.

Optical Medieval Music Recognition—A Complete Pipeline for Historic Chants

Manual transcription of music is a tedious work, which can be greatly facilitated by optical music recognition (OMR) software. However, OMR software is error prone in particular for older handwritten documents. This paper introduces and evaluates a pipeline that automates the entire OMR workflow in the context of the Corpus Monodicum project, enabling the transcription of historical chants. In addition to typical OMR tasks such as staff line detection, layout detection, and symbol recognition, the rarely addressed tasks of text and syllable recognition and assignment of syllables to symbols are tackled. For quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we use documents written in square notation developed in the 11th–12th century, but the methods apply to many other notations as well. Quantitative evaluation measures the number of necessary interventions for correction, which are about 0.4% for layout recognition including the division of text in chants, 2.4% for symbol recognition including pitch and reading order and 2.3% for syllable alignment with correct text and symbols. Qualitative evaluation showed an efficiency gain compared to manual transcription with an elaborate tool by a factor of about 9. In a second use case with printed chants in similar notation from the “Graduale Synopticum”, the evaluation results for symbols are much better except for syllable alignment indicating the difficulty of this task.

Doa dan Misi

Some outstanding missionaries from Methodist Church of the end of 19th century-early 20th century expressed that prayer and mission are closely intertwined. Their experiences in mission area showed that prayer is the most needed, though it does not mean that everything which sustain mission activities are unimportant. Two patrons of mission in the Catholic Church expressed similar opinion that prayer is the most important dimension in mission because prayer touches the heart of people more effectively. In his mission Jesus was intensely aware of the importance of prayer as he offered a prayer before choosing his disciples, at the beginning of his work, during his work, before his suffering and his death. Jesus had offered a prayer before his activities in mission because he was aware that he is the messenger of God. In other word Jesus was aware that his mission was God’s mission-Abba’s mission, and his identity was a messenger of God’s/Abba’s Kingdom. The awareness of Jesus identity and the close relationship with his father in prayer are the mode of our mission. Seeing the attitude of Jesus in doing mission one could conclude that prayer plays a pivotal role in mission and the goal of mission is to share the Kingdom of God the Father.

Protestant German books in Protestant libraries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th-17th centuries

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Inscribed in Liberalism: racism in International Relations and abolition of slavery in Brazil

The beginning of 20th Century was a moment of great transformations, amongst which the first impulse in institutionalize a field of knowledge of International Relations. A structural change that happened 30 years after the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Despite the fact of being unrelated historical phenomena in objective terms, I argue that the possibility of analyzing them in tandem widens the critique to the racist premises of liberalism, a powerful ideological motivator in both events. The vitality of critical studies in IR has helped denounce the premises upon which the discipline is grounded and the definition of what is within the scope of its interest. The disciplinary critique is reconstructed in the first section and, in the second, I present the marginalization inscribed in legal norms of late 19th and early 20th Century Brazil. The technique of developing conditions for the segregation of a sector of the population disguising it from full-citizens by granting conditional-citizenship to former enslaved people is a sophisticated use of liberalism. Such use not only presents in full the critique of structural racism developed by the critique to this political project, already advanced by IR scholars, it also presents another discussion that has yet ground to cover in the field: the unchallenged premise of homogeneity within political communities.

Military and diplomatic service of the Astrakhan Yurt Tatars in the 17th–18th centuries

Military and diplomatic service of the Astrakhan Yurt Tatars in the 17th–18th centuries

Francisco de Holanda e os descaminhos de seus textos (séculos XVIII, XIX e XX)

This review aims to gather scattered information about the paths of some texts by Francisco de Holanda. As it would only be edited and published from the end of the 19th century, that is, more than three centuries after the production of the texts, the routes taken by Holanda’s manuscripts seem to aid in understanding the uniqueness of some of his propositions, while also contributing to the characterization of the Iberian intellectual landscape. In our view, the turbulent transmission of his texts provides an important piece of data for the comparison of the issues surrounding his production. In summary, the trajectory of the autographs is traced from their production in the 16th century, their rediscovery in the late 18th century, until their actual edition in the period between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE DOWNTOWN BERDYCHIV

Materials of 2024 scientific and rescue research in the downtown Berdychiv, at 11/4 Zhytomyrska Street are published in the paper. These are the first available results of archaeological research of the part of the city of the 18th—19th centuries outside the complex of the Barefoot Carmelite Monastery. The paper provides a brief outline of the settlement’s history and a description of the history of archaeological research in the central part of the city. In 2024, on an area of 61 m2 in the valley of the Kanava stream, materials of the late 18th—19th centuries were discovered. Some items can be associated with the functioning of a nearby marketplace that served the town. The research area belongs to the territory of the Jewish shtetl, and the found objects, including a metal dreidel, illustrate the material culture of its inhabitants. The 2024 field season is the first archaeological research on the territory of the exact settlement part of Berdychiv. These explorations supply the information of the 2018 research on the stratigraphic situation in the city. The survival of organic materials (bone, wood, leather) in the lower, waterlogged layers of the city raises the question of the need for a special program for the preservation of such organic artifacts dating from the nineteenth and even the late eighteenth century. The discovery of individual objects which are the ethnic and religious markers of the inhabitants (a dreidel) and evidence of trade relations (trade seals) helps to supply the information about the life of the city’s inhabitants. Now the processing of the artifacts obtained as a result of the research in progress. We hope that the analysis of the discovered artifacts will provide a more complete picture of the material culture of Berdychiv residents at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This research indicates the prospects, scientific and social feasibility of archaeological research in the city. The analysis of the current Historical and Architectural Reference Plan indicates the lack of enough information about archaeological sites and objects on the territory of the modern city. We hope that this publication will be an impetus for the future clarification of the protection and registration documents for the city’s archaeological sites and will initiate further scientific and scientific-rescue research not only in Berdychiv and its environs but also in other cities and towns.

Discourses Related to the Activities of Local Offices in the 16th—18th Centuries (The Case of Upper Silesia)

A method of discursive analysis of archival official texts offers a comprehensive view of historical material, much more in-depth than stylistic analyses. The subject of this description are Polish-language official records created in Upper Silesia between the 16th and 18th centuries, illustrating a certain stage of the formation of institutional legal discourse, present in the Polish communicative space since the Middle Ages. The surviving collections represent various types of discourse, determined by the intentions of the people approaching the office and by the role assumed by the institutional entity both in a specific event and in the formulation of a legal written document. The article outlines the two most common discourses in the collections studied: 1. the chancery discourse, that was aimed to produce documentation that would ensure the approaching parties the right to dispose of property in accordance with the established agreements and financial transaction; 2. the judicial discourse, that involved resolving disputes between community members and ensuring public order. The written forms documenting the actions of the court served a mainly informative and reporting function, and their role was extremely important in the current legal system, as they formed the basis for possible appeal proceedings.

Preluding on the harp in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Abstract The practice of improvised or apparently improvised preludes has been widely documented over the centuries. Harpists of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were widely expected to introduce pieces of music with improvised preludes. This article shows how harpists drew techniques from thoroughbass treatises and keyboard repertory. Harpists also created their own idiosyncratic features for preludes, using the idiomatic characteristics of their instrument (refined arpeggios, hand-crossings, harmonic sounds) while using the harp’s pedals to expand the harmonic and chromatic palette of the repertory. The article also shows how formulaic figuration and harmonic patterns were used as building blocks for improvised and composed preludes, and as elements in the education of harpists.

From Black Magician to Proto-Feminist: The Reception of Cornelius Agrippa's Oeuvre Through the Centuries

The Renaissance humanist Cornelius Agrippa von Netesheim (1486–1533) left a rich body of works in philosophy, theology, biblical exegesis and occultism. The disparity and internal contradictions of this opus, as well as the ambivalent position of Agrippa on the intellectual map of the epoch, caused the reception of his work to branch out in the most diverse directions. Contemporaries from clerical and Protestant circles branded him as a heretic, whereas humanists recognized his great erudition and devotion to faith. While he considered himself a reformer of Christianity, his followers regarded him as an authority in Neoplatonic, Hermetic, and Esoteric studies. On the basis of tendentious interpretations of his writings, as well as the entire tradition of apocryphal stories that developed around his personality, the church and folk tradition of the 16th and 17th centuries constructed a representation of Agrippa as a servant of the devil. Therefore, he served as a model for the character of Faust, first to Christopher Marlowe and later to Goethe. With the strong development of science and its foundations being linked with occult teachings, in the 18th and 19th centuries the image of Agrippa as a proto-scientist appeared, e.g. in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein. However, for the positivist science of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Agrippa was, at best, a representative of a barren branch of Western philosophical thought, and at worst, a mere charlatan or mentally disturbed person. Such a perception prevailed until the mid-20th century, when scholars from Warburg Institute in London developed new interpretations of Renaissance humanism, including Agrippa's role in it. Today's science views Agrippa as a representative of the vital religious component of humanism and as a link between ancient, medieval and Renaissance currents of thought. At the same time, in certain segments of New Age, his writings acquire the status of the "bible" of the occultism, and Agrippa himself the status of a kind of New Age guru. Therefore, the literary legacy of Cornelius Agrippa is of significance for the history of ideas, reception studies, imagology, and anthropology of religion as an exceptionally rich case study, and in this paper, we aim to trace the intricate paths of his reception in different epochs and cultural contexts.