18th Century Spain Research Articles

L’image de l’Amérique dans Nouveau Voyage en Espagne de Peyron

Jean-François Peyron (1748-1784) wrote one of the most important and exhaustive travel accounts of 18th-century Spain. The pages of Nouveau Voyage en Espagne do not only concern this country, but also address aspects related to the lands conquered by the Spanish in America. The present study deals with the reflections that the New World suggests to the author with respect to characters and events linked to different fields such as Science, History and Economics. Peyron’s observations are generally exact and objective, but at times they introduce wrong information or judgements that may provoke controversy

Almanaque, ciudadanía y ciudad en la España del siglo XVIII

Este trabajo se refiere al modo en que la ciudad y los ciudadanos son representados en los almanaques, género literario de gran popularidad en el siglo XVIII, que contribuyó entre otras cosas a forjar imágenes urbanas e identidades y dio cuenta de las dinámicas de la modernidad en el espacio urbano.

Imágenes de la epidemia de fiebres tercianas en la Topografía hipocrática… (1795) de Félix Ibáñez

The aim of the study is to analyse the images of the epidemic of tertian fevers in Topografía hipocrática o descripción de la epidemia de calenturas tercianas intermitentes malignas, continuo-remitentes, perniciosas complicadas (1795) by Félix Ibáñez (ca. 1738-1808), one of the most comprehensive studies dedicated to malaria in the 18th century Spain. They are examined from the perspective of the importance of visual representations of the illness in the 18th century, related to a radical transition from a logocentric to a visually dependent culture, which took place in the field of art and medicine in theEnlightenment.

Osseous mass in a maxillary sinus of an adult male from the 16th–17th-century Spain: Differential diagnosis

ObjectiveTo undertake a differential diagnosis of a large mass found in the left maxillary sinus of a cranium dated to the 16th–17th-century, and to expand knowledge of the diagnosis of osseous tissue formation in osteoarchaeological studies. MaterialA cranium recovered from the cemetery of San Salvador de Palat de Rey church, León (Spain). MethodsMacroscopic analysis, CT scanning. ResultsMacroscopic analysis indicated that the individual was probably a male over 30 years old with an ossified mass in the left maxillary sinus, measuring 24 × 19 × 24 mm, occupying approximately 27 % of the maxillary antrum. Computed tomography revealed a well-demarcated radiolucent unilocular mass with some radiopaque areas, with no communication with the alveoli of the premolars or molars. No erosive lesions or signs of inflammation were found. ConclusionsNeither the macroscopic, nor the radiological characteristics are compatible with inflammatory or malignant pathology, favoring a diagnosis of ossifying fibroma. SignificanceThis case adds to the few reported cases in the osteoarchaeological literature, especially since there is limited relevant reference data to assist diagnosis. The CT scans and 3D reconstruction presented here facilitate differential diagnosis in future paleopathological studies. LimitationsDestructive methods were not authorized. Suggestions for further researchIn the future, micro-CT analysis, which was not performed in the current study, may add new and valuable information.

La economía en las colecciones divulgativas del primer tercio del siglo XX: los Manuales Labor

In the nineteenth century the collections of «popular science» manuals began to appear in Europe. With ency-clopedic ambition, clear language, manageable format, attractive binding and affordable price, they tried to make accessible to the general public a wide variety of knowledge with simplicity, brevity and rigor. In the first third of the 20th century Spain, the two most relevant collections were the Soler-Gallach Manuals and the Labor Manuals. This paper analyzes how the Economy was treated in the Labor collection, which was an im-portant way of vulgarization and popular dissemination of economic ideas (whereas the Soler-Gallach Manu-als focused only on practical training for the business world). The Labor Manuals —much more ambitious thematically and based on translations of foreign works— contributed to the reception in Spain of the German Historical School

Los niveles de vida en la España del siglo XVIII

This work provides a literature review of the research which dealt with the analysis of living standards in 18th-century Spain. At the same time, possible fields of research are suggested for the future. The text focuses on three types of indicators: material well-being and economic inequality (GDP per capita, real wages and Gini index), bio-nutritional (average height) and demographic (mortality and life expectancy) indicators. The available evidence points to a slightly positive balance in terms of material well-being, nuanced by an increase in economic inequality in the second half of the century, a drop in net nutritional status among those born in the final decades of the century, and a drop in mortality rates in the second half of the century, which was determined by a decline in ordinary and adult mortality.

La reescritura en colaboración: "El príncipe perseguido" de Luis Belmonte, Agustín Moreto y Antonio Martínez de Meneses frente a la comedia fuente "El gran duque de Moscovia y Emperador perseguido" de Lope de Vega

El principe perseguido offers an interesting example of theatrical rewriting. The comedia was written by three authors –Luis Belmonte Bermudez, Agustin Moreto and Antonio Martinez de Meneses– before 16th of April 1645. The three poets used a relatively early play by Lope de Vega El gran duque de Moscovia y Emperador perseguido (Parte septima, 1616). The comparison of both texts –the comedia colaborada and its source– allows to investigate the modes of collaborative writing for stage in the Spanish Golden Age theatre. The analysis concentrates on the plot (based on the history of the false Dmitry) and macro- and microtextual quotes. The study refers to one of the most complex moments in the history of public theatre in the 17th century Spain (1644-1651).

Las relaciones de sucesos como instrumento de control: el caso de los antimodelos femeninos

The aim of this analysis is to study the news pamphlets as a control instrument in the Spanish Monarchy from a discursive perspective, focused on appraisal by means of the lexicon study, which is still quite limited in the works carried out about these documents. The linguistic characteri-zation of four pamphlets about different women sinful behavior in 17th Century Spain will be carried out on the following pages in order to portray women ―the antithesis of good conduct― in contrast to men. This analysis will highlight the importance of the news pamphlets as an instrument of social and moral oversight from the highest to the humblest strata of society during the Golden Age. It is throughout the narration of tabloid stories that the printing business would be enhanced at the dawn of journalism in Spain.

THE INVISIBLE VILLAGES. UP-TO-DATE IMAGES OF SETTLEMENT IN SPAIN

The role played by photography in the creation of icons as well as in the dissemination of architecture has been fundamental since the early days of the Modern Movement. Both iconic Kindel’s images of settlement villages in Spain and other archival photographs —created during Franco´s dictatorship for greater propaganda purposes— sparked our curiosity and instilled in us the necessity to see with our own eyes those architectures which have remained not only unknown for a non-specialised public, but also somehow invisible outside strictly academic realms. Urban planners that would later become key figures in the Spanish architecture of modernity carried out these innovative, experimental projects on the basis of the observation of the popular and the anonymous, consciously departing from the grandiose rhetoric of the time. We believe it is necessary to examine what has become of the INC’s colonisation programme, and thus highlight a fundamental episode in our recent history which brought about the main migratory movement in 20th-century Spain. Such a task seems to us particularly significant at this point in time in which architecture is being redefined (as was the case with Spanish architecture in the 50s and the 60s), and sustainability and the social function of architecture are highly topical subjects. In this vein we have revisited these settlements and we have documented, with a contemporary gaze, the legacy left by the construction of a new memory upon the already colonised architecture. It is our aim to make visible and announce such legacy to the general public as well as to its own inhabitants, so that these villages cease to be mirages amidst a transformed landscape.

Of Curses and Beards: Reclaiming Herstories

Of Curses and Beards: Reclaiming Herstories Ana Roncero-Bellido Gaspar de Alba, Alicia. The Curse of the Gypsy: Ten stories and a Novella. Arte Público P, 2018. 224 pp. ISBN: 978-1558858626. The Curse of the Gypsy: Ten Stories and a Novella, by Alicia Gaspar de Alba, offers readers two fascinating and complex literary projects: first, a collection of ten interconnected stories that shape what Alicia Gaspar de Alba describes as a deconstructed novel with the title “The Curse of the Gypsy.” Following this is the historical-mythical novella recovering “The True and Tragic Story of Liberata Wilgefortis, Who, Having Consecrated her Virginity to the Goddess Diana to Avoid Marriage, Grew a Beard and Was Crucified.” With these two texts, Gaspar de Alba’s (historical) fiction engages in a critique of patriarchal, heteronormative, and white supremacist ideologies across both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the Atlantic, as the stories take readers to early 20th century Spain, Mexico and the U.S., and to the Hispania Lusitania of the 2nd century A.D. The stories in “The Curse of the Gyspy” weave different narrative voices that reveal the complexity of the characters Gaspar de Alba re/creates. “The Curse of the Gyspy” begins with the story of Margarita Vargas, a gypsy from Granada (Spain) who is victim of a lifelong curse her mother puts on her when she finds out Margarita is pregnant with the Grenadian poet Federico García Lorca’s child. This curse has taken the shape of a petrified fetus Margarita carries for eighty years, even after Lorca’s execution at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. As Margarita confesses her captivating romance with Lorca and their tragic fate, readers learn that her mother’s curse was dictated by the King of the Gypsies, Chorrojumo, who foresaw the disgrace of the Vargas family’s honor. This shame comes from Margarita’s double treason to her family and the gypsy community, for not only has she corrupted herself with a payo—a non-Gypsy—but she has also betrayed her husband’s heart well before he dies at war. The novel progresses with Margarita’s departure from Granada and subsequent marriage to a famous Mexican bullfighter, Benito Rivera, whom she follows to Mexico, as will the curse. Rivera’s family rejects his marriage to a gypsy, which they consider a step backwards towards Jose Vasconcelos’ cosmic race (39); and her husband, unable to accept Margarita’s presumed infertility, abandons her for years until they move to the border city [End Page 168] of Juárez. The family’s destiny thus lies in the hands of Margarita’s great-granddaughter, who is to take Margarita’s ashes back to Granada to break the curse. As the deconstructed novel progresses through the ten interconnected stories, readers get to meet two generations of complex characters who are descendants of Margarita, known as Maggie across the U.S.-Mexico border, and who all get reunited for her funeral. The stories of Margarita’s descendants tell the reality of many lives across the border: the rivalry between sisters that prompts a trip to Oaxaca; the story of Little Jay, a queer teenager who struggles with her sexual identity and deported parents; or the hopeless prayer of a woman whose sisters have locked in a convent when she confesses her father’s sexual abuses, among others. With these stories, Gaspar de Alba breaks the boundaries between history, myth, and fiction as she recreates the historical figure of Garcia Lorca and even his poetry; the popular actress Margarita Xirgú; the mythical character of Mariano Fernández Santiago, commonly known as Chorrojumo, patriarch of the Gypsies, whose statue still guards the entry to Granada’s gypsy neighborhood of Sacromonte (Cárdenas); and the Aztec warrior goddess Coyolxauhqui. Importantly, Margarita’s curse is actually inspired by true events. However, it is only at the end of the book that readers realize of the true nature of the supposedly fictional story, which is a verbatim translation of the news published in El Diario de Juarez in 1984 (23). Next, in a historical-mythical novella, Gaspar de Alba recovers the story of one of the...

Inmigración peruana y pesca en el puerto de Cambados (Galicia): una perspectiva de género

<p>Desde los primeros años del siglo XX España es una potencia pesquera, donde se ha desarrollado una pesca industrial altamente competitiva y con un marcado carácter expansivo. Pero donde también la pesca artesanal en el litoral de país continúa manteniendo una importancia estratégica para las poblaciones locales. En Galicia resulta significativa la gran importancia socioeconómica de la pesca, el marisqueo y las actividades vinculadas al mundo de la mar, algo excepcional en el ámbito europeo. Este es el contexto en el que desde los últimos años de siglo XX se ha constatado un proceso de incorporación de inmigrantes a la actividad pesquera. En el año 2011 eran los peruanos los extranjeros más numerosos de los ocupados en la pesca en Galicia. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal realizar un estudio de caso centrado en el pequeño puerto de Cambados, para analizar los niveles de integración social de las mujeres de estos marineros peruanos.</p>

A Study on the Upward Flow of the Majo and Maja Costumes in 18th Century Spain, Observed in the Paintings of Francisco de Goya

This thesis investigated majo and maja costumes of depicted in Francisco de Goya's paintings from the middle of 18th to the early 19th century, and presented the costumes defined as the upward flow from the lower classes to the upper classes. The study methodology selected those describing the maja and majo among the figure paintings, portraits and genre paintings by Goya that identify unique characteristics with the qualitative analysis of the cases of the upward flow with that affect the costume of the upper classes. The influence of the majo and maja costumes were outstanding in the shape of the outfits while the French style gown of the upper class women were one-piece dresses in shape, those of the maja were two-piece dresses that consisted of the upper and gather skirts. The costume was perfected by use of the mantilla or head kerchief, instead of the headdresses prevalent at those times. The majo's costume affected the men's costume of the upper classes in the shape of the outfits. Short coat and tight breeches were preferred to the loose ones as well as instead of a long coat. Rather than the wigs or tri-corn hat, the head kerchief and sash belt applied, which could be evidence of the upward flow as well as shows proof of the influence of majo and maja costumes.

The Evolution of Consanguineous Marriages in the Archdiocese of Granada, Spain (1900-1979).

In the 20th century Spain maintained some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriage in Europe. In many regions these rates were still high in the 1950s and 1960s but then decreased rapidly, and by the 1970s a generalized transformation in mating patterns was under way. In the following decades the marriage of persons closely related by birth became rare. Consanguinity and inbreeding have been much studied in Spain but almost exclusively in the central and northern regions of the country. This is the first study of a whole large diocese in the southern region of Andalusia. This article is based on the analysis of 15,440 records of consanguineous unions registered between 1900 and 1979 in the Archbishopric of Granada in Andalusia. In this period, the rate of consanguinity up to second cousins was 5.51%, and the mean coefficient of inbreeding, α, was 2.04 × 10-3. There is a high range of variability within the research area: the rate of consanguinity was more than three times higher in rural areas (6.74%; α = 2.44 × 10-3) than in the capital city (2.03%; α = 0.93 × 10-3). There was a high frequency of unions between first cousins and first cousins once removed. These amounted to 35.3% and 13% of all consanguineous marriages, respectively, and contributed to 70% of α-values. Consanguinity here has been strongly related to local endogamy. Thus, 76% of all consanguineous couples were born in the same locality, and 89% resided in the same locality at marriage. By the end of the 1960s premarital migration increased and local endogamy started to decrease. On the other hand, inbreeding is inversely related to spatial endogamy. The more inbred couples, such as uncles-nieces (C12) or first cousins (C22), show significantly higher exogamy rates than second cousins (C33) and third cousins (C44), and higher rates of premarital migration. Neither males nor females in intrafamily unions seem to be significantly younger than those in nonconsanguineous unions. Considering their temporal evolution, consanguinity rates increased in the first third of the century, reaching a maximum in the late 1920s, when over 7.4% of all marriages were consanguineous (8.3% for the rural areas), and the resulting α-value was the highest of the century (α = 2.71 × 10-3 for the whole diocese; α = 3.00 × 10-3 for the rural areas). Rates of inbreeding remained high until the 1950s and decreased thereafter in a period of accelerated emigration to cities, urbanization, industrialization, and social modernization. Overall, levels of inbreeding are similar and sometimes larger than those found in dioceses in the northwest of Spain, although marriages between uncle and niece were less common. Some of the counties in the diocese had very high consanguinity levels, not only the isolated area of La Alpujarra, previously studied, but also other ecological and historical microregions (comarcas). These results indicate that the widely accepted north-south divisions of the Iberian Peninsula in terms of consanguinity and inbreeding patterns require considerable reevaluation.

Entre la regeneración educativa y las polémicas literarias: la "sátira gramatical" y la figura del profesor de latinidad en escritores y "hombres de letras" del siglo XVIII español

En el siguiente artículo se analiza la formación de la “sátira gramatical”, de tipo carnavalesco, en su aplicación a la figura literaria del profesor de latinidad dentro del entorno de las polémicas literarias del siglo xviii español. En la primera parte del estudio definimos el concepto y presentamos un panorama de autores representativos a lo largo de la historia de la literatura que han empleado en sus obras esta variedad del género satírico. En la segunda parte estudiamos detalladamente la aplicación literaria de la “sátira gramatical” en la manera de representar la figura literaria del profesor de latín, cuyo empleo deja de manifiesto las polémicas literarias de “eruditos” y “hombres de letras” en cinco obras concretas del siglo xviii español.

The Seville printer Juan de Cabrera (1623-1631): the production of serial news pamphlets in 17th century Spain

In this paper, the production of the Seville printer Juan de Cabrera and his contemporaries (second and third decades of the 17th century) will be analysed to determine the strategies with which they managed to keep their readership supplied with news about international political developments (particularly about the War of Flanders): the use of the accounts of anonymous gazetteers – still unsubstantiated for this period – and the design innovations that allowed the serial nature of these publications to be recognised and which foreshadowed the elements typical of subsequent newspaper formats. To this end, old press collections, which have received scant attention hitherto, have been recovered in order to analyse the content and cover design of a corpus comprising 78 news publications printed by Juan de Cabrera in Seville during the first half of the 17th century.

Clasicismo, estética, tradición: el "Orfeo" de Juan de Jáuregui

Fecha de recepción: 14 de agosto de 2014. Fecha de aceptación: 30 de mayo de 2016.Este artículo se propone revisar el Orfeo de Juan de Jáuregui a la luz de las críticas expresadas en el Antídoto contra la pestilente poesía de las Soledades y de las ideas preceptivas presentes en el Discurso poético para establecer la entidad propia del estilo empleado en su composición de tema mitológico. Al comparar tales aspectos, se destaca la importancia del furor poético como elemento clave de la perspectiva clasicista de jáuregui, el cual lo aproximará al estilo de Góngora. También se examina las opiniones de Jáuregui dentro del ámbito literario de la españa del siglo XVII.

Privilegios territoriales en la España borbónica del siglo xviii

Tratamos de responder a la cuestión de si hubo o no un proyecto de actuación específicamente diseñado para modificar los particularismos fiscales heredados por los territorios que mantuvieron sus privilegios fiscales en España tras la guerra de Sucesión. Nos preguntamos si se pretendió o no integrar a estos territorios dentro de un régimen fiscal uniforme para toda España. Interpretamos finalmente que dicho proyecto existió y que trató efectivamente de ser impuesto en la práctica, pero permitiendo la conservación de ciertos matices particulares en los territorios afectados y una aplicación negociada con las élites e instituciones territoriales para alcanzar compromisos.

Terrys in Spain and Latin-America: Exile and Rise of an Irish Merchant Family

Introduction In recent years the role played by foreign families in the modern and contemporary history of Spain has been increasingly recognized by historians (Oscar Recio 2012). The most numerous groups were French, Genoese, Flemish and Irish who settled in colonial Cadiz during the 17th and 18th centuries. According to Bustos (2005: 141), the Irish community represented 18 percent of foreigners in Cadiz by 1750 and were the third most important colony after the Genoese and French. This work traces the history of a noble Irish family from Cork, the Terrys, since 1600. Following a long family tradition marked by a strong influence in commercial, civil and ecclesiastic affairs in their home country, the Terrys lost power and most of their possessions during The Cromwellian wars. This prompted a number of them to go into exile to Spain during the first half of the 18th century, where they achieved remarkably rapid social and economic ascent. Particular attention is given to the origin and accomplishments of some prominent Terrys in military, diplomatic, and commercial affairs in 18th and 19th century Spain. Our study of the genealogy of these Terrys in Cadiz and Malaga illuminates their origins and family relationships. Three family branches can be distinguished: two of which arrive in Cadiz directly from Ireland, whereas a third branch came from Genoa. Historical Context of the Early 17th Century: The Constitutional Struggle (1603-1641) In 1600, there were three distinct groups in Ireland, Gaelic Irish, Old English and New English. (1) The vast majority of Gaelic Irish were rurally based. Towns were not characteristic of Gaelic lordships, except for Episcopal centres and the unusual exception of the O'Reilly's settlement at Cavan (Foster 1988: 16). The towns existing in 1600 were often imposed on older foundations or sited at a port or estuary. Franchises and liberties were extensive by English standards. The freemen of these towns tended to be aristocratic merchants rather than craftsmen: Old English burgher families or local gentry who had migrated inside the walls. On Queen Elizabeth's death, James VI of Scotland became King James I of England. James was a son of the Catholic Mary Stuart. In expectation that he would show himself well disposed towards his mother's faith, the Irish recusants, i.e. those who refused the Oath of Supremacy of the King (or Queen) as Head of the Church, looked forward hopefully to his reign. It was among the Old English, and not among the natives, that this expectation was highest (Beckett 1966: 46).This was the case in Cork City, where the delay in proclaiming the new King was intended to impress upon the new monarch the seriousness of the opposition of Catholics to the law compelling them to attend Protestant worship. One of the ringleaders to the opposition was Edmund Terry (2) (Hackett 2001: 116). Traditionally, the Old English had held themselves aloof from the conspiracies and rebellions of the Gaelic Irish. But during the first four decades of the 17th century their loyalty was placed under increasing strain. They were excluded, in theory, from local as well as central government; heavy fines were imposed on prominent citizens refusing to attend Protestant services and even their titles to land like those of the Gaelic Irish, began to be questioned in courts that inevitably found for the crown. For periods, the English establishment took a pragmatic view, and the evidence shows that Catholics still held positions in civil authorities (Dickson 2005: 3-28). The Old English combined loyalty to England with a Catholicism that, since the Reformation, no longer attracted English support. They also controlled one-third of Irish land at a time when political acceptability was becoming dependant on religious conformity (Clarke 2000: 15). The map of Cork city in 1600 (O'Brien 1974) shows the city to be walled and bounded on all sides by channels of the River Lee (Figure 1). …

Culto y profanación de la Santa Duda de Ivorra (La Segarra, Lleida)

In the summer of 1936, one of many episodes of religious violence that took place during the first moments of the Spanish Civil War occurred in Ivorra, a small village in the county of Segarra in Lleida, Catalonia). When a group of militia pickets from the county capital arrived on one of the acts of destruction of religious artefacts common at that time, the local anti-fascist committee refused to hand over an object of special value: the shrine that, even today, continues to hold the relics of the Holy Doubt (Sant Dubte), a miracle recorded more than nine centuries earlier involving the mystical truth of Eucharistic transubstantiation. The history of this profanation attempt and the relic’s subsequent fate give us an insight into the way in which modernity has struggled to disable the power of ritual to transcend the symbolic sphere, and to become effective in 20th-century Spain and beyond.

Iberian instrumental music

The last decades of the 18th century represent a moment of intense social and economic change beyond the boundaries of individual countries. Many aspects of musical life were at a turning point, including the changing role of the composer, the growing numbers of amateur musicians and the expansion of the music market. Central to these developments were the commercialization of music and changes in publishing practices and instrument sales, as well as the development of domestic music-making. Studying music of the late 18th century enables a wider understanding of an intertwined network of topics, from publishing practices and performance practice to reception. Recently these perspectives on late 18th-century music have motivated seminars and conferences in the Iberian peninsula, particularly in relation to instrumental music. Such initiatives have been promoted by the research group MECRI (Música en España en la Edad Moderna: composición, recepción e interpretación) of the Universidad de La Rioja, and also the Universidade de Évora project ‘Estudos de Música Instrumental 1755–1840’. The book reviewed here, Instrumental music in late 18th-century Spain, is at the centre of this growth of interest, and includes contributions from nine members of the Spanish research group. The book is divided in four sections: (1) Shaping instrumental genres, (2) Copying music, (3) The musical market, and (4) Issues of style, and includes a thorough introduction and an index of names and cities.