20th Century Research Articles

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Complicated by Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Severe Heart Failure: A Case Report

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a connective tissue disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies, can affect all organ systems. Cardiac involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been documented since the early 20th century. The manifestations may be diverse and may affect any portion of the heart, including the pericardium, the conduction system, the myocardium, the valves, and the coronary arteries. The incidence of cardiomyopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is clinically manifested is rare; the majority of studies have indicated a prevalence of approximately 10%. Echocardiography has offered insights into cardiac anatomy and function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with and without cardiac involvement. Endomyocardial biopsy is considered as the gold standard for diagnosis; however, its low sensitivity and risk of complications have limited its application. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging offers a promising alternative to myocardial biopsy. We present the case of a 57-year-old female with a history of lupus since 2010, who presented with an acute inaugural decompensation of dilated cardiomyopathy, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 28%.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DECREES ADOPTED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOVIET COURT SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN

This article provides information about the reforms in the judicial system as a result of the socio-political processes that took place in Turkestan in the first quarter of the 20th century and the decrees adopted by the Soviets as a result of replacing the old judicial system with a new one and their historical significance.

Cinie Louw

As part of a growing scholarly interest in the history of women in the field of linguistics the life of Cinie Louw (1872–1935), a missionary in Mashonaland, is revisited. The focus is her groundbreaking work in the fields of linguistics, Bible translation and theological interpretation. Her contribution is revisited outside of the normative evaluation of women’s work in the early 20th century and therefore not just as an extension of that of her male counterparts and husband.

The Arbëresh: A Brief History of an Ancient Linguistic Minority in Italy

The article examines the historical and cultural development of the Arbëreshë, an ancient Albanian-speaking minority in southern Italy. It focuses on the migration processes of Albanians from the 14th to the 18th century, which led to their settlement in Italy, and explores the integration mechanisms that enabled the preservation of their linguistic and cultural identity. Particular attention is given to the role of the Greek-Byzantine rite and the Albanian language in the religious and cultural life of the community. The article also analyses the current challenges faced by the Arbëreshë, particularly regarding linguistic erosion and social changes brought about by modern emigration. Despite these difficulties, the text highlights the ongoing cultural solidarity among the various Arbëreshë communities.

Arberešové: stručná historie starobylé jazykové menšiny v Itálii

The article examines the historical and cultural development of the Arbëreshë, an ancient Albanian-speaking minority in southern Italy. It focuses on the migration processes of Albanians from the 14th to the 18th century, which led to their settlement in Italy, and explores the integration mechanisms that enabled the preservation of their linguistic and cultural identity. Particular attention is given to the role of the Greek-Byzantine rite and the Albanian language in the religious and cultural life of the community. The article also analyses the current challenges faced by the Arbëreshë, particularly regarding linguistic erosion and social changes brought about by modern emigration. Despite these difficulties, the text highlights the ongoing cultural solidarity among the various Arbëreshë communities.

How Seam Inclination Influences Cricket Ball Swing

Abstract. Cricket, a sport with origins in 16th century England, involves players attempting to manipulate the lateral motion of the ball to outwit the batsman. This is often achieved by adjusting the seam inclination or altering the ball's surface roughness. This paper specifically investigates how seam inclination affects cricket ball swing through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The focus of the study is on conventional swing for both non-rotational and rotational cricket balls. The results indicate that seam inclination significantly influences swing, with an optimal angle between 58 to 60 degrees for the maximum lateral force of non-rotational cricket. This finding provides valuable insights into the mechanics of conventional swing and offers guidelines for bowlers to enhance their performance. The research explores the complex interplay between the ball's aerodynamics, seam inclination, and the resulting swing. By utilizing CFD simulations, the study delves into the underlying fluid dynamics that govern the ball's trajectory and the generation of lateral forces.

The Tomba Åström and the 1969 excavations at San Giovenale

In June 1969, Paul Åström and a group of students from the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome conducted a small series of excavations at San Giovenale, an Etruscan site in the inland between Cerveteri and Tarquinia. The material was unpublished until now, but a study of the finds and archival material suggests that it primarily comes from a chamber tomb constructed in the second half of the 7th century BC, in the late Orientalizing period, and probably used for several burials.

Temple-Monasteries, Buddhist Monks, and Architectural Exchange Between India, Java, and Tibet in the Late 8th Century

Temple-Monasteries, Buddhist Monks, and Architectural Exchange Between India, Java, and Tibet in the Late 8th Century

A Roman bath with broken windows in Asine, Argolis. The result of repeated earthquakes?

A substantial assemblage of Roman window glass—consisting primarily of “cast”, matt/glossy examples, but also including cylinderblown, double-glossy window glass—was discovered during the 1926 excavations of a Late Roman bath in Asine, Argolis, the Peloponnese, Greece. It is clear that this material emanates from damage done to the building, and the question of whether this had human or natural causes is discussed in this paper: was it the “barbarian” invasion of the Visigoth king Alaric in the late 4th century AD that led to the windows being broken? Or, was the damage caused by the earthquakes known to have hit the Eastern Mediterranean area in Late Antiquity? Traces of destruction typical of earthquakes were found in the bath building, and the destruction occurred in a period known for its high seismic activity: the so-called Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm, which led to the conclusion that the bath was hit by at least one, possibly several, earthquakes, causing the windows to shatter and fall out of their frames. Some of the glass sherds were in all probability hidden under dust and debris and were never recovered despite the fact that glass was extensively recycled at the time.

Disruption of Pastoral Nomadism: The Impacts of Russian Colonialism on the Kazakh Steppe during the 19ᵗʰ and 20ᵗʰ Centuries

This study examines the multifaceted impacts of Russian colonization on the Kazakh Steppes during the 19ᵗʰ and 20ᵗʰ centuries. The colonization process caused significant destruction in various fields in the region, including migration routes, livestock herds, socioeconomic life, trade networks, housing and dietary patterns of nomadic communities. Russian expansionism, aimed at establishing control over the steppe, led to the blockage of ancient migration routes and the restriction of nomadic economic resources. The blockage of migration routes, forced transition to capitalism, forced sedentarization and interaction with sedentary life transformed the livestock herds of the nomads. Socio-economic life and trade were restructured by the Tsardom for reasons such as integration into the Russian Empire market, change of commercial centers and concentration of wealth. The changing structure of pastoral nomadism also led to transformations in housing and diet. Comprehending the complex dynamics of Russian colonialism on the Kazakh Steppe will reveal the destruction of nomadic life by scrutinizing the historical and contemporary sociocultural landscape of the region.

The Dynamics of Lampung Pepper Trade Network in 16th - 18th Century

The Dynamics of Lampung Pepper Trade Network in 16th - 18th Century

O discurso iconográfico como signo das Luzes: o frontispicio da Encyclopédie e a obra de Mestre Ataíde

French Enlightenment thought developed its own iconography. Mestre Ataíde, a prominent Brazilian artist from the colonial period, had engraving manuals in his library, including plates from the Encyclopédie. A comparative analysis of the compositional structure and lines of force of the Frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (Cochin, 1675) and the works Ascension of Christ (1806) and Assumption of the Virgin (1804), both by Mestre Ataíde, suggests the potential presence of Enlightenment symbols in their iconography. Based on this premise, it is expected to contribute to studies that connect French Enlightenment ideals to Brazil in the 19th century.

A destruição dos restos da destruição: Pompeia e Herculano no Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro

Belonging to the Teresa Cristina Collection, pieces from Pompeii and Herculaneum were part of the permanent exhibition at the National Museum when the institution was destroyed by a devastating fire in September 2018. Those material remains of Roman cities buried by Vesuvius in 79 CE - frescoes, bronze jewelry, amulets, glass, lamps, and other objects of everyday life - remained under thick layers of eruptive material for almost two thousand years. Rescued in successive archeological excavations throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and, finally, made into a museum, they returned to the ashes, this time from fire. The history of the formation of this collection is linked to the second reign by close political links. Thus, what we intend to do is look at the long trajectory of these pieces, seeking to examine the symbolic uses to which they were subject in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro.

The Music Humanities Significance of the Standard Pitch 432Hz

This study focuses on the socio-cultural narrative reflected in the standard pitch of 432Hz, establishes an argument for representing the Semantic structure of music humanities, which is the practical line of humanities, and critically reflects on the main character of humanities that can be accepted as a general education text, which is the concept of humanities as an educational ideology. The purpose is to expand the framework of humanistic thinking based on and interpretive performance. Accordingly, in order to explore the historical trend of the concept of standard pitch, we attempted to analyze literature focusing on the pattern of pitch levels in Western society from the late 14th century to today and the discussion of political, social, and cultural aspects related to this in the 19th and 20th centuries. The major issues in the background of pitch standardization and the musical humanities implications of the historical identity of 432Hz were discussed. 432Hz expanded the horizon of the humanities discourse process on the communication value contained in cultural diversity and presented another possibility to converge on a musical humanities trajectory, which sheds light on the value of cultural solidarity through consilient thinking, thus contributing to social It provides a foundation for understanding that can be transferred to the terrain. Accordingly, this study embraces the humanistic message reflected in the history of pitch standardization to share musical humanistic reasons as practical humanities with society in general, and to expand the dimension of cultural literacy to another level by reexamining the social function of music. We hope that it will be accepted as a general educational text.

Pneumatic concrete laminar structures revisited. A singular architectural structural type

The 20th century was a time for architectural change, technical innovation and the search for affordable construction and prefabrication. In this context, pneumatic concrete laminar structures represent the advances towards a new architecture that could give answers to the challenges of the century. This work identifies the systems that were explored during that period and describes the experimental designs developed by W. Neff, H. Heifetz, H. Isler, D. B. South and D. Bini. In addition, the adaptation capability of this singular type and the reasons that caused the abandonment of these structure are also analysed.

The Ideas of Liberal Education in Changing Times

This paper examines the ideas of liberal education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution as well as artificial intelligence where technological breakthrough brings about socio-economic changes. The modern ideas of liberal education were propounded by such important thinkers as John H. Newman and J. S. Mill in the course of the previous Industrial Revolution. This paper explores how their ideas underwent reinterpretation and reconstruction in the 20th century. In particular, it discusses how the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) emphasizes the importance of practical liberal education along with newly proposed learning outcomes and their assessment tools. It reaffirms that the traditional ideas of liberal education are still valid in these ever changing times.

From Chinggisid to Modern State: Geopolitics and Sovereignty in Central Eurasia during the 17th and 18th Centuries

The decline of the Mongol Empire and its successor states led to anarchy in Central Eurasia from the 16th to the 18th centuries. This era saw the fall of the Timurids and the Ming Dynasty and the rise of new regional powers, including the Kazakhs and Zunggars in Central Asia. Externally, the Manchus, and Russia began influencing Central Asian geopolitics. Meanwhile, significant political, cultural, and scientific developments were taking place in Europe, alongside the rise of colonialism. Although these trends in Europe began to affect Central Asia, the regional powers of the time focused more on European technological innovations than on ideas of sovereignty and statehood. With the acceleration of political and culturalinteractions between the East and the West, mapping and related innovations reached Central Asia and soon became symbols of political hegemony. This strategy, adopted by China’s Ming and Manchu Qing dynasties and Russia, was efficiently utilized in the struggle for dominance in Central Asia. This article examines the last attempts of the regional Kazakh and Zunggar polities as independent states to become the hegemon power in the region within the framework of the role of mapping in Russian and Manchu colonial advances, which has not been sufficiently studied yet. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this study employs historical methodologies, as well as international relations terminologies and theoretical frameworks.

Silk road heritage: The artistic representation of port trading culture in the images of characters in Qing Dynasty Guangzhou export paintings.

As customized artistic commodities, export paintings mirrored Guangzhou's unique overseas trade culture and social power in a microscopic view, nevertheless, few researchers have delved into the cultural relationship between the use of the painting techniques and the characters of the export paintings. Based on an iconographic approach, this article aims to analyze the historical iconography information of the Qing dynasty export paintings from the perspective of the trade development and cultural exchange between the East and West during the 18th century by the study of the export paintings' characters expressions and costumes colors, providing insights into the exploration of the value of tangible cultural heritage. In the process of our research, shows that: 1) the dominant laboring characters in the export paintings present standing postures, and most of them demonstrate negative emotions; 2) many of the characters of the export paintings show high similarities due to the assembly-line mode of painting during manufacture; 3) the portrayal of the characters in the export paintings reflects a return of a sense of humanity. This is evident in the fact that the subject of the paintings abounds in the scenes showing local folklore, working views, and daily life in Guangzhou. Meanwhile, the characters in the painting are vividly portrayed in a realistic style. The use of mixed colors on the costumes of different characters reflects a universal value of having regard for the equality of all men; 4) Guangzhou export painting decorative art evolution of the development of the dual development of Chinese and Western fusion of veins. Guangzhou export paintings of the Qing dynasty satisfied the customers' reverie for 'Oriental Civilization' and their purpose of seeking novelty of foreign cultures. It also revealed the subtle dynamics of the interplay between Guangzhou's social power, trading capital, and blending art.

São Luiz do Paraitinga: o rio e os cenários pós-enchentes

The city of São Luiz do Paraitinga has had a unique trajectory in relation to the context of cities in the Paraíba Valley region, in São Paulo, Brazil. Since the foundation of its settlement and the planning of its layout in the 18th century by Morgado de Mateus, the town has remained on the fringes of regional development, playing a less important role in the coffeeproduction circuit, which has allowed certain local traditions to remain, such as the caipira culture, the rural way of life and the religious festivities that are still local attractions today. In 2010, an unprecedented floodswept through its historic center. Buildings made of wattle and daub were unable to withstand the water and collapsed, with partial and total damage remaining. The reconstruction of the city, as well as the landmarks listed at state and federal level, represent a unique case among similar Brazilian cases, which justified a more in-depth study. The 1982 Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado and 2010 Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional registrations reiterated the importance of the city center, its architectural ensemble and its landscape, as it was one of the first planned foundations. However, the social, cultural and economic contrasts between the Historic Center and other neighborhoods in the city raise the question of the effectiveness of landmarks and their management as a Historic and Landscape Heritage. In 2022, the cycle restarted and a flood again caused damage to at least 120 buildings. Faced with this fact, the question arises of how to preserve a landscape that is permanently at risk.

The Supreme Kadis (Mollas) of Bosnia in the Second Half of the 17th Century

The highest representative of the judicial authority and one of the most im- portant levers in the administrative apparatus of the Ottoman Empire in one province (eyalet) was the molla. He was granted extensive powers and the ability to control other officials of the Ottoman authority. Considering the role and importance of those high-ranking Ottoman officials, the paper aims to present the individuals who were appointed to the Eyalet of Bosna as well as the dynamics of changes in these positions in the second half of the 17th century. In cases where it was possible, insight was given into their education and experience, as well as some interesting facts from their lives. In order to achieve this, the contents of various individual and collective documents were analyzed. The presented data contribute to a better understanding of Ottoman judicial practice and the specific activities of judges in Bosnia in the 17th century.