19th 20th Centuries Research Articles

La Casa Virreinal como arquetipo. Análisis comparativo de cuatro viviendas en Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala

This article presents a contribution to the study of the architectural composition of Modest Residential Heritage built in the Historic Center of San Salvador in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The objective is to identify patterns in the spatial organization of these dwellings, particularly the "casa patio" typology, which exhibits continuities from the colonial (virreinal) period to the republican era. Due to the lack of residential buildings from the virreinal period in San Salvador, four cases of virreinal houses from Antigua Guatemala, the capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala to which the province of San Salvador belonged, are analyzed. The methodology employed includes the comparison of the selected cases using Classification Schemes to graphically interpret three architectural elements: the patio with its corridors, the axis of access through the zaguanes (gateways), and the interior-exterior relationship. The results show that the patios play a fundamental role in the organization of spaces, and the architectural composition emphasizes order through the use of corridors. Additionally, the path from the entrance through the zaguanes to the chiflones (narrow passageways) connecting to other patios follows an angled route to avoid direct visibility between them. The comparative study reveals that the spatial organization of the four analyzed examples exhibits continuities in the distribution of spaces, potentially contributing to defining a typology of "Hispanic-American virreinal house" that is regionalized according to site-specific determinants. ILIA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, No. 01, 2024: 67-74.

Космополис эпохи премодерна на границе западной и восточной культур: многоязычие и пределы переводимости (на материалах Каффы XIII–XV веков)

Objective: To investigate the problem of the terminological precision of the most relevant qualities possessed by cosmopolis in the pre-modern world where the representatives of Western and Eastern faith acted equals in various written and spoken languages. Research materials: The “Codex Cumanicus” composed in Caffa at the turn of the 13th–14th centuries; the lexis of medieval urbanism in three languages (Latin, Persian, and Comanian) selected from it; “Libellus de notitia orbis” of Iohannes de Galonifontibus with a description of multilingual Caffa from the early 15th century. Results and novelty of the research: From the “Codex Cumanicus” was first isolated the lexis of medieval urbanism, dispersed throughout four semantic fields: representation of cosmopolis in the physicality, legally, the sociocultural data, and the ethical community. The representation of cosmopolis in the physicality found untranslatability to eastern languages such Latin terms as “murus”, and “vacuum”, calling attention to essential attributes of urban physis – stone walls, and public places. The representation of cosmopolis in the legally data proved the failure to communicate such thing as a “libertas”, the key characte­ristic of a free city; the Latin term “civitas”, a community of citizens, was adapted in Coman language only through Sogdian analogy of “känd”. The concept “lex”, law, was perceived only through the Jewish approach of “ˈtorə”. The representation of cosmopolis in the sociocultural data did reflect the richness of terms which represented the merchants, traders, bankers, artisans, warriors, and those in the service, education, and entertainment industries; most of them entered the language as a borrowings from Persian and Arabic. The representation of cosmopolis as ethical community explained the rethinking any archaic thought forms of the earlier polytheistic mind moving toward the monotheistic idea; the central concept of Western culture “Deus”, God, was reinterpreted in the most distant Eas­tern cultures as “Tengri” like the designation used earlier for the supreme sky deity of all Asian nomads; the universal theories for both West and East about the four elements and four bodily fluids reflected the relation between the world and man, as macrocosm and microcosm, really integrated citizens of different faiths and languages into the ethical community. This research uses the cognitive science and mental mapping methods. The first allows one to inquire on the terms, ideas, linguistic units, verbal codes in which was treated the cosmopolis in the pre-modern world. The second makes it possible to visualize a distribution of lexical triads according to the degree of positivity / negativity, nearness / distance in transmitting meanings from Latin in Eastern.

Служилые тарханы Западного Приуралья в XVI–XVII вв.

Research objectives: To analyze the evolution of the status of the institution of serving tarkhans of the Western Cis-Urals during the period of this territory’s entry into the Moscow state (second half of the 16th–17th centuries). Research materials: The empirical basis of the study is unpublished documents of the 17th century from the “Ufa Prikaznaya Izba” collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, act materials from the Kazan Khanate period introduced into scientific circulation, as well as the works of scientists who touched upon the problem of the functioning of the institution of serving tarkhans in the Turkic-Tatar states and the Moscow principality in their works. Results and scientific novelty: The data revealing the legal status of the serving tarkhans in the eastern uluses of the Kazan Khanate were studied and summarized, and the evolution of the position of representatives of this stratum of service people of the Moscow state on the territory of the Ufa district in the 17th century was shown. Based on the studied materials, it was concluded that the tarkhans were an integral part of the Tatar service class who had significant patrimonial estates in the border regions of the Kazan Khanate. After the Urals became part of the Muscovite kingdom, the Russian administration maintained the previous rights of the tarkhans, including in the area of land ownership. Significant changes in the status of the tarkhans were noted in the second half of the 17th century, when a group of “new” tarkhans began to form from among the yasak population (Bashkirs) who did not have tax immunity, which contributed to the rapprochement of the tarkhans with representatives of the Bashkir class.

Импортные узорные ткани Белореченского могильника в коллекции Государственного Эрмитажа

Purpose of the study: The attribution and dating of figured textiles from the Belorechensky burial ground (North Caucasus), study of manufacturing techniques, reconstruction of textile patterns and study of historical aspects related to the problem of the supply and existence of these silks in the region. Research materials: The collection of archaeological materials from the Belorechensky burial ground (collection of the Oriental Department of the State Hermitage) including 22 figured textiles (52 inventory no.), textiles from collections of other institutions (Metropolitan Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, etc.). Results and scientific novelty of the study: Of the 87 examples of textiles, embroidery, needlework, and threads, 22 examples are related to silk figured textiles. According to the technique, they are divided into velvets, damasks, lampases, and taffeta with pattern weft. Most of the textiles can be associated with the Syro-Egyptian weaving tradition of the 14th-15th centuries. However, there are several examples of Chinese and Italian production, and one damask, the technical features of which make it related not only to Italian and Syro-Egyptian, but also to early 16th century Safavid textiles. In this regard, the dating of the mounds from which these textiles originate was examined and clarified; issues of trade in the Northern Black Sea region were touched upon, as well as non-economic ways of the appearance of high-status imported products.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Population Trend and Productivity in Central Israel

ABSTRACT Israel’s nationwide multiyear campaigns, particularly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, involved deforestation and the development of natural areas for agriculture and human settlement, and resulted in the local extirpation of several animal species. However, reforestation began in the 1940s and promoted the resurgence of extirpated populations. One species that has benefited from these landscape changes is the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Based on the analysis of population trends in the Judea region (central Israel), we found that this species’ abundance increased by 8.9% over a 5-yr study period (2006–2010). We also found that hatching day was the only reproductive parameter in our study area that varied significantly among years. This breeding parameter depended on three habitat characteristics: (1) the height of the nest; (2) the amount of mixed forest with sparse cover in the area around the nest; and (3) the amount of herbaceous vegetation around the nest. Hatching began earlier in higher nests, and hatching began later in nests surrounded by a high percentage of mixed forest and herbaceous vegetation. However, productivity was independent of the habitat type surrounding the nest site. Our descriptive analysis of prey types suggested that most species in the prey remains and pellets likely came from outside the forest, typically from open areas such as agricultural fields, water reservoirs, or aquaculture ponds. Further, only three species dominated the prey remains and pellets below the nests. We documented reproductive parameters and changes in population size during the early years of this population increase. We predict that the population will continue to thrive and spread into the surrounding areas, as there have been no significant changes in land management in the study area over the past 13 yr.

Nationalism and the Ottoman-Arab Dynamic: From Cultural Renaissance to Political Revolt

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Arab Muslim subjects amidst the backdrop of rising nationalist sentiments during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It traces the historical evolution of Arab nationalism, examining its cultural origins and political dimensions, while also dissecting the Ottoman administration's response to nationalist aspirations. Through an analysis of historical documents, scholarly works, and contemporary accounts, the study illuminates how nationalist movements reshaped the political, social, and cultural dynamics within the empire, leading to increased tensions between the central government and Arab nationalists. The paper highlights key events such as the Tanzimat reforms and the Young Turk Revolution, which exacerbated these tensions, culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916 supported by the British. It also explores the impact of World War I on Ottoman-Arab relations and the subsequent dissolution of the empire, as reflected in treaties like the Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne, which paved the way for the establishment of modern Arab states under European mandates. Through a comprehensive examination of historical sources and scholarly literature, the paper elucidates the multifaceted nature of nationalism's influence on the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Arab Muslim subjects, underscoring its profound and enduring significance in shaping the modern Middle East.

Institutions, State development and Education in Spain during the 19th and early 20th Centuries

Institutions, State development and Education in Spain during the 19th and early 20th Centuries

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF A FREQUENCY CONVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING OF OIL PIPELINE

The article provides a detailed overview of the history, development and applications of frequency converters, with particular emphasis on their use in the oil and gas industry. It traces the evolution of frequency converters from their inception in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to their modern applications, which use microprocessors and digital signal processing to precisely control the output frequency. In the oil and gas industry, frequency converters are critical to efficient and accurate induction heating of pipelines. They convert a fixed frequency and voltage power supply into a variable frequency and variable voltage output, controlling the speed of the induction motors used in the heating process. The article also covers the design and modeling of frequency converters, discussing the process of characterizing them, creating mathematical models, and using modeling software tools such as MatLab. It presents equations for inductive energy, capacitor energy, resonance conditions and power factor, which are necessary in the mathematical modeling of frequency converters. The article concludes by highlighting the impact of frequency converters on the efficiency and economics of induction heating systems. It emphasizes the need for careful design and modeling to ensure optimal performance and safety.

A female maritime economy. women on the island of Procida (18th-19th century)

Pornind din diferite unghiuri de interpretare articolul examinează viața femeilor din Procida, o insulă a Regatului Napoli înainte de unificarea Italiei. De la povestea inventată a unui bust cu două fețe, clar vizibil pe un geam de pe insulă se ajunge la omagiul adus femeilor puternice ale mării de către preotul și martirul Republicii Napolitane din 1799 Marcello Eusebio Scotto din Procida în Catehismul său nautic din anul 1788. Studiul tratează profilul femeilor și puterea lor economică în domeniul maritim, prerogativă exclusiv masculină de-a lungul secolelor.

The Evolution of Minangkabau Elite: Modernization and Cultural Shifts in Nagari Kurai, 19th-20th Century

The problem addressed in this research focuses on the socio-cultural transformation of the Minangkabau elite during the colonial period, particularly in Nagari Kurai. Using the historical research method, the study traces the evolution of the local elites through archival analysis and ethnographic records. The key finding reveals that the establishment of Bukittinggi as a colonial center and the spread of modernity in the early 20th century prompted the rise of a new urban elite, distinct from traditional authorities. In conclusion, the study suggests that colonial modernity played a pivotal role in reshaping cultural and political hierarchies in Minangkabau society.

THE ROLE OF JADIDS IN THE REFORM OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN GOVERNORATE

This article examines the pivotal role of the Jadid movement in reforming the judicial system of the Turkestan Governorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By establishing modern educational institutions and advocating for legal reforms, the Jadids sought to address the inefficiencies and injustices of the traditional judicial framework. Their engagement with both local communities and Russian authorities facilitated a hybrid legal system that integrated modern principles with Islamic law. Despite facing opposition, the Jadids' efforts laid the groundwork for future reforms and continue to influence contemporary discussions on justice and rights in Central Asia. ‎

Initialisms in Scientific Writing in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

This paper focusses on the role of initialisms in scientific English articles in the Royal Society Corpus (Fischer et al. 2020; Kermes et al. 2016). The development of scientific initialisms is illustrated with frequency data, a discussion of the evolution of the text topics obtained from topic modelling and an analysis of the development of information-theoretic surprisal values of initialisms in three time spans between 1830 and 1919. The overall frequency and diversity of initialisms for scientific concepts has risen considerably between 1830 and 1919 in the context of the ongoing specialisation of the sciences. Particularly from the 1860s onwards scientific initialisms increasingly become shortcuts for multiword units with wordhood and term status. The surprisal values of scientific initialisms decrease over time as such forms more regularly occur in conventionalised textual contexts and fixed expressions. Overall, the analysis of the RSC texts shows that key developments towards the conventionalisation of scientific initialisms as term formation patterns took place in the transitional period from Late Modern to Present-day English.

One hundred years of piñon nuts, a largely forgotten wild food crop from the American Southwest (1850-1950)

Piñon nuts are the edible seeds of the piñon pine (Pinus edulis). Commercial piñon nut harvesting began in the United States in the mid-19th century and primarily involved Native and Mexican Americans. Despite the economic benefits, it could be dangerous work, with reports of deaths from exposure, accidents, and violence. Piñon nut production varied yearly due to the trees’ masting behavior, with 3 to 11-years between large crops, likely influenced by climate and local conditions. Although there was considerable interest in cultivation during the early 20th century, slow growth and delayed nut-bearing limited cultivation efforts. Piñon nuts were popular throughout the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining great popularity in New York among immigrant communities. Piñon nuts, due to their small size, posed choking hazards to children. Fannie Spitz's piñon nut-shelling machine, patented in 1918, revolutionized nut processing by efficiently removing kernels, impacting the industry significantly. In the early to mid-20th century, piñon nuts were used in candy production. Farmers experimented with feeding hogs and chickens piñon nuts, however, this practice did not become widespread due to cheaper corn availability. Piñon wood was valued for firewood and mine props, with limited use as lumber or railroad ties, while small trees gained popularity as Christmas trees. Piñon resin was chewed and also used medicinally, in salves. By the mid-20th century, piñon nuts lost popularity to peanuts, which benefited from aggressive marketing and high production. The piñon industry struggled with crop variability, low supply, and high prices.

Tracing the Contours of Archival Silences: A Case Study of Critical Collection Building on the Rock Springs Massacre

ABSTRACTArchives can reinforce silences of marginalized communities, further erasing their stories and voices. This study aims to understand the contours of archival silences, focusing on experiences of Chinese people in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We are building a digital archival collection that centers Chinese peoples' voices around the Rock Springs Massacre of 1885, an incident of racial violence that killed at least 28 Chinese people and displaced hundreds more. As we selected items, we wrote structured reflections to critically examine each item's content, source, presentation, arrangement and description in their original context, as well as any absences and silences that we encountered in the search and assessment process. Based on a praxis of radical empathy, ethics of care, and slow archives, we engaged with our positionalities, past experiences, professional training in Library and Information Sciences (LIS), and affective responses throughout the research process to reflect on how they shape our decisions and hesitations in item selection and contextualization. Three main themes emerged from a preliminary thematic analysis of our reflections: complexity of archival silences and silencing, challenges of inclusive representation, and problematizing and going beyond primary sources.

From Exile to Integration: Immigration Patterns and Cultural Identity of Chinese and Jewish Communities in the United States

The Chinese immigration experience began in the mid-19th century, driven by economic opportunities and marked by significant challenges. In contrast, Jewish immigration, primarily occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was driven by severe religious and racial persecution in Europe. Jewish immigrants sought refuge from violence and the Holocaust, finding a relatively open environment in the U.S. to maintain their religious and cultural traditions. This paper examines the immigration patterns and cultural identities of the Chinese and Jewish communities in the United States, highlighting their distinct historical backgrounds and experiences. This study applies theoretical frameworks from sociology and anthropology, including Everett Lee’s “Push-Pull Theory,” Stuart Hall’s cultural identity theory, and Anthony Giddens’ theory of modernity, to analyze how these communities’ immigration patterns have influenced their cultural identities. The study compares the Chinese community’s economic-driven integration and the Jewish community’s diverse approach to cultural preservation. The findings provide insights into the complexities of cultural identity within the U.S. multicultural landscape and highlight the varied strategies adopted by different immigrant groups. Limitations of this study include its focus on Chinese and Jewish communities, which may not fully represent other immigrant experiences. Future research should consider a broader range of immigrant groups to enhance understanding of cultural integration and identity.

Ideas of physical education of the younger generation in works of classic writers of Russian literature of the XIX - early XX centuries

The upbringing of the younger generation as one of the urgent socio-cultural problems of mankind described in the works of thinkers of Antiquity, the Renaissance and Enlightenment by foreign and domestic authors of the 19th-20th centuries. In the paradigm of the upbringing of the younger generation the emphasis is on a comprehensively developed personality that embodies the unity of the spiritual, intellectual and physical principles. The subject of research is the ideas of physical education of the younger generation, reflected in the storylines of the works of art of the Russian literature classics. The purpose of the study is to actualize the ideas of physical education reflected in the works of Russian classics of the 19th - early 20th centuries, in the context of the problem of harmonious personal development. The used methodology of the interdisciplinary approach determines the inclusion in the study of an analysis of examples from the works of L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin, G. I. Uspensky, V. V. Nabokov, etc. illustrating the reflection of the phenomenon of physical culture and sports in Russian literature. The author concludes that the texts of works of art reflect an understanding of the positive impact of physical education and sports on the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual, and therefore the experience of the past can be considered as positive. In educational institutions of prerevolutionary Russia, as well as in noble families, the issues of physical education and the development of the younger generation were of great importance in the formation of the need for a healthy lifestyle, active leisure, and health promotion.

Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Weights from the Ephesus Museum

This article, part of the Corpus Ponderum Antiquorum et Islamicorum (= CPAI ) project, introduces 302 balance weights from the collection of the Ephesus Museum, located in Selçuk (Efes), İzmir. The majority of the weights are made of lead, with a smaller number made of bronze. Among these, 115 weights follow the Greek system, while 187 belong to the Roman system, of which some are classified as Byzantine weights. The find spots of these weights are primarily in and around Selçuk and nearby archaeological sites, providing important data for their provenance or attribution. Although some weights bear ethnics, most only feature unit marks; however, their find spots enable accurate attribution. The Roman system weights, especially the librae, range from the theoretical 12 unciae to as much as 25 unciae, indicating adjustments over time due to inflation and devaluation. Among the Byzantine weights, the glass ones, dating from the 5th to 7th centuries AD, are also notable for the monograms they bear. Additionally, a weight made from a coin dates to the 10th-11th centuries AD.

Sylwa of Aleksander Jastkowski, a Przemyśl land judge from the second half of the 17th century

Sylvias (from the Latin silva rerum, i.e. forest of things) belong to the category of domestic books manuscript books, created in Old Polish times (17th-18th century) mainly in the noble community gentry circles. They are considered a valued source for historical and literary research due to the historical and literary research due to the variety of materials they contain, collected by their authors without a specific plan according to their tastes possibilities and needs. The author of one of the largest works of this kind was Aleksander Jastkowski (c. 1625/30– c. 1691), a nobleman from the Przemyśl land Ruthenian Voivodeship, a judge of the Przemyśl lands. His sylva entitled. ‘Compendium omnis activitatis politici et rei economicae ex variis authoribus collectae’ (National Ossolineum Library in Wroclaw, manuscript no. 3554) should be considered a typical example of this type of writing. This sylva was created successively probably for more than half a century mainly by A. Jastkowski, and was completed after his death at the beginning of the 18th century by persons unknown to us. It numbers 594 pages and contains in copies numerous materials, mostly relating to public life at the time (approx. 45% of the total manuscript), such as journalistic writings, correspondence and speeches by dignitaries state dignitaries, the Diary of the Sejm of 1652, records of the Sejmik of the Ruskie Voivodeship in Sądowa and others. In addition, it contains notes by A. Jaskowski concerning his private matters, copies of his and his family’s estate documents, extracts from his and his family’s property documents, excerpts from books he had read, and notes on various fields of knowledge (cultivation of the soil, medicine, Polish and general history, legal and constitutional subjects, etc.), literary works, and notes on the history of Poland etc.), literary works, specimens and examples of occasional letters, materials concerning the private affairs of various individuals.

ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION ON KHUMS FROM THE MEDIEVAL KAVAT-KALA

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of ceramic production in the Middle Ages. However, at this stage, attention is focused on the architectural decoration of individual finds from Estate № 2 at Kavat-kala. Khums, as materials for household purposes, have various decorative elements, but the materials available in our case cannot be classified as widespread in terms of ornament and decoration. Some similarities in decoration are found among ceramic (the kashin) products of the Golden Horde period, and are only characteristic of glazed ceramics of the 13th-14th centuries. However, the available information from archaeological excavations at Kavat- kala allows us to judge the most developed forms of pottery production in the 9th-12th centuries. The article also examines the common features of cultural ties in agriculture of the ancient and medieval periods, identifies the cultures of the peoples inhabiting this settlement, and craft production on the basis of unique collected materials from research carried out on the caravan routes of the south of the Right Bank of Khorezm, including the southern and western foothills. Among them, it was established that in one of the medieval estates of Kavat-Kala, near the ancient Russian canal Gavkhor, vessels with richly decorated images of animals of hand-made ceramics have been preserved, dating from the era of the Khorezmshahs (11th-12th centuries) to the era of the Golden Horde (13th - 16th centuries). Today, no less interesting is the arched ornament located along the rims of the hums, which is almost traditional for the Kashin ceramics of the Golden Horde period, on the outside of the vessels.

О судоустройстве в Северной Осетии в досоветский, советский и постсоветский периоды (к 250-летию присоединения Осетии к России)

The article examines the features of the judicial system and the exercise of judicial power in North Ossetia in different historical periods. It is argued that they are determined by a complex of specific reasons, among which the reasons of a spiritual-ideological, historical-political, legal and socio-psychological nature stand out. The main role of the Ossetian military intelligentsia in introducing their people to Russian, European culture, way of life, forms of government, including in the sphere of judicial power, is noted. The issues of organization and abolition of various judicial institutions in the 19th-20th centuries, their dependence on local characteristics and frequent transformations of administrative and judicial institutions in this period are considered. The activities related to the establishment of Soviet courts are covered. The new judicial system and the principle of formation of the judiciary in the post-Soviet period are revealed and criticized. The activities of the abolished constitutional (statutory) courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are assessed positively and convincingly. Proposals are being made for the organization of constitutional councils in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.