19th 20th Centuries Research Articles

New Insights in Metallurgical Manufacturing in the Caucasian Area: The Case Study of Artefacts from the Samshvilde Citadel Ruins (South Georgia)

An archaeometric approach was applied to the study of the hoard found in the Samshvilde fortress, one of the richest areas of archaeological artefacts in Caucasian Georgia, since it is representative of the historical events from the Neolithic period until the most recent epochs. In this context, four coins dated back to the 12th–13th centuries AD to the reign of King Giorgi III, Queen Tamar, and King Giorgi IV of Georgia underwent different analytical methods to collect information about the technological production process, the probable forge location, and their conservation state. Optical microscope observations provided details about the decorations, the stylistic aspects, and a preliminary evaluation of the conservation state. Portable X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed a composition consisting almost exclusively of copper with a lower amount of tin, lead, and silver. Moreover, degradation products (copper chlorides and sulphates) and cuprite patina were identified. The metal-supplying areas could be related to the nearby Bolnisi Mining District, and the forge location could coincide with the hoard location in Samshvilde, but further data and analyses are necessary.

Drivers of socio-spatial change in Istanbul: Historical and longitudinal analysis of 5 cases from Bakırköy

This article aims to reveal the social and spatial change in Bakırköy through time and to identify the drivers behind this transformation. Bakırköy has been chosen as it hosted the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires, leading to its multicultural and layered structure. It has been influenced by the dominant features of each era, shaping socio-economic changes, spatial transformations, and urban planning practices over the historical process. The interaction of these socio-spatial elements within Bakırköy encompasses broad themes such as social differentiation, economic change, and urban governance, thereby presenting case studies to examine the dynamics of urban areas in Istanbul. The research has been conducted at two levels. First, spatial changes were examined through relevant documents, literature, and historical maps. The periods were determined as the state-led development period (1923-1950), liberalization period (1950-1980), neoliberal transformation period (1980-2000), and globalization period (post-2000), with the pre-1923 period being considered separately. Subsequently, five case studies were selected to represent different functional land use at the local level. The first case study involves an area known as the İskender Çelebi Farm in the 17th century, which was chosen to represent the transformation from a food production area to industrial production in the 18th century and has become a mass housing area in the 20th century, now known as the Ataköy districts. The second and third case studies represent the transformation from industrial production areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries to residential, tourism, and shopping areas. The fourth case study focuses on the coastal strip, which was used as a public space for ‘sea baths’ in the 19th century and today exists as luxury housing projects under private ownership. The fifth case study involves an area that served as an airport in the early 20th century and is currently planned for a hospital and green spaces, although it remains a public service.Through these cases, which demonstrate the shift from the productional use of space to consumption, the study seeks to answer the following questions: First, how do demographic and economic changes play a significant role in the differentiation of urban space, and in a related context, what is the local-scale impact of changing policies on the functional change of the selected cases? The findings reveal that industrial investments, supported by transportation investments, choose their locations in the changing/transforming economic order. The decentralization of industry and the privatization or transformation of public investments into consumption-focused urban areas through public-private partnerships have also been observed. The study aims to prove that this change in space lays the groundwork for social differentiation.

Why Chinese “Society” is So Called: How Social and Managerial Discourse Caused the Choice of the Word at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

Introduction. The purpose of this article is to investigate the reasons for the choice of the term “shehui” to designate the concept of “society” in China at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The research novelty of the work is manifested in the complex analysis of social and managerial discourse of that time and in the identification of factors that influenced the terminological choice. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to understand the processes of formation of social sciences in China, which is important for the interpretation of modern socio-political processes in the country, including in the context of modern sociology of management. This is especially important for Russian sociology, since its area of interest includes the search for mutually beneficial strategies of interaction between Russian and Chinese societies. And this is impossible without studying China's approaches to managing the country's development processes, its internal and external social relations. Methodology and sources. The study applies a system-historical approach, as well as discursive, terminological, etymographic and factor analysis. The paper analyzes classical Chinese texts and works of Chinese enlighteners of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and also uses some materials collected by modern researchers, in particular, by N.M. Kalyuzhnaya. Results and discussion. The main results of the study were the identification and analysis of factors (including internal political, social, foreign policy and linguistic factors) that determined the social and managerial discourse of the period under study and the choice in favor of “shehui” among the main terms competing for the right to designate the concept of “society”. Author pointed out that the process of formation of social and managerial discourse was in line with the gradual decline in the influence of traditionalism and strengthening of the ideas of anti-monarchism, people's power and self-government. Conclusion. Author emphasized that the term “shehui” became one of the key terms in the social and managerial discourse of China at the turn of the century, reflecting global socio[1]political trends. The choice of this term is the result of a complex interaction of various factors in the formation of discursive practices, which themselves were further modified under the influence of the term and its derivatives.

Мадридские комики и их влияние на испанскую культуру 60-80-х гг. XIX века

The paper examines the significance of the group of comedians led by F. Arderíus (Los bufos madrileños) for Spanish culture in the second half of the 19th century and the formation of a new type of the zarzuela as a genre of musical theater. The scientific novelty lies in the formulation of the research aim and research tasks within domestic science, as there is no single source on the topic in Russian-language literature. The author aims to generalize the contribution of the comedians to the development of the Spanish buffoonery genre. As a result of the research, it becomes possible to trace the evolution of the genre on Spanish soil and conclude that there is a significant resemblance to the “small zarzuela”. The popularity of the comedians’ performances contributed to the rapid flourishing of the chico genre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A novel in verse: poetics of intermediate form

At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the genre system restructuring and the leading role of the novel in the literary process leads to the novelization of genres and the emergence of hybrid forms, the internal measure of which is determined by the interaction of different kinds of strategies and techniques. The object of the article is a novel in verse as a result of the novelization of the lyric epic poem, whose status since its emergence has been problematic for both literature and literary studies. The article provides a brief overview of the novel in verse history, the variety of its definitions and themes, it analyses its leading genre features, and attempts to show how the novel and lyric transform each other within this form. The novel in verse is regarded as a literary genre, where the complex multilevel interaction of the prose and poetic word under the influence of the processes of the ready-made word decay and novelization becomes a genre-forming principle. It is concluded that the result of such complex inter-genre interaction is a change in the understanding of the poetic, and the phenomenon of the genre itself accompanies the novel formation, participating in its search for its internal measure, and reflects literature large-scale search for a “reconciliatory” form in the conditions of the value crisis.

Existentialism through the Literary Images in the Short Stories of V. Pidmohylny and M. Yatskiv

This article analyses little-known short stories of modern Ukrainian writers Valerian Pidmohylny and Mykhailo Yatskiv in the context of the 20th century existentialism. It can be considered as a cultural phenomenon which combines philosophy with literature. Pidmohylny’s short stories were significantly influenced primarily by the ideas of the European philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Therefore, we can search for similar motives in the works of Pidmohylny and the existentialists, which developed under the influence of the ideas of Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche. Also, the authors consider Yatskiv’s short stories through the prism of the core concepts of existentialism, namely, fate and death. Pidmohylny and Yatskiv can be assigned to existential writers on the basis of retrospective analysis of the themes of their short stories and the thematic areas of 20th century existentialism.

About the Kyiv school mathematicians contribution to the extrema of functions of many variables theory

The subject of this article is the study of Kyiv school mathematicians’ contribution to the many variable extrema function theory. The purpose of this article is to study the work of Kyiv mathematician Professor M. Ye. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko. Task: for the first time, to carry out a detailed analysis of the results obtained in the article by M. Ye. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko «Signs of the highest and lowest value of functions». The research method is a historical and scientific analysis of the original source, which allows the scientific results obtained in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to be estimated from the viewpoint of modern mathematical analysis. The following results were obtained. Thanks to the analysis of this article, it was found out that here M. Ye. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko first used the methods of linear algebra and applied D. Sylvester’s criterion of positive (negative) definiteness of quadratic form to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of an extremum of functions of many variables. The problem is considered in general for functions of many variables and for special cases of functions of two and three variables. Conclusions. Comparing the results obtained from the Kyiv mathematician, Professor M. Ye. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko with the presentation of this topic in modern textbooks on higher mathematics and mathematical analysis, we can conclude that they are included in these textbooks in virtually the same form. This is what determines the relevance of this topic: methods for solving problems for the extremum of functions of many variables, obtained at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, are used in modern optimization problems. The breadth of the scientific erudition of M. Ye. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko allowed him to immediately perceive new methods obtained by foreign scientists and immediately find their application to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of an extremum of functions of many variables. This shows the high scientific level of the state of mathematics at Kyiv University in the second half of the 19th century. Further research should focus on the contribution of other mathematicians of the Kyiv school to the development of the theory of extrema of functions of many variables.

Bessel's disease-the first report of an IgG4-related disorder.

Many aspects of IgG4-related diseases were initially described during the late 19th and early 20th century. Avariety of clinical presentations caused by this common pathology have been named after the researchers who first described the disorders, such as Mikulicz, Küttner, Riedel or Ormond. However, the initial description of retroperitoneal fibrosis dates back to even 50years earlier, when in 1846, the Prussian private practitioner Raphael Jakob Kosch described ahitherto unknown constellation of symptoms and pathological findings in afamous patient. This celebrity was the mathematician and astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, aclose friend of Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Revisiting Syntactic Microvariation and Diachrony in the Dual Complementizer Systems of Upper Southern Italy1

AbstractThe primary aim of this work is to propose a diachrony of complementizer systems in the upper southern Italian dialects (USIDs). While previous diachronic studies have focused mainly on the transition from Latin to Romance, we aim to address several unanswered questions about the transition from medieval southern Italo‐Romance—in particular the system documented by Ledgeway (2005)—to the attested modern USID ones that are claimed to derive from it. Using the cartographic framework, and in particular the split‐CP (Rizzi 1997), our revisitation of the literature leads us to identify at least six distinct modern systems, which differ morpholexically (what we consider “dual” systems, e.g., presenting both che and ca) and/or syntactically (which we consider “split” systems, i.e., lexicalizing both Force° and Fin°). We ultimately propose that these systems should be interpreted as distinct stages in two separate diachronic developments. This is accounted for both through novel empirical insights concerning the conservative nature of the complementizer system found in e.g. Verbicarese—which we argue coincides with the one found in 17th–19th century Neapolitan‐‐, and through the view that complementizers are generated in Fin°, which presents theoretical advantages concerning the expression of (illocutionary) force and (modal)/finiteness marking.

Ukrainian parallels to Jagiellonianism and Sarmatism in the history of Europe in the 18th-19th centuries

Ukrainian parallels to Jagiellonianism and Sarmatism in the history of Europe in the 18th-19th centuries

Representation of dnipro art Museum`s Collection of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries at Exposition Block "modern. Avant-garde. Symbolism"

Representation of dnipro art Museum`s Collection of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries at Exposition Block "modern. Avant-garde. Symbolism"

Troitskosavsk Public Library Visitors’ Reading Fiction in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Lack of comprehensive records on the history of reading in Siberian cities’ libraries, scanty and brief references to reading fiction by the Troitskosavsk Public Library visitors condition the novelty of the declared topic. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of fiction in the reading circle of the Troitskosavsk Public Library visitors in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Methods of comparative analysis, statistical and source study became the main ones when exploring the topic. The source base of the study was 18 reports about the work of the library for 23 years (1887–1909), starting from the time of its foundation, and 2 catalogs revealing its collections.For the first time, the share of fiction in the issuance of publications from the library to the house, in general and without periodicals, was calculated. The obtained data reveal that fiction was the main object of readers’ demands. Calculations were made of the total number of issues of books of individual writers and poets for 15 years (1895–1909) and the average per year, basing on which the top 20 of the most popular of domestic and foreign authors within the library visitors were compiled. The first three places in the ranking of Russian writers were taken by L. N. Tolstoy, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, A. K. Sheller-Mikhailov, foreign – M. Reed, J. Verne, G. Emar. Readers gave clear preference to prose works. The works of Russian authors were more often in the library visitors’ demand than foreign ones.The study complements the information already introduced into scientific circulation about reading fiction in pre-revolutionary Siberia, its place in the reading circle of Siberians and their popular authors.

Genre-style dynamics of saxophone quartet in the world music culture of the 19th-20th centuries

Genre-style dynamics of saxophone quartet in the world music culture of the 19th-20th centuries

ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POPULATION OF SMOLENSK IN THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES BASED ON THE MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT PYATNITSKY DISTRICT

Introduction. The article analyzes materials dated to the 16th-17th centuries came from Smolensk. This period turned out to be one of the most complex and eventful in the history of the region, that's why every new detail is significant for the study. For a long time, Smolensk functioned as a boundary city and also as an important trade hub between the Muscovite Tsardom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; so, the composition of its population may reflect the influence of the western neighbors. Materials and methods. There were examined the craniological materials discovered during the excavations at the Pyatnitsky district of the city in 2012. The necropolis dates back to the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, it is located on the high bank of the Dnieper near the fortress wall of the Smolensk Kremlin. The materials include 17 male and 19 female skulls. Classical and multidimensional biometric methods were used as statistical approaches. Results. The comparison beetween the studied sample and the other sample of the 12th century city population known from the literature has showed their high similarity, although the later sample tends to be slenderer. Statistically significant differences were recorded only for certain parameters of the skull. The comparison with the aggregated sample of the rural Smolensk region population dated to the 18th-19th centuries also revealed a significant difference for the cranial length and height and some parameters of the facial skeleton. Discriminant analysis showed a quite unique status of the studied sample, which differs from both synchronous urban groups and later samples of the rural population of the central region. There are also no processes of macrosomization observed for it. Conclusion. The absence of significant differences for most characteristics between the studied sample and the urban population of the 12th century can indicate the continuity of the morphological type of the Smolensk urban population. On the other hand, the intermediate position of the studied sample in relation to early and late comparative materials can indicate that the studied sample represents recent settlers from the rural area.

Етнографізм малої прози Богдана Лепкого

The article explores the ethnographic elements in the prose of B. Lepky, a multifaceted Ukrainian poet, novelist, translator, and cultural activist, who authored over 80 books. The purpose of the article to examine the characteristics and significance of ethnography in Lepky's short prose, identifying the methods he employed to incorporate ethnographic details. This analysis seeks to reveal how these elements contribute to creating a distinct national image and reflect the depth of the writer's creative world. The research methodology The main methods of our research are historical and comparative. First of all, we strive to find analogies of the ethnographic realities mentioned in the work of B. Lepkyi, in the scientific literature, published and commented sources describing the life of Podillia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is connected with the wide use of works containing specific ethnographic materials, historical references, and local history descriptions. For the same purpose, reference books and encyclopedias containing information about the places described by B. Lepkyi are used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time an analysis of the artistic works of B. Lepky as an ethnographic source of everyday life in Podillia has been carried out. Conclusions. After analyzing the short prose of B. Lepkyі, we concluded that a literary work can serve as a valuable ethnographic source. In our research, we paid attention to the following ethnographic elements of the writer's short prose: ethnopedagogy, beliefs and worldview of the Ukrainian peasant, celebrating Christmas in Podillya, customs and traditions related to the Easter holidays. Using the example of B. Lepkyi’s short prose, it becomes clear that the object of direct ethnographic descriptions for a realist writer is not only the events that the author perceives as the archaic, but also the description of traditional everyday life, which gives special value to this ethnographic source. The reliability of ethnographic descriptions is confirmed by the research of Ukrainian ethnographers.

Skateboard crime and the pirating of urban space

This paper seeks to analyze “skate crime:” what skateboarders do, why they do it, and why it is criminalized even in public spaces. I begin with a case example of the Dolores Street Hill Bomb in San Francisco, a seemingly over-criminalized annual event that treats skaters as enemies of the city, a logic of enmity. This same logic was used to criminalize 17th–18th century “Golden Age” maritime piracy, a heuristic that helps assess the role that stigmatization by dominant orders of authority plays in skate crime. I deepen this narrative of skate crime by discussing four diverse facets that distinguish whether they are caused by political motivations or not and whether they have effects of social harm or not. I argue further that Golden Age piracy also fits this four-fold narrative, leading to my conclusion that skateboarding might be considered a kind of piracy, a “street piracy.”

Evolution of Yelabuga City Ergonyms

The article analyzes Yelabuga’s ergonymicon, the evolution of ergonyms from 1897 to 2022 and compares three layers of Yelabuga’s ergonymicon in order to reveal the formation regularities of proper names. The study is based on advertising texts, the newspapers “The Kama Listok Advertising”, “The Stalin’s Way”, “The For the Five-Year Plan”, “The New Kama”, as well as the names of current city infrastructure facilities. Our research is based on following methods: the comparative method in the study of the linguistic facts, historical and cultural processes, the analysis of the concepts in finding correspondences and regularities in the formation of ergonyms, the contextual analysis method in the study of periodical publications of the 19th-20th centuries and the transformation method in identifying the functional possibilities of onyms. The article gives a number of examples (300 names of urban objects in the 19th – 21st centuries). In the course of the study, we propose our own classifications of ergonyms. The theoretical significance of the analyzed material lies in clarifying the concept of “ergonym” and the classification of ergonyms. The practical value lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to study the emergence peculiarities of ergonyms and the regularities of their change over time. The results confirm the idea that ergonyms are a linguistically flexible category of words, which change over time, responding to the needs of society.

XIX-ASRNING OXIRI XX-ASR BOSHLARIDA SURXON VOHASI AHOLISINING DEMOGRAFIK JARAYONLARI

This article analyzes the social lifestyle and demographic processes of the inhabitants of theSurkhan oasis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular, during this period, issues of the influenceof the colonial policy of the Russian Empire and the problems that arose as a result of difficult social conditionson the demographic processes were scientifically analyzed

Postmodernism Paradigm and its View on the Existence of Language

Objective: The emergence of postmodernism as a continuation and correction of the shortcomings of modernism is expected to provide new alternatives and complement the repertoire of human thinking, especially about the existence of language and culture. Although, in principle, all paradigms of thinking have their own advantages and disadvantages. This paper aims to examine the issues surrounding the postmodernism paradigm, which is focused on two main things, namely: the concept and basic principles of the paradigm and the view of the postmodern paradigm in relation to the existence of language phenomena. Method: Methodologically, this article is based on a literature study, which is conducted by identifying various theories related to postmodernism, to answer the problems that have been raised. Results and Discussion: From the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the postmodernism paradigm is an approach to philosophy, art and culture that emerged as a response to the ideas and values of modernism that were dominant in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Postmodernism rejects the idea that there is a single narrative or truth that can explain the world, and instead, emphasizes the diversity, complexity and relative nature of everything. Second, in the context of its view on language, postmodernism offers several perspectives, among which the key ones are openness to the plurality of languages, the destruction of the concept of binaries and oppositions, the importance of meta-narrative, and intertextuality. Postmodernism is present to provide an alternative to new ways of thinking in knowledge, especially by prioritizing the principle of respecting differences in plural particularities, as a counter to the thesis of modernism which believes in the importance of the principle of uniformity and universality. Research Implications: Studying the postmodernist paradigm and its views on language can open insight into the complexity and dynamics of language in various contexts. This influences how we understand the world, interact with others, and organize our knowledge. Originality/Value: The value and originality of the study of postmodernism and language paradigms lies in its ability to raise new questions, provoke critical thinking, and open space for new developments in various disciplines and cultural practices.

Closure of Khor Al Balid and Khor Rori harbours/estuaries with coastal uplift and aridity in the 12th – 15th c. CE and evidence for an extreme overwash event in the 18th – 19th c. CE: Implications for ancient port sites in southern Oman

Ancient maritime trading ports along the southern coast of Oman have been the target of archaeological excavations for several decades. Though historical chronologies are well-researched, information from a paleoenvironmental perspective is lacking and can provide a more complete understanding of site development. This study investigates the timing of coastal sand barrier accumulation in the natural harbours at Khor Al Balid and Khor Rori, which had considerable effects on the populations at the ancient cities of al–Balīd and Sumhuram, respectively. Six cores from Khor Al Balid and four cores from Khor Rori were analyzed using sedimentological, microfossil (foraminifera and testate amoebae), geochemical (μXRF), and radiocarbon dating methods. Marine proxies (e.g., Amphistegina spp., C. pseudolobatulus, E. limbatum, Sr, Ca/Si) and lagoon proxies (e.g., T. macrescens, T. inflata, C. constricta and C. aculeata, Ti/Ca, Fe/Ca) were used to identify Marine Sand, Brackish Lagoon/Marsh, and Freshwater facies. Results indicate that the eastern arm of Khor Al Balid closed off from the sea around the 12th century CE and that the western arm closed around the 15th century CE. Siltation of harbours and the formation of sand barriers may have contributed towards site abandonment. Previous archaeological findings suggest that al-Balīd was able to continue with maritime trade activities along the southern seaside edge of the city for several centuries after siltation of Khor Al Balid, possibly with the help of dredging. An extreme overwash event was recorded in almost all cores across both sampling sites, suggesting that a very large cyclone or a tsunami hit the southern Oman coast sometime around the 18th–19th century CE. This event, as well as continuous coastal sand accumulation, may have contributed to the decline and abandonment of Khor Al Balid and highlights the impacts that large storm/wave events have on archaeological site preservation.