800-m Running Research Articles

Effects of anodic transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical training on the performance of elite swimmers.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has been used to improve athletic performance in various populations; however, its role in improving performance in elite athletes is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a-tDCS on athletic performance in elite athletes. We used a single-blind, randomized controlled experimental design and recruited 24 national-level freestyle swimmers from China. All athletes were randomly divided into two groups; the experimental group underwent a-tDCS (current 2mA for 20min) combined with physical training, and the control group underwent a-tDCS sham stimulation combined with physical training. The physical training program was identical in the experimental and control groups. The intervention period was 6weeks, with five weekly sessions of 110min each, consisting of 20min of a-tDCS and 90min of physical training. Base strength, explosive strength, aerobic endurance, and anaerobic endurance were measured in the athletes before and after the intervention. The results were as follows. 1) Basic strength: There was a significant improvement in 5RM pull-ups in the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). 2) Explosive strength: There was a significant improvement in vertical jump and swimming start distance into the water in the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). 3) Aerobic endurance: There was no significant improvement in the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention. 4) Anaerobic endurance: There was a significant improvement in 400m running performance in the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Compared to physical training alone, a-tDCS combined with physical training can better improve the athletic performance of high-level swimmers, especially in basic strength, explosive strength, and aerobic endurance.

The impact of physique on strategy and performance in the 400 m hurdles race among elite male athletes

Introduction: the objective of this study was to assess the impact of physique on the stride pattern and performance of elite male 400-m hurdles runners. Materials and Methods: this study is based on the analysis of the performance of 297 male 400-m hurdlers in 13 Olympic games, 16 world championships, and 15 European championships. The hurdlers were divided into 4 groups, based on their height and body mass index (BMI) – taller and heavier (TH), taller and lighter (TL), shorter and heavier (SH), and shorter and lighter (SL). Times taken to complete various phases of the 400-m hurdles race – H0-1 (from starting line to hurdle 1), H1-3 (from hurdle 1 to hurdle 3), H3-5, H6-8, H8-10, and H10-F (from hurdle 10 to the finishing line) – were noted. Similarly, the number of strides to complete 3 inter-hurdle phases (H1-4, H4-7, and H7-10) was recorded. Results: The technical index (TI = time for 400m hurdles run – time for 400m flat run) was the lowest in TH, followed by TL, SL, and SH. The stride number increased from H1-4 to H7-10. Taller hurdlers took fewer strides than shorter ones. Only 8.5% of the hurdlers followed a uniform stride number (13 or 15). Conclusions: the physique of elite 400-m men hurdlers can vary widely. Taller hurdlers fly over hurdles more efficiently; a uniform stride pattern is independent of height and BMI, and is followed by a few hurdlers only, and physique has a significant impact on running performance at a few phases of the 400-m hurdles run.

A comparative study between the input percentage of some physical abilities of elite runners of 100m run and Samarra university runners

This study Objective to determine the defference between the percentage input of some physical abilities of elite runners of 100m and samarra university runner. Researcher use descriptive method and research samples by intentional method of elite runner and sammarra university runners team from the participants in speed run championship which their number is 10 runners from participants of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 seasons experiments includes 8 runners which is (80%) after the elimination of 2 players of the participant. the researchers try to make research sample homogeneous in anthropometric changes and records. physical abilities were specified as (Explosive capacity, Distinctive strength with speed, Transition speed, Maximum speed, and speed endurance). Reconnaissance experiments was done in (12\2\2023) by making physical tests and the main experiment on elite playe and sammarra university runners for to determine input percentage. and statstics was used to treal the results. The conclusions were there is adeffirence between the percentage input of physical abilities for elite runner and university runners and it was 2% in explosive capacity for elite runner , 2.8% in transitional speed for elite runner, 3.2% in distinctive strength with speed for elite runner , 4.6 % in maximum speed for sammarra university runners , 3.4% in speed endurane of sammarra university runners.

A Comparison of Some Important Biochemical Indicators According to Escalating Physical Effort till Fatigue for Elite Freestyle Wrestlers, 800m Runners, and 200m Freestyle Swimmers

It is the nature of the game and the activity that determines the characteristic of the manifestation of fatigue according to what is required by the neuromuscular work in it, as well as the changes that occur in the functional variables and the time of the differential threshold. The location of each activity and the game of these teams have been studied in a special table for energy production systems as a result of continuous changes in their laws, and are considered within the energy systems such as the anaerobic system (Phosphagine) and lactic acid for (800) m runners - freestyle swimmers (200) m in the physical effort till fatigue. The comparison in the important functional indicators for them, and the research methodology embodied in the way of working through the method used, which is the descriptive method in comparison then, the researchers identified the research community for the young national team athletes for freestyle wrestling, and the national team(800)m runners, as well as of the national team in (200) m swimming for the sports season (2022-2023), A total of 21 athletes were selected in an organized manner and distributed into three equal groups (7 athletes) for each of the three types of sports (wrestler, 200-meter swimming and 800-meter running)., and the researchers would conduct tests for the research variables biochemical for the sample members, as well as some variables that have an impact on the results of the study such as (height, age, weight, and the age of training ), and the homogenization of the research sample members was carried out. The results of statistical treatments were presented, analyzed, and discussed, supported by sources. The most important conclusions were that most of the activities and the variation of values are very essential biochemical indicators. The differences were significant and the positive variation in accordance to the type of sport or activity, and the last variation between the activities in terms of comparison in these variables is due to the nature and specificity in terms of the intensity of the resistances and direct and indirect friction For competitors and the expenditure of energy stored in muscles. Finally, the researchers recommended knowing the most important biochemical indicators in these events and sports as they reflect a clear picture of the individuals' internal preparations and functional responses.

Comparative effects of three different physical education teaching modes on college students' physical fitness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

BackgroundAn appropriate teaching mode in physical education is crucial for ensuring effective education outcomes. Given the dynamic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching modes are often adjusted. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the impact of different teaching modes on the outcomes of physical education. Our study aims to address this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the teaching effectiveness of three different physical education modes among Chinese college students, with a focus on evaluating their impact on physical fitness. MethodThis study adopted a longitudinal retrospective observational design. We systematically examined the three stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (stage 1: September 2020 to January 2021; stage 2: September 2021 to January 2022 and stage 3: February 2022 to July 2022), along with the three corresponding physical education teaching modes (classroom teaching, online teaching and blended teaching) and administered three physical fitness tests (T1, T2 and T3). The physical fitness test included 7 indicators: body mass index, vital capacity, 50-m run, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, pull-ups (male), 1000-m run (male), sit-ups (female) and 800-m run (female). A mixed ANOVA model was used to analyse the physical fitness test indicators across the three different teaching modes. ResultsA total of 3363 college students (1616 males and 1747 females) enrolled in 2020 completed the three physical fitness tests. Most students were aged between 17 and 20 years old, and the BMI criteria indicated a normal distribution. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the overall training effectiveness for all students across vital capacity (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.077), sit-and-reach (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.027), and middle and long-distance running (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.031). Post-hoc multiple comparison analyses further revealed that the blended teaching was the most effective in improving these fitness indicators, whereas the online teaching performed poorly on the training effects of middle and long-distance running. Significant training effects were also shown for sit-ups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.192) for females and pull-ups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.020) for males in gender-specific physical fitness indicators. Similarly, blended teaching showed superior results to other teaching modes. ConclusionThese findings emphasize the importance of conducting online physical education during unforeseen public health events and highlight the comprehensive effects of blended physical education in the post-pandemic era. Future initiatives should prioritize targeted interventions to address the observed variations in various physical fitness indicators under different physical education teaching models.

Abstract P216: Physical Fitness and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Before Midlife in Military Young Adults: A Cohort Study

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), while the association of muscular endurance capacity (MEC) with incident MetS before midlife was rarely investigated. Methods: A total of 2,890 military men and women, aged 18-39 years, free of baseline MetS were followed for new-onset MetS from baseline (2014) through the end of 2020 in Taiwan. All subjects received annual health examinations for an assessment of MetS. Physical fitness was evaluated by CRF (estimated VO 2 max (mL/kg/min), from a 3000-m run) and MEC (2-min push-up numbers), respectively. MetS was defined based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The CRF and MEC were divided by tertiles, respectively against the subjects free of MetS for the Kaplan-Meiner survival analysis. Multivariable Cox regression model with adjustments for baseline demographics, body mass index, and physical activity was used to determine the associations of CRF and MEC (continuous variables) with incident MetS. Subgroup analyses within major MetS components were performed. Results: During a median follow-up of 5.8 years, there were 673 (23.3%) incident MetS. The Kaplan-Meiner Curves are shown in Figure 1. Greater CRF and MEC were associated with a lower risk of MetS [HRs and 95% CI: 0.956 (0.926-0.988) and 0.992 (0.985-0.999), respectively]. In the subgroup analyses, there were no heterogeneities within groups, e.g., body mass index, except that the associations for incident MetS were significantly lower in subjects with serum triglycerides &lt;150 mg/dL [HRs: 0.943 (0.900-0.987) and 0.989 (0.981-0.997), respectively] than those with hypertriglyceridemia (both p for interaction =0.01). Conclusion: Both CRF and MEC were inversely associated with incident MetS in military young adults, which was obviously observed in those without hypertriglyceridemia. This cohort study suggests that obtaining greater physical fitness and lower serum triglycerides are important preventive measures to reduce the risk of MetS before midlife.

Does muscular fitness predict cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent girls? A 3-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT The main purpose of the study was to establish, whether future cardiorespiratory fitness might be predicted by the level of muscular fitness at baseline. In this 3-year follow-up study, we recruited 240 secondary school girls at the age of 15 y, who were followed until the age of 17 y. Muscular fitness included the following tests: (i) standing broad jump (cm), (ii) sit-ups in 60 s (#) and (iii) squats in 60 s (#). Cardiorespiratory fitness was split into aerobic endurance (the 800-m run test) and speed endurance (the 400-m run test). Better performances in the 800-m run and the 400-m run tests at follow-up were correlated with higher levels of standing broad jump, sit-ups and squats in 60 s measured at baseline. In regression models adjusted for fat mass and maturity offset, standing broad jump, sit-ups and squats in 60 s were positively associated with the 800-m run test, while only standing broad jump remained significantly and positively associated with the 400-m run test. These data suggest that interventions enhancing muscular fitness should be recommended, as the effects are likely to be associated with future cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent girls.

THE EFFECT OF ABC RUNNING AND CIRCUIT TRAINNING ON INCREASING 100M SPRINT RUN ACHIEVEMENT ON AMTC PANGALENGAN ATHLETICS

Every sprint athlete is required to have excellent anaerobic ability, because anaerobic is one of the most important components in athletics, especially short running numbers such as the 100m-200m-400m number, according to the facts in the field, it was found that their 100m running performance was still low. looks quite low which can be seen from the lack of technique, strength and speed when doing the 100m run, such as when the athlete does the 100m run the leg position is still not lifted and the frequency of the foot is still not fast, the athlete's hand position is also still less attractive or less long. when swinging and the body position is too straight so that during the exercise the athlete cannot get a good time. In the process of solving this research problem, the researcher used a quasi-experimental method with a two-group pretest-posttest design. According to Endang Mulyatiningsih (2013: 96) this two-group pretest-posttest experimental design has 2 data from the measurement results, namely pretest (O1) and posttest (O2). The data analysis technique chosen is of course the two sample t-test. Only one hypothesis was tested, namely there was a difference between the mean pretest and posttest mean values. This two-group pretest-posttest research design compares the two methods of ABC Running and Circuit Training. The sample used in this study was AMTC Pangalengan which was taken randomly as many as 40 samples from 80 samples, after getting the sample the researchers divided into 2 groups, each group consisting of 20 samples, from each group given ABC Running and Circuit Training Tritmen. A did the ABC Running Exercise treatment and for group B did the Circuit Training Exercise, after each group was given the treatment it was found that the ABC Running Exercise method had a very significant effect than the Circuit Trainning Exercise method on Sprint running performance.

The Effects of Plyometric Training on the Running Speed in Soccer

The plyometric method can be referred to as specific neuromuscular training, which may be used to optimize soccer players’ functional status and physical fitness levels. The development of functional strength, which can be repeatedly used under game conditions, is decisive for success in the games themselves. The paper aims to extend knowledge about the effects of plyometric training on running speed among soccer players. Twelve U19 soccer players from the MFK Ružomberok soccer club participated in the experiment. The control group consisted of twelve U19 soccer players from the FC Lokomotíva Košice soccer club. Both groups of soccer players performed 10-m, 30-m, and 50-m running tests and an agility T-test. From the viewpoint of determining the efficiency of the plyometric method, the testing also included tests aimed to assess ankle mobility and jump tests with and without countermovement performed with the use of Optogait. The soccer players from the experimental group participated in a 9-week intervention program that included two 30-minute training sessions per week. As regards the effects of plyometric training on running speed, soccer players improved their running speed levels in both acceleration speed and running speed with changes of direction. The results show that these changes are determined by ankle mobility and lower-body explosive power levels.

Effect of Pre-Participation Aquatic Training Program on Running Performance in Marathon Runners

Objective: The most important objective was to determine the effect of an aquatic pre-participation training program for improving the running performance of middle-aged marathon runners. Method: The study was conducted among 100 recreational male and female runners (aged 25 to 35 years) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups, the control group (n=50) and the experimental group (n=50) by using SPSS software. 6 weeks of aquatic training was conducted for the experimental group for 5 days per week while the control group underwent swimming. The scores were statistically examined by paired ‘t-test. Results: Results showed that there was a significant reduction in pain in both groups with a p-value &amp;lt;0.0001. Both groups showed significant improvement in cardiac endurance VO2 max. The mean post-VO2 max of the experimental group and control group showed significant improvement in VO2 max with p-value &amp;lt;0.0001. Experimental group showed more improvement in 1RM leg press test as compared to the control group. Mean pre and post-1RM leg press test was (pre:66.10±14.0) (post:73.40±15.20) with p value &amp;lt;0.0001. While of the control group was (pre:68.02±15.09) (post:69.40±13.94) with p value 0.0275. There was significant improvement in 50m sprint run test in the experimental group with pre mean 6.23±0.44 and post mean 6.00±0.46 with (p value &amp;lt;0.0001). Much improvement was not seen in 50m SRT of the control group, the pre mean was 6.11±0.44 and post mean was 6.06±0.48 with ( p value 0.0832). Conclusion: It concluded that the pre-participation aquatic training program had shown a significant positive response in improving speed strength and reducing pain.

Constant low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries during 800-m track running.

Modifications in asymmetry in response to self-paced efforts have not been thoroughly documented, particularly regarding horizontally-derived ground reaction force variables. We determined the magnitude and range of gait asymmetries during 800 m track running. Eighteen physical education students completed an 800 m self-paced run on a 200 m indoor track. During the run, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces were measured at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz using a 5 m-long force platform system, with data collected once per lap. The following mechanical variables were determined for two consecutive steps: contact time and duration of braking/push-off phases along with vertical/braking/push-off peak forces and impulses. The group mean asymmetry scores were evaluated using the "symmetry angle" (SA) formula, where scores of 0% and 100% correspond to perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively. There was no influence of distance interval on SA scores for any of the nine biomechanical variables (P ≥ 0.095). The SA scores were ∼1%-2% for contact time (1.3 ± 0.5%), peak vertical forces (1.8 ± 0.9%), and vertical impulse (1.7 ± 1.0%). The SA scores were ∼3%-8% for duration of braking (3.6 ± 1.1%) and push-off (3.2 ± 1.4%) phases, peak braking (5.0 ± 2.1%) and push-off (6.9 ± 3.1%) forces as well as braking (7.6 ± 2.3%) and push-off (7.7 ± 3.3%) impulses. The running velocity progressively decreased at 300 m and 500 m compared to that at 100 m but levelled off at 700 m (P < 0.001). There were no modifications in gait asymmetries, as measured at 200-m distance intervals during 800-m track running in physical education students. The 800 m self-paced run did not impose greater mechanical constraints on one side of the body. Experimental procedures for characterizing the gait pattern during 800 m track running could be simplified by collecting leg mechanical data from only one side.

The effectiveness of egg supplementation on nutritional status, physical fitness and cognition of school-aged children (8–12 Years) in Ho Municipality, Ghana

BackgroundEgg is a cheap source of essential micronutrients and high-quality protein, which can contribute to the daily nutritional needs of children, support their growth and brain development. Aim: The study evaluated the effectiveness of egg supplementation on nutritional status, physical fitness, and cognition of school-aged Children (8–12 Years) in Ho Municipality, Ghana. MethodsA school-based, double-blind randomized controlled trial design was adopted. Children aged 8 to 12 years from government-run primary schools were randomly allocated to receive either egg supplementation three times a week for three months or no supplementation at all for three months. Dietary intakes using a repeated 24-h dietary recall, Raven's cognition test, fitness level, BMI-for-age, and serum levels of ferritin, zinc, and albumin were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. ResultsAt pre-intervention, mean intake of several nutrients, including energy, CHO, protein, fat, iron zinc and folate were significantly higher in the intervention group. Post-intervention, these differences significantly increased for protein, fat, and iron, and reduced for energy, carbohydrate, folate, vitamin B6 and 12. Children on egg supplementation had a much higher increase in vitamin A intake (142.0 μg) than the controls (49.8 μg) between pre-and post-intervention. Regarding the physical fitness markers, pre-intervention mean handgrip, forward jump and total fitness scores were all higher in the intervention group and similar for the 50-m run. Post-intervention, the difference was lost while the total fitness score increased rather among controls (p < 0.001). For the biochemical markers, both serum ferritin (mean difference in control = 18.2 μg/L versus intervention= 20.1 μg/L) and zinc (mean difference in control 14.4 μg/L versus intervention 69.4 μg/L) increased more in the intervention than the controls. BMI-for-age z-score did not change between the intervention and control (p = 0.894) post-intervention, while the total cognition score improves slightly more in controls (4.8 points, p < 0.001) than in the intervention group (3.3 points, p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe results indicate that school children who consumed boiled eggs three times per week for three months had a higher mean intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, iron, zinc, folate, and vitamins A and B6. The mean serum ferritin and albumin levels improved significantly higher in the experimental group. Egg supplementation did not significantly improve physical fitness and cognitive test scores of school-aged children. From this study, egg supplementation may improve some nutrients among school children but effects on congintion and physical fitness may require further study.

Four Sessions of Repeated-Sprint Cycling Training With or Without Severe Hypoxia Do Not Modify Overground Running Sprint Force-Velocity Profile.

To investigate the effect of cycling-based repeated-sprint training in hypoxia versus in normoxia on single overground running sprint performance and associated force-velocity (F-V) profile in world-class female rugby sevens players. Eighteen world-class female rugby sevens players were randomly assigned to repeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxia (n = 9) or normoxia (n = 9) groups. Training consisted of 4 sessions ofrepeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxiaor in normoxia (4 × 5 × 5-s cycle sprints-25-s intersprint recovery performed in simulated altitude of ∼5000m or in normoxia with 3-min interset rest in normoxia for both groups) in addition to rugby sevens training and strength and conditioning sessions within a 9-day intervention period before an international competition. Before and 1day after the intervention, single 50-m overground running "all-out" sprint performance and associated F-V-related mechanical output were assessed. No interaction (group × time; all P > .088), time effect(before vs 1d after; all P > .296), or group effect(repeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxia vs in normoxia; all P > .325) was detected for 50-m overground running sprint performance and any derived F-V profiling variables. Four sessions ofrepeated-sprint training either in hypoxia or in normoxia performed over 9days had no influence on single 50-m overground running sprint performance and associated F-V profile. In world-class female rugby sevens players, the intervention (training camp before an international competition) might have been too short to induce measurable changes. It is also plausible that implementing a similar program in players with likely different F-V profile may result in negligible mechanical effect.

Association of Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Parameters With Lung Function in 7-Year-Old Children.

Associations between health-related parameters and lung function remain unclear in childhood. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and anthropometric parameters with the lung function of healthy scholar-aged children. A total of 418 children aged 7years old participated in this study. The associations of physical fitness (handgrip strength, standing broad jump, and 800-m run) and anthropometric (waist circumference and body mass index) parameters with lung function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1s) were analyzed using a mixed-linear regression model. Girls had significantly lower forced vital capacity values (P = .006) and physical fitness (P < .030) compared to boys. On mixed-linear regression analyses, waist circumference (P = .003) was independently associated with forced vital capacity, explaining 34.6% of its variance, while handgrip strength (P = .042) and waist circumference (P = .010) were independently associated with forced expiratory volume in 1second, accounting together for 26.5% of its variance in 7-year-old healthy children. Handgrip strength and waist circumference were associated with lung function in healthy children highlighting the influence of upper body muscular strength and trunk dimension on lung function. Our results corroborate the need to promote physical fitness during childhood to protect against lung complications in later on in life.

A Single Dose of Caffeine Ingestion Improves Physical and Cognitive Performance During A 1500-M Run Competition

Caffeine is a psychoactive world widely used substance to improve physical and cognitive athletes’ performance. However, its relative impact during outdoor competitions is not well investigated. The present investigation aimed to assess the impacts of a single moderate dose of caffeine ingestion on physical and cognitive performance following a 1500-m running competition. Methods: Fifteen recreational runners performed two test sessions in a randomized order at 09:00 a.m. after ingesting 5 mg.kg-1 caffeine or a placebo. At each session, participants realized the competition of 1500-m running in a field setting. Before and after the race, they performed the correct detection and reaction-time tasks. Compared to placebo, caffeine ingestion improved 1500-m performance time (1.5%, p &lt; .01), increased correct detections (10.6%, p &lt; .01), and decreased reaction time (6.3%, p &lt; .001) following the race. Caffeine consumption is an effective strategy to enhance athletes’ physical and cognitive performances during such running distances.

Relationship between lower extremity strength asymmetry and linear multidimensional running in female tennis players.

Tennis requires movement abilities in changing playing situations. This article investigates the relationship between lower extremity strength asymmetry ratio and linear and multidimensional running performances in female tennis players. A total of 56 female tennis players, with a mean age of 15.44 ± 0.50 years, participated in the study-the research design involved three sessions at 48-hour intervals. In the first session, athletes performed dominant and non-dominant countermovement jump (CMJ) and board jump (BJ) tests. The second (sec) session included 10-meter (-m) and 30-m linear running performance tests, while the final session assessed multidimensional running performance with a change of direction (COD) test. The relationship between CMJ and BJ asymmetry ratios and linear and multidimensional running performances was analysed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Bilateral asymmetry rates in linear and multidimensional running performance were determined through linear regression analysis. The dominant CMJ recorded 17.56 ± 3.47 cm, while BJ was 130.23 ± 21.76 cm, and the non-dominant CMJ measured 16.79 ± 4.51 cm with a BJ of 147.52 ± 30.97 cm. The athletes had a CMJ asymmetry rate of 12.67 ± 11.29% and a BJ asymmetry rate of 7.19 ± 5.28%. A relationship was seen between the CMJ asymmetry rate and 30-m running performance (r=0.368, p<0.05). There was no correlation between BJ asymmetry rate and 10-m running performance. Significant correlations were found between 30-m (r=0.364) and COD (r=0.529) running performances (p<0.05). It can be said that the CMJ asymmetry ratio may negatively affect 30-m and the BJ asymmetry ratio may negatively affect 30-m and COD performance.

Partial-body cryostimulation procured performance and perceptual improvements in amateur middle-distance runners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of partial-body cryostimulation on middle-distance runners before two 3000-m tests at the speed of the first and second ventilatory threshold, and before a time to exhaustion test at 110% of the maximal aerobic speed. Twelve amateur runners (age: 46 ± 9 years; VO2max: 51.7 ± 4.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed six running testing sessions in a randomized counterbalanced cross-over fashion: three of them were preceded by a partial-body cryostimulation and the other three by a control condition. The testing sessions consisted of: 1) a 3000-m continuous running test at the speed of the first ventilatory threshold; 2) a 3000-m continuous running test at the speed of the second ventilatory threshold; 3) a time to exhaustion test at 110% of the maximal aerobic speed. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and visual analogue scale relative to muscle pain were recorded throughout the tests. Total quality recovery was evaluated 24-48 h after the end of each test. Distance to exhaustion was higher after partial-body cryostimulation than control condition (p = 0.018; partial-body cryostimulation: 988 ± 332 m, control: 893 ± 311 m). There were differences in the ratings of perceived exertion during each split of the 3000-m continuous running test at the speed of the second ventilatory threshold (p = 0.001). Partial-body cryostimulation can be positively considered to enhance middle-distance running performance and reduce perception of effort in amateur runners.

STUDY ON THE SOMATO-FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF 10-11 YEAR OLD STUDENTS THROUGH THE EUFITMOS TEST PROTOCOL

In this paper we propose to carry out a study on the somato-functional development of 10-11-year-old students from the ”Vasile Alecsandri” National College in Bacau (Romania) using a standardized test battery – EUFITMOS and comparing the data obtained with the reference values established as normal indices of the World Health Organization for this age category. Method: The research subjects are represented by a number of 54 students aged 10-11 years, 33 boys and 21 girls, voluntarily participated in the measurements. We used only 5 tests out of the 9 that make up the EUFITMOS protocol: Standing long jump; 20m run; Back-saver sit and reach; BMI; Waist circumference. Results: Following the evaluation of the obtained results, we can state that the average of the results obtained by both categories of subjects has a value above the average of the normal fitness zone in two of the tests and the results obtained in the rest tests place both categories of subjects in the "sport" area of fitness. Conclusion: Although the specialized literature places Romanian children in 2nd place in Europe for childhood obesity, following the research we can affirm that the subjects have a normal body mass index in relation to the body mass index measured at the European level for this age group.

STUDY REGARDING THE USE OF DYNAMIC GAMES DURING THE SPORTS TRAINING LESSON FOR BEGINNER CHILDREN, IN ORDER TO TEACH THEM THE ELEMENTS OF RUNNING

The role played by dynamic games in the sports training lesson is precious and very attractive, because it ensures the consolidation of the applicative motor skills and it contributes to the development of general motor skills, especially during the first part of athletic selection. The children take the game very seriously, putting it above any other activity. Taking this information into consideration, the authors have initiated various games through which beginner children would learn running. The purpose of this paper was to highlight the use of dynamic games by track and field coaches who have helped the children learn running as fast and as efficiently as possible, especially at the beginning of sports training, using the following methods: the study of the professional literature, the observation, the data analysis, the graphical representation. The research was conducted at the Athletics Halls of Bacau and Targu Mures, where the training of the beginner groups took place. The subjects were athletes selected for professional groups. The research was conducted over 3 months, on 4 groups (2 female groups and 2 male groups) - 2 groups where dynamic games were applied to teach running and 2 groups where running was taught in a classical manner. The coaches applied an initial testing and a final testing, using a 50m running with a standing start challenge (initial testing was conducted in October, and the final testing, in February). The final conclusions show that the athletes who learned running through dynamic games have learned it better, recording 0.05 seconds less than the athletes who learned running in a classical manner.

Post-exercise heart rate variability recovery after 800-m endurance run load among Cameroonian adolescent's males

The 800-m (m) run is part of Physical Education classes in Cameroon, after which arrhythmias may occur during recovery. Hence, this study aimed at determining relationship between 800-m run loads on cardiac autonomic recovery among school adolescents.Forty-two male adolescents (aged [17 ​± ​1] years) performed 800-m. Post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded during 5-min (min) (HRV5-min) and 15-min (HRV15-min) in time: Standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN); Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and frequency domain (LH: Low frequency, HF: High frequency, TP: Total power). Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were measured after exercise. In HRV5-min, RPE was associated with SDNN (r ​= ​−0.44, p ​< ​0.01) and RMSSD (r ​= ​−0.38, p ​< ​0.05). BLa was correlated with SDNN (r ​= ​−0.38, p ​< ​0.05) and RMSSD (r ​= ​−0.56, p ​< ​0.001) in the time-domain, LF (r ​= ​−0.64, p ​< ​0.001), HF (r ​= ​−0.58, p ​< ​0.001) and TP (r ​= ​−0.61, p ​< ​0.001) in frequency-domain. Moreover, RPE was correlated with LF (r ​= ​−0.44, p ​< ​0.01), TP (r ​= ​−0.49, p ​< ​0.01) while exercise duration with HF (r ​= ​−0.38, p ​< ​0.05). In HRV15-min, BLa was correlated with RMSSD (r ​= ​−0.53, p ​< ​0.001) and SDNN (r ​= ​−0.68, p ​< ​0.001). RPE was negatively correlated SDNN (r ​= ​−0.53, p ​< ​0.01) and RMSSD (r ​= ​−0.44, p ​< ​0.01). BLa was associated with HF (r ​= ​−0.55, p ​< ​0.001), TP (r ​= ​−0.50, p ​< ​0.01) and RPE with LF (r ​= ​−0.51, p ​< ​0.01), HF (r ​= ​−0.50, p ​< ​0.01), TP (r ​= ​−0.49, p ​< ​0.01). In addition, exercise duration was negatively linked to HF (r ​= ​−0.36, p ​< ​0.05). This study outlined that in untrained adolescents an increase of 800-m loads is associated with a slow vagal indexes of HRV during the recovery.