19th 20th Centuries Research Articles

Historical and legal analysis of the institute of necessary defense

Within the framework of the article, it is substantiated that the necessary defense is the basis of human dignity, inextricably linked to natural rights, and in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the analysis of the prerequisites for its occurrence acquires special importance in order to guarantee the effectiveness of the norms of international law. It is emphasized that Greece, India and Egypt were among the first states whose scientists analyzed necessary defense, but necessary defense acquired the greatest development as a natural human right under the influence of the lawyers of Ancient Rome. It was revealed that one of the first among the ancient scientists who carried out important work on the application of the necessary defense on the basis of equality, but within the limits of the same social status, was carried out by Marcus Tullius Cicero. Legal confirmations and interpretations of the institution of necessary defense in Slavic history that are important for Ukraine and modern events are analyzed, including in the treaties of princes Oleg and Igor with the Greeks, as well as «Ruska Pravda».Significant transformations of the legal foundations of the institution of necessary defense in the legislation of European states under the influence of German philosophers of the 17th and early 18th centuries have been analyzed. A comparative analysis of the main principles of the positivist and natural theory of law was carried out. After the declaration of independence by Ukraine, a key stage took place, when the natural right to self-defense was enshrined in the state. This process contributed to the transition to a democratic form of government, requiring a revision of social values, reform of the legal system, and respect for civil rights. It has been proven that in the modern conditions of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the institution of necessary defense should be based on the principles of the rule of law, equality and legal certainty as much as possible. In the conditions of digitalization, the institute of necessary defense also needs analysis in the context of the effects of digital technologies on it, recognition of acceptable forms of protection.

Разговоры на письме: эпистолярный архив Н.А. Бердяева

The essay examines the book published in 2023 “Nikolai Berdyaev: An Epistolary Conversation. Archival Materials”, containing bilateral correspondence between N.A. Berdyaev and S.L. Frank, as well as letters to Berdyaev from N.O. Lossky and Yu.M. Panebrattsev. This book covers the chronological period from 1922 to 1948, during which Berdyaev was living in exile. The main focus of the book is the correspondence between Berdyaev and Frank, which covers a wide range of topics, including the fate of Russian philosophical research abroad, educational and publishing institutions in Germany and France, as well as the daily challenges faced by Berdyaev during the 1920s and 1940s. A significant portion of the correspondence also discusses the ideas behind Berdyaev’s philosophical works, the process of preparing and publishing them, and the history of “Way” journal (1925–1940). Lossky’s letters (unfortunately, Berdyaev’s reply letters have not yet been found) are more formal and distant, but they also reflect the long-term collaboration between the philosophers, their attention to each other’s work, and their perception of the intellectual life in Soviet Russia as continuing in many ways, both in relation to the past and in connection with emigration. Of particular interest are the letters written by Yu.M. Panebrattsev (1900–1937) from Soviet Russia to Paris between 1930 and 1931, expressing the intense philosophical quest of a relatively young man seeking advice and guidance from Berdyaev. Panebrattsev’s letters provide an interesting insight into how, at the very beginning of the 1930s, he synthesized the trends of Russian idealistic philosophy from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while also appealing to the great philosophical traditions of Europe, consciously avoiding the influence of official philosophy. The reviewed publication makes a valuable contribution not only to the study of Berdyaev’s life and works, but also to the history of the Russian emigration of the first wave

Discovery of Astatine by Horia Hulubei

The search for new chemical elements was a prominent scientific endeavor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This era saw the discovery of several elements such as radium, polonium, and radon by prominent scientists such as Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford. Astatine was one of the missing elements from the periodic table, and its existence was predicted due to the periodicity of the elements, with iodine as its nearest stable neighbor. Scientists have sought to confirm its existence and properties. The discovery of astatine by Horia Hulubei and his collaborator Yvette Cauchois at the beginning of the 20th century is recognized by many scientists, although the authorship of this discovery was ignored by the Austrian radiochemist Friedrich Paneth, who was responsible for setting priorities in the discovery of new chemical elements. This article will delve into the historical background and scientific endeavors that led to the discovery of astatine by Horia Hulubei.

“Znanie Dlya Vsekh” (1915) as a Source on the History of the Russian Empire Science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

“Znanie Dlya Vsekh” (1915) as a Source on the History of the Russian Empire Science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

RUSSIAN LITERARY ESTATE: A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE

The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize promising vectors of development of the Russian literary estate in the first quarter of the 21st century, in connection with which the works on the “estate” theme of T. N. Tolstaya, Yu. V. Mamleev, V. G. Sorokin, A. P. Potemkin, E. G. Vodolazkin, G. Sh. Yakhina, A. I. Slapovsky, M. L. Stepnova, V. O. Pelevin, etc. are examined in a wide cultural context. The article demonstrates that the new quality of the estate text, in comparison with the classics of the 19th — early 20th century, arises in Soviet literature and continues in the post-Soviet times. The main categories for the development of a modern literary estate are estate heterotopia, estate habitus, dacha myth, crypto-estate mythology and estateness, as well as new modifications of the estate topos: garden-city, a window into transcendent meanings and the Euro-Asian phenomenon. However, the most significant factor in the future of the literary estate in the 21st century is the “civilizational approach,” drawn from historical science. The interdisciplinary phenomenon of the Russian estate is understood within its framework, on the one hand, as one of the manifestations of the universal archetype of world history since the Biblical times, on the other — as an important element of Russia’s national cultural code from antiquity to the present day. It is the “civilizational approach” that connects the futurology of the Russian estate with the “great historical time” and takes its history beyond the imperial period of the 18th — early 20th century, which previously delineated its existence. Thanks to him, the signs of Moscow Russia of the 16th–17th centuries in a number of “estate” texts by modern authors can be perceived as a trend, rather than a curiosity. The relevance of the article lies in the desire to elaborate the paths of Russia’s civilizational identity. Its scientific novelty is in the first comprehensively presented system of categories of poetics for the study of the literary estate of the present and future. The conclusions of the article are obtained with regard to the research context on the issues raised and call for further discussion.

Звучащая память в традиции евреев Кавказа. Часть I. Контексты аргументации

This article is an introduction to the problem of systematizing the traditional music of Jews in relation to the historical waves of their migration to the Caucasus. The author analyzes two contrasting rhetorics in Russian pre-revolutionary and contemporary ethnography related to the question of the collective memory of Caucasian (Mountain) Jews. It is established that the historical change of argumentation contexts is conditioned not only by the problem field of the humanities but also by the universalist approach, the basic tools of which are the categories of ‘the general’ and ‘the specific’. It is obvious that the way to understand the ‘other’ culture of Caucasian and, more broadly, ‘Eastern’ Jews lies through the acceptance of the variability of meaning-making, which implies the researcher’s going beyond the intuitions of European Jewish communities. The methodological and practical advantages of the logical and semantic approach (the principle of ‘same but different’) are shown. The article appeals to the rare Russian and foreign ethnographic publications and maps of the 18th-20th centuries.

A Review of the Impacts of Industrial Revolutions in World History

The late 18th and early 19th centuries were undoubtedly the most significant periods of technological advancements and social transformations in human history. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe and England, during which society transformed from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrialized society. Key developments include technological innovations such as steam engines and textile machinery, which added momentum to this important transformation by increasing efficiency in factory production and changing production processes. This study examines significant developments, including the origins of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on modern society. It mainly focuses on technological innovation and change during the Industrial Revolution, including economic transformation and social change. This paper analyzes historical literature to explain how these changes laid the foundation for modern industrial society and how these findings explain the connection between technological progress, economic transformation, and social transformation, providing valuable insights for the development of industrial practice. It concludes that the legacy of the Industrial Revolution continues to influence current industrial policies and practices, emphasizing the importance of innovation, economic adaptability, and social responsibility in stimulating sustainable industrial growth.

Initiatives of Russian Emperors on Issues of International Peace and Arms Limitation Between the 18th and Early 20th Centuries

Initiatives of Russian Emperors on Issues of International Peace and Arms Limitation Between the 18th and Early 20th Centuries

Asceticism Practices on Mount Kumbang in the 15th-16th Century

Asceticism Practices on Mount Kumbang in the 15th-16th Century

Self-Portrait as Self-Presentation in the Works of Female Painters of the Turn of the 19th—20th Centuries

The article examines the creativity of women artists, which experienced an upsurge at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, associated with the removal of restrictions on their education at the Imperial Academy of Arts and the increasing need for self-realization in art. General tendencies are revealed, which do not concern the subject-technical side of the paintings, but allow us to draw generalizing conclusions about the artists’ thinking: self-determination and correlation of themselves with the creative environment, drawing attention to themselves as individuals. An attempt is made to understand the ways in which women were included in the full-fledged learning process as a group with its own socio-cultural characteristics.The aim of the paper is to analyze the creative approach to self-portraiture of the female artists E.A. Kiseleva, E.K. Luksh-Makovskaya, O.L. Della-Vos-Kardovskaya, who started their professional path under one teacher — I.E. Repin. The relevance of the article lies in the attempt to raise the problem of studying women’s creativity in the creation of self-portraits, identifying its artistic specificity, defining the cultural and aesthetic basis.The article focuses on the prerequisites for the formation of the creative method of female artists, based on the combination of individual and imitative. On the basis of consideration of the gallery of works the author develops a typology of female self-portrait: professional self-portrait, self-portrait-emotion, family self-portrait, self-portrait-image. It is traced how in the work of women-artists various artistic influences in Russia and Western Europe of the turn of the 19th—20th centuries, interpreted by them in their own way.

Considerations on the Setting of Cervantes’s Captivity Narratives

This study aims to explore the issues of Islamophobia and Christian ideology prevalent in Spanish society in the 16th and early 17th centuries by examining the slave trade conducted by Barbary corsairs and the hard lives of Christian captives depicted in the literary works of Miguel de Cervantes, and to highlight his efforts to overcome the clash of civilizations between Christianity and Islam. To achieve this goal, first, the study delves into the historical context of the clash between Spain and Islam in the Mediterranean during the 16th century. Cervantes, who took part in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, was captured by Barbary corsairs on his return from military service and spent five years as a captive in the Bagnio of Algiers. The painful experience left indelible marks on his works. This study focuses on the dual meaning of Orientalism in his works. One prevalent form of Orientalism in Spain and Europe during that period portrayed Muslims as barbaric and anti-Christian. However, Cervantes presented an alternative Orientalism to propose a pathway to co-existence, rather than conflict, between civilizations and religions. Therefore, this study explores how Cervantes, even though he himself was a victim of the clash of civilizations, sought to overcome the confrontations and conflicts in his works, rather than perpetuating the prevalent Islamophobia of his time.

Pavel Petrovich Shibanov as a Supplier of Books for the Libraries of the Imperial Family (Late 19th — Early 20th Century)

On the basis of letters from the collection No. 342 of the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library (RSL) the co-operation of the famous Russian antiquarian book dealer of the late 19th — early 20th century P.P. Shibanov with the members of the House of Romanov in the field of formation of their personal libraries is studied. The study was carried out with the aim of obtaining reliable information about the editions offered to complete the personal libraries of the Imperial House. On the basis of previously unexplored sources the assortment of P.P. Shibanov’s booksellers, presented for purchase to the members of the Imperial Family, is revealed. The letters from the Shibanov collection of the RSL were received by the bookseller from high-ranking officials of the courts of the grand dukes and grand duchesses, and in some cases directly from members of the dynasty. The material gives an idea of the spheres of intellectual predilections of the Romanovs, of their interest in rare and ancient editions, among which were books of the 17th—18th centuries. The prices for books indicated in the letters are of no small importance. Among the information about the booksellers’ assortment offered to the Romanovs we should mention the books that for one reason or another did not interest the members of the dynasty during the preliminary acquaintance and were returned to the bookseller.In the course of the research, the drafts of P.P. Shibanov’s letters to the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, were revealed, and the exchange of telegrams with the Pushkin enthusiast, Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Imperial Blood, was analyzed.Most of the letters were received from the court offices of the Grand Dukes Nikolai Mikhailovich (a famous historian), Konstantin Konstantinovich and Pyotr Nikolayevich (through the court office of the latter the sending of books to his wife, Grand Duchess Militsa Nikolaevna, for familiarization was discussed).The letters we have identified cover mainly the late 1890s — early 1900s; the latest are a telegram from Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Imperial Blood, received by P.P. Shibanov in 1913, and a letter from the court office of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich in 1915.The studied letters reveal the book assortment offered by P.P. Shibanov to the members of the Imperial Family and the book preferences of the Romanovs, but do not indicate whether these books were purchased by them.

Victim of an armed conflict?

During rescue excavations at a rural cemetery in Dolany (NW Bohemia) dating to the 11th-12th century, the skeleton of a young male featuring numerous wounds (n=10) of perimortem sharp force trauma was excavated. Nine of the injuries were localised to the postcranial skeleton and one to the skull. An analysis and interpretation of the wounds showed that at least eight blows were inflicted with a slashing weapon, which could have directly contributed to his death. The observed pattern is most consistent with injuries inflicted during armed conflict. Based on historical sources, it is known that there was no warfare in the immediate vicinity of Dolany during the period under review. Therefore, it has been suggested that the male may have been the victim of a fight or battle, and his body was transported and buried in the place where he probably came from. The discovery provides new information on the funerary practices of victims of early medieval armed conflicts in Bohemia.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN 2023 ON THE TERRITORY OF THE DOMINICAN MONASTERY IN VINNYTSIA

Archaeological researches of 2023 on the territory of the site of architecture and urban planning «Dominican Monastery» in Vinnytsia was carried out by the Archaeological Expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore as part of the «Program of Archaeological Research on the Territory of Sites which are part of the Vinnytsia City Territorial Community for 2022—2024» approved by the Vinnytsia City Council. The main task for 2023 was to open a preserved excavation area (excavation area 1) and to complete it. This excavation area was established and explored in 2013—2018 by the Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, headed by Dr. Larysa Vynogrodska. In the Excavation area 1 several objects in 2023 were discovered: building 1 — the remains of the foundations of a cult (?) building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and constructive ditches of the building (the name and number according to the numbering of Dr. L. Vynogrodskaya); building 2 — the remains of the foundations of the building, constructed in the late 19th — the first half of the 20th century; building 3 is a deepened structure, explored in 2013—2014 (the name and number according to the numbering made by Dr. L. Vynogrodska); building 4 — a brick crypt (?) of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; object 1 — deepened with a step (partially explored) — late 16th — 17th centuries; object 2 is a burial contained the remains of five persons (burials 3—7), burials 5 and 6 are dated ca. late 17th — early 18th century; pits 1, 3 — objects of the 20th century (pit 2 is the object explored in 2013—2014); burial 1 — an animal skeleton in anatomical order which was discovered in the 17th—19th century layer (sector B6—B7 in the excavation area); burial 2 — a human burial approximately dated to the 18th century. Photofixation, processing and drawing of the material have been done, orthophoto plans and 3D modeling of objects in excavation area 1 were made based on the results of the archaeological expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore in 2023. In addition to archaeological research, all known written sources of the 17th century about the territory of the Dominican monastery, its founders and clergy were widely involved. These sources were processed by researcher of Vinnytsia Museum Victoria Kolesnyk. Due to her sophisticated research in 2023 it was possible to attribute the architectural remains in excavation area-1 as the stone foundations of the Dominican monastery during its first phase of its existence. Probably, the discovered remains are traces of the renovation of the monastery building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and existed until the time of the second phase of construction, which began in the second half of the 18th century. The result of the second phase of construction is the raising of a complex of buildings which are in use for now and as a complex with a status of National Importance, named the «Dominican Monastery».

The Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Women's Marriage Outcomes

Abstract We present new findings about the relationship between marriage and socioeconomic background in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Imputing socioeconomic status of family of origin from first names, we document a socioeconomic gradient for women in the probability of marriage and the socioeconomic status of husbands, which widens over this period. Regional divergence in occupational structure explains half of the divergence in the probability of marriage, and most of the increase in marital sorting. Urbanization and the associated improvement in women's labor market opportunities drive most of these differences.

Unified momentum model for rotor aerodynamics across operating regimes

Despite substantial growth in wind energy technology in recent decades, aerodynamic modeling of wind turbines relies on momentum models derived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which are well-known to break down under flow regimes in which wind turbines often operate. This gap in theoretical modeling for rotors that are misaligned with the inflow and also for high-thrust rotors has resulted in the development of numerous empirical corrections which are widely applied in textbooks, research articles, and open-source and industry design codes. This work reports a Unified Momentum Model to efficiently predict power production, thrust force, and wake dynamics of rotors under arbitrary inflow angles and thrust coefficients without empirical corrections. The Unified Momentum Model is additionally coupled with a blade element model to enable blade element momentum modeling predictions of wind turbines in high thrust coefficient and yaw misaligned states without using corrections for these states. This Unified Momentum Model can form a new basis for wind turbine modeling, design, and control tools from first principles and may enable further development of innovations necessary for increased wind production and reliability to respond to 21st century climate change challenges.

Optical Medieval Music Recognition—A Complete Pipeline for Historic Chants

Manual transcription of music is a tedious work, which can be greatly facilitated by optical music recognition (OMR) software. However, OMR software is error prone in particular for older handwritten documents. This paper introduces and evaluates a pipeline that automates the entire OMR workflow in the context of the Corpus Monodicum project, enabling the transcription of historical chants. In addition to typical OMR tasks such as staff line detection, layout detection, and symbol recognition, the rarely addressed tasks of text and syllable recognition and assignment of syllables to symbols are tackled. For quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we use documents written in square notation developed in the 11th–12th century, but the methods apply to many other notations as well. Quantitative evaluation measures the number of necessary interventions for correction, which are about 0.4% for layout recognition including the division of text in chants, 2.4% for symbol recognition including pitch and reading order and 2.3% for syllable alignment with correct text and symbols. Qualitative evaluation showed an efficiency gain compared to manual transcription with an elaborate tool by a factor of about 9. In a second use case with printed chants in similar notation from the “Graduale Synopticum”, the evaluation results for symbols are much better except for syllable alignment indicating the difficulty of this task.

Doa dan Misi

Some outstanding missionaries from Methodist Church of the end of 19th century-early 20th century expressed that prayer and mission are closely intertwined. Their experiences in mission area showed that prayer is the most needed, though it does not mean that everything which sustain mission activities are unimportant. Two patrons of mission in the Catholic Church expressed similar opinion that prayer is the most important dimension in mission because prayer touches the heart of people more effectively. In his mission Jesus was intensely aware of the importance of prayer as he offered a prayer before choosing his disciples, at the beginning of his work, during his work, before his suffering and his death. Jesus had offered a prayer before his activities in mission because he was aware that he is the messenger of God. In other word Jesus was aware that his mission was God’s mission-Abba’s mission, and his identity was a messenger of God’s/Abba’s Kingdom. The awareness of Jesus identity and the close relationship with his father in prayer are the mode of our mission. Seeing the attitude of Jesus in doing mission one could conclude that prayer plays a pivotal role in mission and the goal of mission is to share the Kingdom of God the Father.

Protestant German books in Protestant libraries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th-17th centuries

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