16-bit Address Research Articles

DR-SDSN: An Elastic Differentiated Routing Framework for Software-Defined Satellite Networks

Software-defined satellite networking (SDSN) has recently gained unprecedented attention due to its great controllability for traffic delivery. However, it is still facing several fundamental challenges in routing, which mainly involves effective network maintenance, heterogeneous network convergence, and customized flow steering. Hence, in this article, we propose an elastic routing framework for SDSN, aiming to first build a robust control path for signalling exchanges, then offer a transparent channel for IP services based on Loc/ID mappings and associated encapsulations, and finally enable hybrid packet forwarding manners to meet user various demands. Moreover, we define a new 8 B network header for DR-SDSN to further decrease overheads in packet encapsulations, where 16-bit addresses are used instead of 32-bit IPv4 and 128-bit IPv6 addresses. At last, we have implemented a corresponding proof-of-concept prototype with the modified Ryu and OvS, and the Linux socket application programming interface is also extended to handle our protocol with 16-bit addresses. Extensive evaluations are performed and associated results have confirmed the feasibility and advantages of the proposed DR-SDSN framework.

Modern microprocessor built from complementary carbon nanotube transistors.

Electronics is approaching a major paradigm shift because silicon transistor scaling no longer yieldshistorical energy-efficiency benefits, spurring research towards beyond-silicon nanotechnologies. In particular, carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET)-based digital circuits promise substantial energy-efficiency benefits, but the inability to perfectly control intrinsic nanoscale defects and variability in carbon nanotubes has precluded the realization of very-large-scaleintegrated systems. Here we overcome these challenges to demonstrate a beyond-silicon microprocessor built entirely from CNFETs. This 16-bit microprocessor is based on the RISC-V instruction set, runs standard 32-bit instructions on 16-bit data and addresses, comprises more than 14,000 complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor CNFETs and is designed and fabricated using industry-standard design flows and processes. We propose a manufacturing methodology for carbon nanotubes, a set of combined processing and design techniques for overcoming nanoscale imperfectionsat macroscopic scales across full wafer substrates. This work experimentally validates a promising path towards practical beyond-silicon electronic systems.

IoT Security via Address Shuffling: The Easy Way

Securing Internet of Things (IoT) devices and protecting their applications from privacy leaks is a challenge, due to their weak (computational and storage) capabilities, and their proximity with sensitive data. Considering the resource-constrains of such devices, their long lifetime, and the intermittent connections, classical security approaches are often too difficult or impractical to apply. Moving target defense is an established technique whose goal is to lower the attack surface to malicious users by constantly modifying device footprint. Changing the address to an IoT device without privacy leaks is, however, a nontrivial task. In this paper, we propose a novel method to perform a network-wide (Internet protocol and medium access control) address shuffling procedure, called address shuffling algorithm with HMAC (AShA), which is simple to implement, and whose network overhead is minimal. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we analyze our approach via theoretical analysis and simulations. Our analysis shows how AShA parameters can be adapted to various network sizes while our simulations results show how AShA can be used to successfully perform a global collision-free address renewal on networks of more than 2000 nodes using 16-bit addresses.

Systematic node management mechanism using ZigBee-based real-time vital sign information monitoring system to manage large numbers of patients.

Local hospitals must deal with large numbers of patients during mass casualty incidents, and the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can help in these situations by monitoring vital signs. Conventional ZigBee nodes can obtain the ID of a device by assigning a unique 16-bit short address or by burning firmware into an IC. These methods tend to complicate node management and lack portability. The study developed a node management mechanism to deal with a large number of patients in real-time, through the wireless monitoring of physiological signals. The mechanism proposed for the ZigBee WSN is based on a three-layer (Coordinator, Control Router, and End Device) tree topology. The proposed system includes a node deployment process to formulate a ZigBee WSN as a tree topology, an algorithm to automatically number ZigBee nodes for monitoring and control system (MCS), and an algorithm to automatically obtain the short addresses of nodes for data collection. Specifically, an algorithm automatically collects data from ZigBee nodes for display on a computer graphical user interface (GUI). We also developed a reliable data transmission method capable of resolving the problem of packet loss. The proposed method has been applied in a local hospital. Our research findings provide a valuable reference for the development of ZigBee-based MCS. The proposed node management mechanism is faster, more reliable, and more intuitive to use, than traditional methods.

An Internet of Things Wireless Sensor Network Data Exchange Model Based on Hierarchical Address Automatic Configuration and Header Compression Encoding Strategy

To explore the wireless sensor network data exchange model, an addressing strategy is applied to the Internet of Things, and the real-time communication between the underlying wireless sensor network and the Internet based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is realized. In addition, Hierarchical address auto configuration strategy is adopted. First of all, inside the bottom network, it allows nodes to use link local address derived by 16-bit short address for data packet transmission. Secondly, Sink node in each underlying network accesses to the global routing prefix through the upper IP router, and combined with interface identifier, it forms Sink node global address, and realizes wireless sensor network and Internet data exchange. The research results show that the strategy has certain superiority in network cost, throughput, energy consumption and other performances. In summary, the proposed addressing strategy has the characteristics of effectively integrating heterogeneous networks, reducing system energy consumption, increasing network throughput and ensuring real-time system performance for the future Internet of things.

Design and Optimization of Hierarchical Routing Protocol for 6LoWPAN

To build scalable and lightweight wireless sensor networks with energy saving devices, 6LoWPAN-based protocols become emergent technologies that successfully constructed ubiquitous networks and seamlessly connected the traditional Internet with WSNs. However, the existing researches cannot effectively maintain the routing and the network topology for the problems of low cost sensors' malfunctions. In this paper, we improved the HiLow protocol in aspects of interconnection between the Internet and 6LoWPAN and designed a network routing path recovery approach. In addition, we designed and modified the address mapping table in gateway to store and map nodes' EUI-64 address and 16-bit short address. Nodes from the Internet can access the 6LoWPAN nodes by an IPv6 address, which is generated by the EUI-64 address and IPv6 prefix. Due to the benefits of additional data structure and our designs, the simulation results manifested that our protocol improves the routing efficiency and can effectively reduce the cost for network reorganization caused by node failures and mobiles.

Studying the Impact of 32-Bits AS Numbers on Constructing Internet AS Graphs

Modeling Internet structure as an autonomous system (AS) graph is considered one of the most common methods to study the Internet. AS-graph is constructed by utilizing ASes from the Internet. The AS number was 16-bit address. It reduced the size of ASes scope in one hand and made the AS graph small and easy to be produced and modeled. However, the number of ASes has exceeded the 16-bits limits. The 32-bit addressing has emerged as a method to tackle this problem. This increasing in the AS number scope converted the AS graph into a massive graph with unpredicted number of ASes. In this paper, we attempt to study the impact of 32-bits addresses on the AS graph. Graph parameters have been utilized to measure this impact. To this end, we have constructed two AS-graphs, a 16-bits-AS graph and a full AS graph. We have compared these graphs according to cluster coefficient, betweenness centrality, node degree and average shortest path. Our results demonstrated that the 32-bits ASes are popular. Moreover, these ASes have an effect on reducing the value of the global cluster coefficient and increasing the average shortest path. We observed that the number of vertexes that connect 16-bits and 32-bits ASes is small and requires more inferring.

SmartGate – connecting wireless sensor nodes to the Internet

Abstract. Wireless sensor nodes inside buildings are used to read out sensor data and to control actuators. The nodes need to operate for a long time with a single battery. Often the sensor data should be accessible via Internet from every point of the world. When using a standard Wi-Fi connection, the battery of the node would be depleted after a few hours due to idle currents in receive state. Using sensor nodes with included wake-up receivers can prolong the lifetime of the sensor network to several years. However, no gateway exists that can, on the one hand, connect itself to the Internet and on the other hand can send out the special coded wake-up signal needed by the wake-up receivers on the nodes. In this work we want to bridge this gap by introducing the SmartGate. It is a gateway that has two transceivers incorporated on a single printed circuit board (PCB). A Wi-Fi module connects itself to an existing Wi-Fi network and listens for incoming messages. A CC430 microcontroller analyzes the incoming Wi-Fi messages and builds up the corresponding wake-up signal with included 16-bit address coding. The wake-up signal is sent out using the integrated CC1101 transceiver core from Texas Instruments. A woken-up node will read out its sensor data and will transmit it back to the gateway, where it will be packed into a TCP/IP packet and sent back to the user. The use of the gateway allows the implementation of a wireless sensor network with wake-up receivers that can be accessed via Internet from every point of the world.

스마트그리드 환경에서 효율적인 주소 할당 방법과 라우팅 알고리즘

본 논문에서는 스마트그리드 환경에서 적용되고 있는 ZigBee 무선 통신 환경의 주소 지정 방식과 라우팅 알고리즘의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 새로운 좌표 값 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 수천 개의 네트워크 크기와 16비트 주소 할당은 빈번한 주소 충돌로 매우 혼잡스러울 수 있다. 따라서 16비트 주소 공간을 분할하여 사용하는 (x, y, z) 좌표축 주소 구조와 라우팅을 제안한다. (x, y) 좌표축 주소 할당은 센서노드가 지리적으로 가까운 라우터에게 연결되어 있어야 하기 때문에, 어떤 라우터는 많은 수의 하위 노드를 가질 수 없다는 문제점을 가지기 때문이다. 또한 제안한 주소 구조를 사용한 위치 기반 라우팅 알고리즘을 제안한다. 그 결과 각 노드에서 라우팅 시 적은 비트 연산과 멀티 홉을 감소시킬 수 있었고, 효과적인 주소 할당과 라우팅은 네트워크의 각 노드의 에너지 소비를 최소화 했다. In this paper, we proposed the efficient addressing scheme for improving the performance of routing algorithm by using ZigBee in Smart Grid environment. In a 16-bit address space and the network size of a few thousands, it is very unlikely to suffer from frequent address collisions. In response, we propose an elegant (x, y, z) coordinate axes addressing scheme from divided address space of 16 bit and its routing algorithm. One of disadvantages of (x, y) coordinate axes addressing, however, is that any router may not hold as many children as proposed, since sensor nodes tend to be connected to a geographically nearby router. We also present an adaptive routing algorithm for location-aware routing algorithms, using our addressing scheme. As a result, each node was reduced not only bitwise but also multi hop using the coordinate axes while routing and the effective address assignment and routing is to minimize the average energy consumption of each node in the network.

SBA: An Efficient Algorithm for Address Assignment in ZigBee Networks

ZigBee Specification defines a distributed address assignment mechanism (DAAM) for assigning addresses to nodes in ZigBee networks. However, some nodes are likely not to get addresses as DAAM limits the number of child nodes of a router in advance. To address this problem with the spare addresses that DAAM does not use, we first derive an upper bound of the probability that DAAM exhausts the 16-bit address space, and then propose a segmentation-based algorithm (SBA) for on-demand scalable address assignment in ZigBee networks. Through segmenting the 16-bit address space according to the maximum address predefined by DAAM, SBA enables a router to use the addresses in new space segments if it has insufficient addresses to accommodate child nodes. In addition, the tree routing protocol is improved to suit extended addresses. Performance analysis and numerical results reveal that SBA outperforms DAAM and its two improvement versions in terms of the success rate of address assignment, communication overhead, and the average time spent to assign an address.

The Orphan Problem in ZigBee Wireless Networks

ZigBee is a communication standard which is considered to be suitable for wireless sensor networks. In ZigBee, a device (with a permanent 64-bit MAC address) is said to join a network if it can successfully obtain a 16-bit network address from a parent device. Parent devices calculate addresses for their child devices by a distributed address assignment scheme. This assignment is easy to implement, but it restricts the number of children of a device and the depth of the network. We observe that the ZigBee address assignment policy is too conservative, thus usually making the utilization of the address pool poor. Those devices that cannot receive network addresses will be isolated from the network and become orphan nodes. In this paper, we show that the orphan problem can be divided into two subproblems: the bounded-degree-and-depth tree formation (BDDTF) problem and the end-device maximum matching (EDMM) problem. We then propose algorithms to relieve the orphan problem. Our simulation results show that the proposed schemes can effectively reduce the number of orphan devices compared to the ZigBee strategy.

Zigbee 기반 네트워크의 확장을 위한 어드레스 방식과 라우팅 방법

Zigbee is a universal communication standard used in USN and is utilized in various applications. Zigbee protocol provides an address within a single PAN network, and at this time, it uses DAA. This is a method that divides a 16-bit address area into blocks with a fixed size according to the depth to assign one to each node. However, this method is limited because it has to assign addresses in 16 bits. As the depth increases, the number of nodes also increases exponentially to the maximal number of routers provided to each depth. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a huge network with numerous routers and large depth as in the places which are wide or have many shadow areas. Besides, since all the operations are performed in a single PAN network, it is hard to make several PANs into a single network. This article suggests new addressing and routing methods that can construct several PAN networks into a single network and combine broad area with less limitation in the number of routers and depth by extending the Zigbee-based network. Moreover, this paper has tested its performance and has verified its usability through substantive tests.

A unique application specific MCU for handheld data bank and terminals

An application-specific microcomputer unit (MCU) which implements all the necessary features of high-speed data bus, low power consumption, large memory addressability, and LCD (liquid crystal display) drive for battery-operated handheld terminal and personal data bank application is described. This device is an 8-bit CMOS MCU in a 128-pin quad flat pack. It has 27 I/O lines, 8-bit data and 16-bit address lines for 64 Kbytes memory access, real-time clock, 40 LCD front plane drives in 1/16 multiplexing mode, two system clocks, and an RS232-type serial communication port. >

Using the 54/74LS610-13 memory mapping units

The 8-bit microprocessor has not been rendered obsolete by newer and more powerful 16- and 32-bit microprocessors. Many applications are more than adequately served by 8-bit microprocessors, with their lower-cost address and data buses. However, there is a ‘grey area’ in which 8-bit chips are not sufficient but 16-bit chips represent an uneconomic ‘overkill’. A significant limitation of 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit address buses is their inability to access more than 64 kbyte of data. This application shows how the SN54/74LS610-3 series of memory mapping units enables an 8-bit microprocessor to access memories much larger than 64 kbyte without significantly increasing the chip count of the system. Note that a memory mapping unit cannot simply be engineered into a microprocessor system without adding the appropriate software, as the 8-bit microprocessor can still address only 64 kbyte of logical address space at any instant. Software is usually included in the operating system to map 64 kbyte of the physical memory onto the logical address space.