10th Generation Research Articles

A Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of BiPAP Pressure Settings on Airway Biomechanics Using a CT-Based Respiratory Tract Model.

Central and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (CSA and OSA), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS) disrupt breathing patterns, posing significant health risks and reducing the quality of life. Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) therapy offers adjustable inhalation and exhalation pressures, potentially enhancing treatment adaptability for the above diseases. This is the first-ever study that employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to examine the biomechanical impacts of BiPAP under four settings: Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP)/Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (EPAP) of 12/8, 16/6, and 18/8 cmH2O, compared to a without-BiPAP scenario of zero-gauge pressure. Utilizing a computed-tomography-based respiratory tract model from the nasal cavity extending to the 13th generation, we analyzed parameters such as static pressure, shear stress, and airway wall normal force across different airway regions. Our results indicate that BiPAP, particularly at higher IPAP settings, effectively increases static pressure, thereby improving airway patency and potentially reducing the risk of airway collapse in both CSA and OSA. Lower EPAP, on the other hand, helps reduce the work of breathing during exhalation, which is particularly useful for patients who have difficulty exhaling against higher pressures or need to exhale CO2 more effectively. This comparative analysis confirms that BiPAP not only maintains open airways but does so with an adjustable approach that can be used for the specific needs of patients with various respiratory dysfunctions, thereby offering a versatile and effective treatment option.

Gene expression of Decompression Sickness-resistant rats through a miRnome/transcriptome crossed approach

Susceptibility to decompression sickness (DCS) is characterized by a wide inter-individual variability, the origins of which are still poorly understood. We selectively bred rats with at least a 3-fold greater resistance to DCS than standard rats after 6 generations. In order to better understand DCS mechanisms, we compared the static genome expression of these resistant rats from the 10th generation to their counterparts of the initial non-resistant Wistar strain, by a microarray transcriptomic approach coupled and crossed with a PCR plates miRnome study. Thus, we identified differentially expressed genes on selected males and females, as well as gender differences in those genes, and we crossed these transcripts with the respective targets of the differentially expressed microRNAs. Our results highlight pathways involved in inflammatory responses, circadian clock, cell signaling and motricity, phagocytosis or apoptosis, and they confirm the importance of inflammation in DCS pathophysiology.

Unveiling population structure and selection signatures of riverine and genetically improved rohu, Labeo rohita using genome wide SNPs.

Captive breeding, along with artificial selection can significantly impact population structure by influencing allele frequencies and driving populations towards specific adaptation. Selective sweeps are powerful forces in shaping genetic variation within populations and can drive rapid spread of beneficial alleles while simultaneously reducing genetic diversity in localized regions of the genome. The present work was undertaken to assess the genetic structure and consequences of artificial selection in 10th generation of genetically improved rohu by comparing with wild populations. The present study used 11,022 high-quality genome wide SNPs to compare the population genetic structure and signatures of selection between Jayanti rohu population and its wild counterpart. Outlier analysis revealed presence of 14 adaptive SNPs, out of which 5 were classified to be under decisive selection pressure. Notably, Jayanti rohu (JR) displayed 297 private alleles exclusive to its population. Chromosomes 7 and 16 emerged as potential hotspots containing a majority of the identified SNPs. Structure and principal component analysis revealed two distinct clusters, effectively distinguishing the JR and wild rohu populations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a separate cluster of JR population distant from wild groups. The results of present study shall help in elucidating patterns of genetic variation and characterizing selection signatures associated with captive bred and natural populations of rohu. The genomic resources generated through this work shall be helpful in improving the traceability of selectively bred germplasm for developing future strategies of genetic management.

Low expression of Lnc-ENST00000535078 inhibits the migration, invasion, and enhances apoptosis of CTPE-induced malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells.

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plays an important role in malignant transformation of cells. This study aimed to explore the role of Lnc-ENST00000535078 in the malignant transformation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) induced by coal tar pitch extract (CTPE). The malignant transformation model of BEAS-2B cells exposed to CTPE. Cell proliferation was examined by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Colony formation assay was used to assess the colony of cells. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell analysis. Cell cycle progression and apoptotic status were assessed by flow cytometry. Differentially expressed genes were screened by RNA sequencing. The results showed that Lnc-ENST00000535078 expression was highest in malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells passaged to the 30th generation. Knockdown of Lnc-ENST00000535078 inhibited the migration, invasion and anti-apoptotic abilities of malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells. Transcriptome analysis found 608 differential genes. CCND1 and FOS genes were screened out because of their levels were positive correlation with the expression of Lnc-ENST00000535078, which were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. In conclusion, Low expression of Lnc-ENST00000535078 inhibits the migration and invasion of malignant transformed BEAS-2B cells and promotes apoptosis in these cells. Lnc-ENST00000556926 might affect the malignant transformation of cells through the regulation of CCND1 and FOS. This study may provide a potential target for intervention in CTPE-induced lung cancer.

Selection of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) for Resistance to Thiamethoxam Insecticide Under Laboratory Conditions

Abstract The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a polyphagous pest that causes yield losses in a variety of crops worldwide. Its management relies mainly on the use of chemical insecticides. This study followed the development of resistance to thiamethoxam in A. craccivora under laboratory conditions for 24 generations. The initial median lethal concentration (LC50) of thiamethoxam in a susceptible laboratory population of A. craccivora was 2.62 ppm. Exposure of surviving aphids in each generation to thiamethoxam caused an increase in the LC50 with each successive generation. After 24 generations, the LC50 had increased to 225.83 ppm, an 86.2-fold increase over the initial LC50. Resistance, as indicated by the increasing LC50, appeared as early as the second generation with a 1.4-fold increase over the initial generation. By the 14th generation, the LC50 had increased by 29-fold, and by the 16th generation, it had quickly increased by 69.4-fold. Our results indicate that A. craccivora populations repeatedly exposed to thiamethoxam in a cropping system can lead to rapid development of resistance to the insecticide. Any overuse or other misuse of the pesticide may lead to an even more rapid development of high levels of resistance to thiamethoxam within a short period of time. Elevated levels of the detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and mixed function oxidases, in aphids exhibiting resistance as compared with the initial susceptible population indicated that the detoxifying enzymes, especially the carboxylesterases, are likely involved in facilitating the development of resistance to thiamethoxam in A. craccivora.

Correlated Responses to Selection for Intramuscular Fat on the Gut Microbiome in Rabbits.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is important for meat production and human health, where the host genetics and its microbiome greatly contribute to its variation. The aim of this study is to describe the consequences of the genetic modification of IMF by selecting the taxonomic composition of the microbiome, using rabbits from the 10th generation of a divergent selection experiment for IMF (high (H) and low (L) lines differ by 3.8 standard deviations). The selection altered the composition of the gut microbiota. Correlated responses were better distinguished at the genus level (51 genera) than at the phylum level (10 phyla). The H-line was enriched in Hungateiclostridium, Limosilactobacillus, Legionella, Lysinibacillus, Phorphyromonas, Methanosphaera, Desulfovibrio, and Akkermansia, while the L-line was enriched in Escherichia, Methanobrevibacter, Fonticella, Candidatus Amulumruptor, Methanobrevibacter, Exiguobacterium, Flintibacter, and Coprococcus, among other genera with smaller line differences. A microbial biomarker generated from the abundance of four of these genera classified the lines with 78% accuracy in a logit regression. Our results demonstrate different gut microbiome compositions in hosts with divergent IMF genotypes. Furthermore, we provide a microbial biomarker to be used as an indicator of hosts genetically predisposed to accumulate muscle lipids, which opens up the opportunity for research to develop probiotics or microbiome-based breeding strategies targeting IMF.

Large eddy simulation-based modeling of cold-air inhalation from nasal cavities to the distal lung: Insights for athlete health and performance

In cold environments, athletes are frequently susceptible to injuries from inhaling cold and dry air, posing significant health risks. Despite abundant prior research focusing on risk analysis and prevention, the existing body of literature has predominantly focused on heat transfer within lung airways while mainly overlooking the broader respiratory tract. This pioneering study introduces a comprehensive assessment of the entire respiratory system, spanning from the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx, then the trachea, and extending to the 13th generation of lung airways. Employing cutting-edge Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques, the investigation operates Large Eddy Simulation (LES) integrated with an algebraic wall-modeled LES subgrid-scale model to simulate heat transfer within the human lung. This approach provides a detailed insight into the complex dynamics of respiratory thermoregulation in cold environments. By offering a comprehensive analysis of the temperature, heat flux, Nusselt number and static pressure profiles throughout the respiratory system, this study fundamentally advances our understanding of the physiological responses of the respiratory system to cold air exposure. These findings have paramount implications for athlete health and performance, shedding light on the complexities of cold-induced respiratory challenges. Moreover, this research lays a solid foundation for developing more effective preventive measures and strategies for optimizing athletic performance in cold weather conditions.

Non‐Geophysical Interhemispheric Asymmetries in Large Magnetic Field Residuals Between Swarm Observations and Earth Magnetic Field Models During Moderate to Quiet Geomagnetic Conditions

AbstractWe present a statistical study of large magnetic field vector residuals between Swarm observations and the 13th generation International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF‐13) model under quiet to moderate geomagnetic conditions. Since the vast majority of data are taken during these conditions, statistics of these large residuals are important for satellite operation when using IGRF‐13 as reference, as well as for magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere studies. Residuals with magnitude of vector differences between observations and model estimations larger than 300 nT under Dst > −50 nT are studied from 2014 to 2020. All large residuals appear in the high‐latitude auroral zone region peaking around 70° (−70°) magnetic latitude (MLAT) in the northern hemisphere (southern hemisphere) with also a secondary occurrence peak just below 80° (−80°) MLAT. However, the two hemispheres show clear asymmetries in the magnetic longitude and magnetic local time distribution where both hemispheres show high concentration of large residuals around the geographic poles. Since polar satellite's orbits give rise to highly biased number of observations around the geographic poles, it results in a decrease in occurrence rate with respect to the total number of measurements. We suggest that the asymmetries of large residuals in the two hemispheres around the geographic pole are not geophysical, but due to satellite orbit bias around the geographic poles and difference between IGRF and observations due to model error and geophysical processes not included in the model. Identifying these biases is helpful to better separate out geophysical electric current signatures from non‐geophysical ones.

Screening of Some 10th Generation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutant Lines Using Agronomic and Biochemical Evaluations in Saline Conditions

Screening of Some 10th Generation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutant Lines Using Agronomic and Biochemical Evaluations in Saline Conditions

Transport and deposition of microplastics and nanoplastics in the human respiratory tract

Recent studies have unveiled the presence of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) within both human and avian respiratory systems, prompting an exploration into the interactions between these particles and the human respiratory system. Experimental evidence has strongly suggested that these plastic particles amplify human susceptibility to a spectrum of lung disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, dyspnea, asthma, and the formation of frosted glass nodules. To advance the understanding, this study employs computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) to study the transfer and deposition of poly-dispersed 1-100 nm nanoplastics and 1-100 μm microplastics under three breathing conditions. Notably, this investigation utilized a computerized tomography-based full respiratory tract model, comprehensively spanning regions from the nasal cavity to the 13th generation of the bronchial tree, providing a highly detailed representation of the anatomical complexities of the human respiratory system. The outcomes reveal distinctive deposition patterns of spherical, cylindrical, and tetrahedral NMPs in the human respiratory tract, elucidating the significant impact of breathing rate, pinpointing specific deposition hotspots, and highlighting the critical role of particle size in governing transport and deposition behavior. This study establishes a link between the behavior of nanoplastics within the respiratory tract and its consequential impact, providing insights that extend across three critical domains. Firstly, in environmental health, the research contributes to understanding NMP-related air pollution. Secondly, within respiratory medicine, the findings shed light on NMPs' role in respiratory disorders. Finally, this study guides the formulation of regulations addressing permissible NMP levels and mitigating associated health and environmental risks.

Genomic and metabolic instability during long-term fermentation of an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain engineered for C5 sugar utilization.

The genetic stability and metabolic robustness of production strains is one of the key criteria for the production of bio-based products by microbial fermentation on an industrial scale. These criteria were here explored in an industrial ethanol-producer strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to co-ferment D-xylose and L-arabinose with glucose through the chromosomal integration of several copies of pivotal genes for the use of these pentose (C5) sugars. Using batch sequential cultures in a controlled bioreactor that mimics long-term fermentation in an industrial setting, this strain was found to exhibit significant fluctuations in D-xylose and L-arabinose consumption as early as the 50th generation and beyond. These fluctuations seem not related to the few low-consumption C5 sugar clones that appeared throughout the sequential batch cultures at a frequency lower than 1.5% and that were due to the reduction in the number of copies of transgenes coding for C5 sugar assimilation enzymes. Also, subpopulations enriched with low or high RAD52 expression, whose expression level was reported to be proportional to homologous recombination rate did not exhibit defect in C5-sugar assimilation, arguing that other mechanisms may be responsible for copy number variation of transgenes. Overall, this work highlighted the existence of genetic and metabolic instabilities in an industrial yeast which, although modest in our conditions, could be more deleterious in harsher industrial conditions, leading to reduced production performance.

Efficient induction of pluripotent stem cells differentiated into mesenchymal stem cell lineages.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered significant attention in the field of cell-based therapy owing to their remarkable capabilities for differentiation and self-renewal. However, primary tissue-derived MSCs are plagued by various limitations, including constrained tissue sources, arduous and invasive retrieval procedures, heterogeneous cell populations, diminished purity, cellular senescence, and a decline in self-renewal and proliferative capacities after extended expansion. Addressing these challenges, our study focuses on establishing a robust differentiation platform to generate mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMSCs). To achieve this, we used a comprehensive methodology involving the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into MSCss. The process was meticulously designed to ensure the expression of key MSC positive markers (CD73, CD90, and CD105) at elevated levels, coupled with the minimal expression of negative markers (CD34, CD45, CD11b, CD19, and HLA-DR). Moreover, the stability of these characteristics was evaluated across 10th generations. Our findings attest to the success of this endeavor. iMSCs exhibited robust expression of positive markers and limited expression of negative markers, confirming their MSC identity. Importantly, these characteristics remained stable even up to the 10th generation, signifying the potential for sustained use in therapeutic applications. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the successful differentiation of iMSCs into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, showcasing their multilineage potential. In conclusion, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) presents a significant advancement in overcoming the limitations associated with primary tissue-derived MSCs. The remarkable stability and multilineage differentiation potential exhibited by iMSCs offer a strong foundation for their application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This breakthrough paves the way for further research and development in harnessing the full therapeutic potential of iMSCs.

Genomic inbreeding measures applied to a population of mice divergently selected for birth weight environmental variance.

This study aimed to compare different inbreeding measures estimated from pedigree and molecular data from two divergent mouse lines selected for environmental birth weight during 26 generations. Furthermore, the performance of different approaches and both molecular and pedigree data sources for estimating Ne were tested in this population. A total of 1,699 individuals were genotyped using a high-density genotyping array. Genomic relationship matrices were used to calculate molecular inbreeding: Nejati-Javaremi (F NEJ), Li and Horvitz (F L&H), Van Raden method 1 (F VR1) and method 2 (F VR2), and Yang (F YAN). Inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity (F ROH) and pedigree inbreeding (F PED) were also computed. F ROH, F NEJ, and F L&H were also adjusted for their average values in the first generation of selection and named F ROH0, F NEJ0, and F L&H0. ∆F was calculated from pedigrees as the individual inbreeding rate between the individual and his parents (∆F PEDt) and individual increases in inbreeding (∆F PEDi). Moreover, individual ∆F was calculated from the different molecular inbreeding coefficients (∆F NEJ0, ∆F L&H, ∆F L&H0, ∆F VR1, ∆F VR2, ∆F YAN, and ∆F ROH0). The Ne was obtained from different ∆F, such as Ne PEDt, Ne PEDi, Ne NEJ0, Ne L&H, Ne L&H0, Ne VR1, Ne VR2, Ne YAN, and Ne ROH0. Comparing with F PED , F ROH , F NEJ and F VR2 overestimated inbreeding while F NEJ0 , F L&H , F L&H0 , F VR1 and F YAN underestimated inbreeding. Correlations between inbreeding coefficients and ∆F were calculated. F ROH had the highest correlation with F PED (0.89); F YAN had correlations >0.95 with all the other molecular inbreeding coefficients. Ne PEDi was more reliable than Ne PEDt and presented similar behaviour to Ne L&H0 and Ne NEJ0. Stable trends in Ne were not observed until the 10th generation. In the 10th generation Ne PEDi was 42.20, Ne L&H0 was 45.04 and Ne NEJ0 was 45.05 and in the last generation these Ne were 35.65, 35.94 and 35.93, respectively F ROH presented the highest correlation with F PED, which addresses the identity by descent probability (IBD). The evolution of Ne L&H0 and Ne NEJ0 was the most similar to that of Ne PEDi. Data from several generations was necessary to reach a stable trend for Ne, both with pedigree and molecular data. This population was useful to test different approaches to computing inbreeding coefficients and Ne using molecular and pedigree data.

Abstract LB_B18: Rapid and reproducible scaffold free organoid formation for personalized medicine: Multiomic analysis of in-vitro cancer patient model

Abstract We have established a single cell derived 3D organoid culture platform, Rapid, Reproducible, Rare Cell 3D Expansion (R3CE), and demonstrated its ability to generate 3D organoids of solid tumors, normal tissues from surgical tissues and needle biopsies in one week. The successful banking of at least two passages with over 10^6 cells is over 90% (breast cancer ( n=7, stages I to IV), colorectal cancer (n = 9 stages I to III), hepatoma cancer (n = 2, stage IV), and ovarian cancer (n =2, stage IV)). The quick formation of patient derived organoids have been consistently passed over 20 passages, and their H&E staining, WES, and protein markers have shown their high fidelity from the original tissues and passages over 11th generation. The normal and tumor organoid pairs were recently tested for direct cytotoxic events by co-culturing with various immunotherapy, including CAR-T and autologous NK testing. This is the first 3D organoid system that does not require aggregation, or 3D scaffold such as matrigel system. Hence, it opens up the possibility for drug assays, from small molecules, large molecules to cell regiments. Citation Format: Ying-Chih Chang. Rapid and reproducible scaffold free organoid formation for personalized medicine: Multiomic analysis of in-vitro cancer patient model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB_B18.

PSXII-4 Genomic Improvement of Disease Resistance Using Two Breeding Strategies in a Population of Penaeus Vannamei (Pacific White shrimp): a Simulation Study

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the impact of SNP density chip and genotyping strategies on the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (EBV) in a simulated population mimicking a commercial Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) breeding program. The chromosome number and length mimicked the P. vannamei genome. To create an initial linkage disequilibrium (LD), a historical population of 5,000 animals was randomly bred for 1,000 generations and included a bottleneck on generation 750. In the last generation of the historical population, animals were randomly selected to create a breeding population with an effective population size (Ne) of 40. From the breeding population, a total of 40,000 animals were simulated over 20 generations. Phenotypes for a trait with a heritability of 0.1 was simulated, and genetic variance was 100% explained by 1,000 QTLs. Phenotypes and genotypes were saved for all animals in the last 10 generations, while pedigree from all 20 generations was used. To mimic the selection of young animals, a forward-in-time prediction was implemented by masking the phenotypes from the 20th generation in the data analysis. The accuracy of prediction was the correlation between the simulated true breeding value and the EBV in the last generation. Genomic information consisted of SNP chips with 6K, 11K, 22K, 45K, and 90K markers evenly spaced across the genome. The two breeding strategies considered in this study were 1) 25 families with 40 animals each, and 2) 50 families with 20 animals each. Additionally, the number of generations with phenotypes varied from nine to one. This was done to identify the minimum number of generations to collect data, as phenotyping individuals may be challenging in aquaculture. In all scenarios, genomic selection outperformed family selection. Results indicated that genotyping more individuals within families, instead of more families with fewer individuals, improved the accuracy of predictions. Furthermore, the maximum accuracy was achieved with 45K and 90K SNPs in both scenarios, showing that SNP density will reach a plateau. Finally, maximum accuracy plateaued at five generations. Finally, having one generation with phenotypes and genotypes yielded greater accuracies than nine generations with only phenotypes. Overall, the results from the present study suggest that genomic selection using the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) methodology is a feasible tool to improve P. vannamei commercial populations, even for traits with low heritability. Moreover, it is recommended to collect data on more individuals per family than increasing the number of families, and data collection should be continued for at least four generations. Tests with real data will provide further insights into the ideal number of animals and SNP density necessary for maximum accuracy.

Leptin-mediated ERK Signaling Pathway Promotes the Transformation of Rat Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Induced by Yunnan Tin Mine Dust

Currently, a significant number of miners are involved in mining operations at the Gejiu tin mine in Yunnan. This occupational setting is associated with exposure to dust particles, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive radon, thereby significantly elevating the risk of lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the involvement of leptin-mediated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in the malignant transformation of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust. Immortalized rat alveolar cells type II (RLE-6TN) cells were infected with Yunnan tin mine dust at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for nine consecutive generations to establish the infected cell model, which was named R₂₀₀ cells. The cells were cultured normally, named as R cells. The expression of leptin receptor in both cell groups was detected using the Western blot method. The optimal concentration of leptin and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126) on R₂₀₀ cells was determined using the MTT method. Starting from the 20th generation, the cells in the R group were co-cultured with leptin, while the cells in the R₂₀₀ group were co-cultured with the MEK inhibitor U0126. The morphological alterations of the cells in each group were visualized utilizing hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, concanavalin A (ConA) was utilized to detect any morphological differences, and an anchorage-independent growth assay was conducted to assess the malignant transformation of the cells. The changes in the ERK signaling pathway in epithelial cells after the action of leptin were detected using the Western blot method. Both the cells in the R group and R₂₀₀ group express leptin receptor OB-R. Compared to the R₂₀₀ group, the concentration of leptin at 100 ng/mL shows the most significant pro-proliferation effect. The proliferation of R₂₀₀ cells infected with the virus is inhibited by 30 μmol/L U0126, and a statistically significant divergence was seen when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Starting from the 25th generation, the cell morphology of the leptin-induced R₂₀₀ group (R₂₀₀L group) underwent changes, leading to malignant transformation observed at the 30th generation. The characteristics of malignant transformation became evident by the 40th generation in the R₂₀₀L group. In contrast, the other groups showed agglutination of P40 cells, and the speed of cell aggregation increased with an increase in ConA concentration. Notably, the R₂₀₀L group exhibited faster cell aggregation compared to the U0126-induced R₂₀₀ (R₂₀₀LU) group. Additionally, the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were capable of forming clones starting from P30, with a colony formation rate of 2.25‰±0.5‰. However, no clonal colonies were observed in the R₂₀₀LU group and R₂₀₀ group. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) was enhanced in cells of the R₂₀₀L group. However, when the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were treated with U0126, a blocking agent, the phosphorylation level of pERK decreased. Leptin can promote the malignant transformation of lung epithelial cells infected by mine dust, and the ERK signaling pathway may be necessary for the transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.

Study on the flow mechanism and frequency characteristics of rales in lower respiratory tract.

The frequency characteristics of lung sounds have great significance for noninvasive diagnosis of respiratory diseases. The rales in the lower respiratory tract region that can provide rich information about symptoms of respiratory diseases are not clear. In this paper, a three-dimensional idealized bifurcated lower respiratory tract geometric model, which contains 3rd to 13th generation (G3-G13) bronchi is constructed, where , and then the large eddy simulation and volume of fluid are used to study the fluid flow characteristics. Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings model are subsequently used to study the frequency characteristics of rale of different generations of bronchi. The results showed that bronchial blockage and sputum movement will enhance the turbulence intensity and vortex shedding intensity of flow. The dominant frequency and highest value of sound pressure level (SPL) of rhonchi/moist crackles decrease with the increase of bronchial generation. The change rates of dominant frequency of rhonchi/moist crackles in adjacent generations were 5.0 ± 0.1~9.1 ± 0.2% and 3.1 ± 0.1~11.9 ± 0.3%, respectively, which is concentrated in 290~420Hz and 200~300Hz, respectively. The change rates of SPL of rhonchi/moist crackles were 8.8 ± 0.1~15.7 ± 0.1% and 7.1 ± 0.1~19.5 ± 0.2%, respectively, which is concentrated in 28~50dB and 16~32dB, respectively. In the same generation of bronchus (e.g., G8, G9) with the same degree of initial blockage, the dominant frequency and SPL of moist crackles can be 3.7 ± 0.2% and 4.5 ± 0.3% slightly higher than that of rhonchi, respectively. This research is conducive to the establishment of a rapid and accurate noninvasive diagnosis system for respiratory diseases.

Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education for College Students Based on BP Neural Network

With the steady advancement, innovation, and entrepreneurship education (IEE) in higher education institutions has gradually become a powerful measure and a vital approach for cultivating talents. Therefore, establishing a complete and feasible evaluation system for IEE is vital for the enhancement of education level and quality. On the basis of the principles for the evaluating system, the study selected the evaluation indicators for IEE. Then, the adaptive flower pollination algorithm was used to evolve the BP’s initial weight and threshold applied to the evaluation of the IEE of college students. The improved BP network had a faster speed in the first to fifth iteration, and the mean square error converged between 10-7 and 10-6. In the comparison of fitness values, the method converged only in the 16th generation, and the fitness value was stable at about 1.95. In practical application, the error rate of this method was about 13%, and it had a high accuracy rate. Its high accuracy indicated that this method could effectively evaluate the IEE in higher education institutions, and provided certain technical support for the cultivation of innovative talents.

An application for the earthquake spectral and source parameters and prediction using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system and machine learning

Parameters related to earthquake origins can be broken down into two broad classes: source location and source dimension. Scientists use distance curves versus average slowness to approximate the epicentre of an earthquake. The shape of curves is the complex function to the epicentral distance, the geological structures of Earth, and the path taken by seismic waves. Brune’s model for source is fitted to the measured seismic wave’s displacement spectrum in order to estimate the source’s size by optimising spectral parameters. The use of ANFIS to determine earthquake magnitude has the potential to significantly alter the playing field. ANFIS can learn like a person using only the data that has already been collected, which improves predictions without requiring elaborate infrastructure. For this investigation’s FIS development, we used a machine with Python 3x running on a core i5 from the 11th generation and an NVIDIA GEFORCE RTX 3050ti GPU processor. Moreover, the research demonstrates that presuming a large number of inputs to the membership function is not necessarily the best option. The quality of inferences generated from data might vary greatly depending on how that data is organised. Subtractive clustering, which does not necessitate any type of normalisation, can be used for prediction of earthquakes magnitude with a high degree of accuracy. This study has the potential to improve our ability to foresee quakes larger than magnitude 5. A solution is not promised to the practitioner, but the research is expected to lead in the right direction. Using Brune’s source model and high cut-off frequency factor, this article suggests using machine learning techniques and a Brune Based Application (BBA) in Python. Application accept input in the Sesame American Standard Code for Information Interchange Format (SAF). An application calculates the spectral level of low frequency displacement (Ω0), the corner frequency at which spectrum decays with a rate of 2(fc), the cut-off frequency at which spectrum again decays (fmax), and the rate of decay above fmax on its own (N). Seismic moment, stress drop, source dimension, etc. have all been estimated using spectral characteristics, and scaling laws. As with the maximum frequency, fmax, its origin can be determined through careful experimentation and study. At some sites, the moment magnitude was 4.7 0.09, and the seismic moment was in the order of (107 0.19) 1023. (dyne.cm). The stress reduction is 76.3 11.5 (bars) and the source-radius is (850.0 38.0) (m). The ANFIS method predicted pretty accurately as the residuals were distributed uniformly near to the centrelines. The ANFIS approach made fairly accurate predictions, as evidenced by the fact that the residuals were distributed consistently close to the centerlines. The R2, RMSE, and MAE indices demonstrate that the ANFIS accuracy level is superior to that of the ANN.

Large eddy simulation study of the airflow characteristics in a human whole-lung airway model

Studying airflow characteristics in the human respiratory system is important for understanding the properties of the aerosol transport and deposition. This study first constructed a human whole-lung airway model (WLAM) with random features extending from the mouth to the 13th generation bronchus. The large eddy simulation method is utilized to investigate the features of both the averaged airflow fields and flow unsteadiness under inspiratory flow rates of 15 and 30 l/min, respectively. The results reveal the following novel findings: (1) secondary flow strength is not monotonically changing throughout the respiratory tract, depending on the local flow state and geometry, which allows for strong secondary flow motion even in the G13 bronchial airway. (2) In the upper airway, the peak distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is due to in-plane secondary flow shear and longitudinal flow shear; local kinetic energy plays a vital role in the persistence of unsteadiness throughout the bronchial tree, which allows instability to still exist even in the bronchial airway with low Reynolds number. (3) TI is more dependent on the local flow state and geometric structure than TKE. These findings indicate that secondary flow and airflow unsteadiness in the thin bronchial airway are far stronger than previously reported and cannot be neglected. Therefore, further studies should investigate airflow unsteadiness in the thin bronchial airway using a suitable WLAM instead of a segmented bronchial airway model.